女性尿道经阴道超声显像

目的：探讨女性尿道经阴道超声显像图表现。方法：经阴道探查已昏女性悄道106例（98例正常、6例女性前列腺病、2例尿道息肉）。测量尿道壁各层厚度及尿道前后径、左右径、长径；比较正常组不同生理时期声像图的变化，并对女性尿道病理声像图进行分析。结果：女性尿道经阴道超声显像层次清晰，正常尿道壁自外向内为强弱强弱及中央断续的稍强回声，女性前列腺病（膀胱颈梗阻）、尿道息肉声像图表现特现，结论：女性尿道经阴道超声显像能准确地反映女性尿道生理、病理变化，为其疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断提供了一种新的检查方法。     

膀胱憩室并憩室内癌超声表现一例

患者男,53岁,因尿频、尿急、偶伴血尿就诊.查体:下腹平软,无压痛.尿常规:白细胞(++),红细胞8～10个.超声检查示:膀胱充盈良好,轮廓不规整,内壁不光滑.膀胱体右侧壁可见一囊腔回声,大小为5.9 cm×3.8 cm×3.1 cm,形态不规则,囊壁不光滑,与膀胱相通,相通口直径约0.9 cm(图1).囊腔内可见一大小为3.1 cm×3.1 cm×2.9 cm实性低回声团块(图1),边界尚清,轮廓不规整,向囊腔内突出.彩色多普勒血流成像示:团块周边可见丰富的动静脉血流信号,Vmax:0.22 m/s,血流阻力指数:0.68(图2).超声诊断:膀胱憩室伴憩室内实性占位性病变(考虑憩室内癌可能性大).膀胱镜检查:膀胱黏膜正常,应用25°镜观察有盲区,未发现憩室口.     

超声诊断膀胱憩室并憩室内肿瘤l例

患者男 ,6 8岁 ,因反复血尿就诊。超声检查 :膀胱适度充盈 ,膀胱壁略增厚 ,于膀胱后壁 6点处见膀胱壁中断约 2 .3cm,其后方见 8.3cm× 6 .0 cm的无回声区 ,与膀胱相通 ,无回声区内见 5 .0 cm× 3.8cm的略强实性回声团 ,形态尚规则 ,内部回声欠均匀 ,可见斑点状强回声 (图 1) ,彩色多普勒显示团块内细小的血流信号。双肾大小、形态正常 ,皮质均匀 ,集合系统分离 ,双侧均宽 1.5 cm,双输尿管未见扩张。超声诊断 :1.膀胱憩室并憩室内肿瘤 ;2 .双肾盂轻度积水。行憩室及肿瘤切除术 ,术中见膀胱后壁 8.0 cm×6 .0 cm的憩室 ,憩室内见 5 .0 cm× 4 …     

超声造影在良性囊性肾占位中的应用

目的 分析超声造影在肾脏良性囊性占位中的表现,探讨其应用价值.方法 对24例24个经手术病理证实为肾脏良性囊性占位患者的常规超声及超声造影声像图进行回顾性分析.常规超声观察囊性占位大小、回声、边界、有无彩色血流信号.超声造影观察病灶囊壁、分隔及实质成分等内部结构的增强表现.结果 本组24个囊性肾占位经手术和病理证实单纯性囊肿11个,复杂性囊肿5个(其中4个伴出血或感染),肾实质和肾盂炎症5个,肾脏血肿2个和肾盏憩室1个.24个囊性病变最大直径范围2.1～19.4 cm,其中<3.0 cm 7个.常规超声显示囊性肿块8个,囊实性肿块16个,其中内见分隔12个,钙化6个,囊壁增厚或实质成分4个.5个病灶囊壁或分隔上发现彩色血流信号,19个未显示彩色血流信号.超声造影后15例见病灶增强,其中7个表现为少分隔规则增强,5个囊壁增强,3个蜂窝状增强,另9例未见增强.结论 囊性肾占位无增强、囊壁增强或少分隔规则增强应考虑良性病变,超声造影对诊断有较大的帮助.     

小肾癌的超声表现及其临床诊断价值

目的探讨小肾癌(直径≤3.0 cm)的超声声像图表现及其临床诊断价值.方法回顾28例经手术和病理证实的小肾癌的超声检查结果.与正常肾实质的回声比较,观察肿瘤回声水平并分为5种声像图类型.同时观察肿瘤周缘回声征象.部分病例进行了彩超检查.结果小肾癌的灰阶超声敏感性为100%,特异性为28.6%,病灶最小直径仅为1.2 cm,与其他影像学比较同样具有良好的敏感性;内部呈低回声和分隔囊状无回声以及周缘高回声可考虑为超声诊断小肾细胞癌的主要声像图特征.结论灰阶超声对早期发现小肾细胞癌有较大帮助,联合彩超和CT能更为提高小肾细胞癌的定性诊断准确率.彩超诊断小肾细胞癌技术特征尚待进一步研究.     

超声对咽食管憩室的诊断价值

目的探讨超声对咽食管憩室的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析在我院健康体检行甲状腺超声检查时偶然发现的并经上消化道钡餐造影或手术证实的26例咽食管憩室患者的超声资料,总结其超声声像图特征。结果 26例病灶中25例位于左颈部,1例位于右颈部。26例憩室周边均可见类似声晕样低回声。4例憩室表现为无-弱回声为主,内部见少许点状强回声;22例憩室内部回声不均质,内见点片状杂乱强回声,部分后方伴"彗星尾征"或声影。加压后有18例可以清晰显示其与食管壁相连续。饮水后,17例病灶内可见液体流入,内部回声发生改变,9例病灶内部回声无明显变化。结论不均质回声病灶,内见点片状强回声,周边低回声环,加压后显示与食管壁相连续,饮水后内部回声改变是咽食管憩室特征性超声表现,超声结合加压及饮水后多切面扫查可提高诊断咽食管憩室的准确性,减少漏误诊。     

阴道葡萄状肉瘤超声表现1例

患儿7个月。因阴道流血1个月而入院。查体:阴道内见直径约3.0cm的肿块。超声检查:子宫前位,长径1.5cm,横径0.9cm,前后径0.7cm,形态规整,宫壁回声均匀,内膜线清晰居中,厚0.1cm。宫颈轮廓隐约显示,宫颈线可见。阴道上段近宫颈部位测及3.0cm×2.8cm×2.5cm的略低回声肿块,回声较均匀,边界较清晰(图1)。彩色多普勒超声检查显示肿块内部多个条状、点状血流信号,阻力指数0.47(图2)。双侧附件区未见异常。超声诊断:阴道上段部位占位性病变。阴道镜检查:阴道上段见直径约3.0cm的肿块,蒂位于阴道左侧壁。手术行肿瘤切除。术后病理检查,见肿瘤呈灰白色…     

超声诊断巨大肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤

目的 探讨巨大肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(最大径大于5 cm)的声像图特点. 方法 回顾性分析手术病理证实的17个巨大肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的超声表现,包括病变大小、边界、位置、内部回声及血流特点. 结果 采用超声检查,11个准确定位(其中9个正确诊断为RAML),5个定位不清,1个误诊为肾上腺占位;声像图表现为边界清晰的高回声、低回声、中等回声或高低回声相间的混合性回声.较大的高回声、大多数混合性回声及所有低回声病灶内可探及程度不等的血流信号,其声像图表现类型与病灶内脂肪、平滑肌和血管的组成和分布密切相关. 结论 巨大肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤具有特征性的声像图表现,超声结合其他影像学检查,对多数病灶可于术前明确诊断.     

急性美克耳憩室炎8例超声诊断分析

目的：分析美克耳憩室的声像图特点,探讨超声对此疾病的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析8例经手术后病理确诊为美克耳憩室患者的声像图特点及临床资料。结果：美克耳憩室的声像图特点是囊袋状回声。结论：超声对此病的诊断有一定价值。     

囊性肾癌27例的超声诊断分析

目的:评价超声诊断囊性肾癌的价值。方法:回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院2002年1月至2009年6月期间27例囊性肾癌超声表现和手术后病理检查结果。结果:本组27例囊性肾癌患者经超声检出25例,声像图表现为混合回声(16例)、低回声(5例)、稍高回声(3例)及等回声(1例)4种类型,其中混合回声型居多,占64.00%(16/25),且肿瘤最大径在3.60～11.00cm。超声图像表现为后3种回声的肿瘤最大径均≤4.00cm,超声表现往往提示为肾脏实质性占位。所有患者均行彩色多普勒血流显像检查,部分肿瘤在其实性或分隔上可显示彩色血流信号;3例行超声造影,部分分隔和囊壁可见少许微泡灌注,提示此处有微血管存在。结论:超声对囊性肾癌具有较高的诊断价值,因而目前超声仍是囊性肾癌的一种主要诊断手段,结合超声造影﹑增强CT及其他影像学检查对诊断囊性肾癌可以起互补作用,有助于早期诊断、早期治疗。     

Transvaginal sonographic diagnosis of female urethral diverticula

PURPOSE: We report our experience with transvaginal sonography (TVUS) in the diagnosis of female urethral diverticulum (UD). METHOD: We reviewed the TVUS examinations of 4 patients with a clinical diagnosis of UD and correlated the sonographic findings with the operative findings, especially regarding the UD's size, content, and location. RESULTS: All UDs were demonstrated on TVUS. The size, content, and location of the UD correlated well with the operative findings. CONCLUSION: TVUS is accurate in diagnosis and determination of the size, content, and location of female UD.     

经会阴部后尿道结石的超声诊断

目的探讨后尿道结石患者的超声声像图特点及诊断。方法对52例后尿道结石患者应用经会阴部超声检查,观察后尿道结石的形态、大小、回声、位置及结石与周边组织的关系。结果52例患者共有后尿道结石53处（尿道内口31处,前列腺部9处,膜部13处）,其中1例尿道内口及膜部各见一处结石。结石的形状多呈米粒状、椭圆状及小长条状：结石较大的为1．7cmxO．9cm．较小的为0．6cmxO．5cm,常伴弱声影,与尿道周围组织分界清晰。经腹部超声后尿道结石的检出率为79．24％．经会阴部超声后尿道结石的检出率为92．45％．二者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。结论经会阴部超声检查安全、简便及重复性好,对后尿道结石的诊断及治疗效果能做出准确诊断及治疗,有着重要的临床意义。     

肾囊性肿物超声造影征象诊断恶性肾囊性肿物的价值

目的 探讨肾囊性肿物超声造影征象对恶性肾囊性肿物的诊断价值.方法 对103例患者119个肾囊性肿物行超声造影,测量肿物囊壁、分隔厚度,记录肿物有无囊壁增厚(＞2 mm)、分隔增厚(＞2 mm)、囊壁强化、分隔强化、实性成分强化、分隔较多(囊腔数≥5)等征象.手术病理和随诊结果证实119个肾囊性肿物中良性64个,恶性55个.以手术病理和随诊结果作为金标准,计算囊壁增厚、分隔增厚、囊壁强化、分隔强化、实性成分强化、分隔较多等征象诊断恶性肾囊性肿物的敏感度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值并进行比较.结果 良、恶性肾囊性肿物囊壁厚度的M(QR)分别为0.22(0.10)cm、0.43(0.27)cm,差异有统计学意义(χ2=32.2989,P＜0.0001),分隔厚度的M(QR)分别为0.12(0.12)cm、0.36(0.25)cm,差异也有统计学意义(χ2=36.6528,P＜0.001).囊壁增厚、分隔增厚、囊壁强化、分隔强化、实性成分强化、囊腔数≥5诊断恶性肾囊性肿物的敏感度分别为90.91%、78.18%、96.36%、90.91%、67.27%、67.27%,特异度分别为34.38%、76.56%、1.56%、23.44%、87.50%、79.69%,准确性分别为60.50%、77.31%、45.37%、54.62%、78.15%、73.95%,阳性预测值分别为54.38%、74.14%、45.69%、50.51%、82.22%、74.00%,阴性预测值分别为81.48%、80.83%、33.33%、75.00%、75.68%、73.91%.囊壁增厚、囊壁强化、分隔强化诊断恶性肾囊性肿物的敏感度较高,但特异度较低;分隔增厚、实性成分强化、分隔较多诊断恶性肾囊性肿物的准确性较高.结论 肾囊性肿物超声造影征象中分隔增厚、实性成分强化、分隔较多对恶性肾囊性肿物有较好的诊断价值.将分隔厚度＞2 mm定义为分隔增厚能较好地鉴别良、恶性肾囊性肿物.     

彩色多普勒超声在阴茎异常勃起诊断中的价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在阴茎异常勃起诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析经超声检查的16例阴茎异常勃起患者声像图表现。结果阴茎异常勃起分缺血性和非缺血性2种,非缺血性阴茎异常勃起多由外伤所致,患者阴茎海绵体内可见血肿或假性动脉瘤及海绵体动脉-海绵体窦状隙漏,一侧海绵体动脉血流速度明显增快,峰值流速(PSV)>40cm/s,阴茎背深静脉增宽,血流速增快,流速(V)>20cm/s;缺血性阴茎异常勃起患者阴茎海绵体回声随时间延长,内回声逐渐不均匀,海绵体动脉血流速减低,PSV<18cm/s,阴茎背静脉增宽,可有血栓形成,内无血流显示或呈星点状血流信号,V<10cm/s。结论阴茎异常勃起具有较特征性的声像图表现,彩色多普勒超声在该病的诊断中有重要价值。     

The significance of urethral hyperechogenicity in female lower urinary tract symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the significance of hyperechogenic spots in the urethra on ultrasound cystourethrography. METHODS: One hundred and five women with lower urinary tract symptoms who had undergone urodynamic study and ultrasound cystourethrography were included. Ultrasound cystourethrography was used to evaluate the morphology of the lower urinary tract, including the bladder neck position, bladder wall thickness at the trigone and dome, and presence or absence of hyperechogenic spots (urethral hyperechogenicity) in the urethra and their location and number. RESULTS: Of the 105 women, 30 (29%) had hyperechogenic spots in the urethra, including 26 (87%) with only one spot; 17 (53%) of the echogenic spots were located in the proximal urethra, including four cases with multiple echogenic spots. No significant differences were found in the demographics, urinary symptoms, ultrasonographic, urodynamic and urethrocystoscopic findings between those women with and without urethral hyperechogenicity, except for parity (P = 0.030). There was no association between urethral hyperechogenicity and urinary symptoms. A weak but negative correlation between the number of echogenic spots in the urethra and maximum urethral pressure was found in the subgroup with urethral hyperechogenicity (r = -0.421; P = 0.023). CONCLUSION: On ultrasound cystourethrography, a single echogenic spot in the urethra is not associated with specific urinary symptoms and does not affect urethral function.     

Cost-effectiveness of urinary dipsticks to screen asymptomatic catheter-associated urinary infections in an intensive care unit

OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost-effectiveness of urinary dipsticks (UDs) to screen asymptomatic catheterized patients for quantitative urine. DESIGN: Prospective comparison of UD with quantitative urine culture (QUC) (reference technique) and cost-effectiveness analysis performed from the hospital's perspective. SETTING: Medical intensive care unit (ICU) of the Besan?on University Hospital (France). PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: All consecutive, asymptomatic, catheterized patients. INTERVENTIONS: Urinary dipsticks (Multistix 8-SG) were analyzed by the reflectance spectrophotometric method (Clinitek 50). Sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of four combinations of the leukocyte (L) test pad and the nitrite (N) test pad were calculated: L and N, L or N, L alone and N alone. A micro-costing technique was used to determine the direct medical cost of each strategy. The calculated cost-effectiveness ratio was the incremental cost-effectiveness (ICE) ratio. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Three hundred thirty-nine urine samples taken from 144 patients were analyzed. The incidence of asymptomatic catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) was 31.3% (> or =10(5) organisms/ml). The L or N combination was the best detector of asymptomatic CAUTI: Se=87.2%, Sp=61.6%, PPV=30.6% and NPV=96.1%. The cost of QUC strategy and UD strategy was EUR 21.5 and EUR 12.6 per test, respectively. The ICE ratio of QUCs was EUR 69.5 per case of detected CAUTI. CONCLUSION: The UD is a cost-effective test for screening asymptomatic catheterized patients for quantitative urine culture in a medical ICU.     

超声与放射性核素显像诊断儿童梅克尔憩室的对比研究

目的 对比超声与放射性核素诊断梅克尔憩室的效能。方法 收集46例临床怀疑为梅克尔憩室的患儿,分析其超声、核素显像资料,并与手术病理结果对照,计算并比较超声、核素显像诊断梅克尔憩室的效能。结果 46例患儿中,38例术中证实为梅克尔憩室;其中超声诊断33例,假阴性5例,未出现假阳性;放射性核素显像诊断24例,假阳性4例,假阴性18例。超声诊断准确率89.13%（41/46）、敏感度86.84%（33/38）、特异度100%（8/8）;放射性核素显像诊断准确率52.17%（24/46）、敏感度52.63%（20/38）、特异度50.00%（4/8）。超声诊断梅克尔憩室的敏感度与核素显像比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论 超声诊断梅克尔憩室具有无创、无辐射、价格易接受及敏感度高等优势。     

Role of bladder neck mobility and urethral closure pressure in predicting outcome of tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate how urethral mobility and urethral closure pressure affect the outcome of tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) insertion for stress incontinence. METHODS: A total of 191 consecutive women with genuine stress urinary incontinence with or without intrinsic sphincter deficiency were evaluated prospectively with multichannel urodynamics, 24-h voiding diaries, clinical stress tests and introital ultrasound measurements preoperatively and 6 months after surgery. Additional introital ultrasound examinations were performed immediately after the operation, at 12 months and annually thereafter. 177/191 patients had completed a 36-month follow-up at the time of writing. Urethral mobility was described as linear dorsocaudal movement (LDM), with hypermobility being defined as LDM > 15 mm on sonography. Intrinsic sphincter deficiency was defined by a maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) of <20 cm H(2)O. RESULTS: The overall cure rate at the 36-month follow-up was 89.5% (Kaplan-Meier estimator), with secondary cure (within 6 months of surgery) in 10.5% of these patients. The operation failed in 4.2% of the women and recurrence was seen in 6.3% of the cases. Bladder neck mobility was significantly reduced at the 6-month follow-up (P < 0.001). Compared with primary cure, therapeutic failure and secondary cure were associated with a significantly lower postoperative bladder neck mobility (P < 0.05). Postoperative hypermobility reduced the risk of therapeutic failure. In addition, women with therapeutic failure or secondary cure had a significantly lower MUCP than did those with primary cure (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The effectiveness of the TVT sling appears to depend on adequate postoperative urethral mobility and urethral closure pressure.     

经会阴二维及三维超声诊断女性膀胱颈梗阻

目的 探讨经会阴二维、三维超声诊断女性膀胱颈梗阻（BNO）的应用价值。方法 对36例BNO患者（BNO组）和30名正常女性（正常对照组）行经会阴超声及三维超声,测量膀胱颈厚度,并进行统计学分析。结果 经会阴超声能清晰显示膀胱颈形态、厚度。正常对照组膀胱颈部光滑,无隆起,尿道内口光滑,前、后唇厚度分别为（0.45±0.07）cm、（0.52±0.09）cm;BNO组膀胱颈前唇和（或）后唇增厚呈唇样突入膀胱,膀胱颈前、后唇厚度分别为（0.66±0.05）cm、（0.68±0.05）cm,尿道括约肌回声紊乱,尿道内口黏膜表面不光滑。结论 经会阴二维超声可清晰显示并测量女性尿道结构,三维超声能提供女性尿道及盆底结构的更加丰富的三维空间信息;二者联合应用对诊断BNO具有重要临床应用价值。