北方地区蝮蛇咬伤中毒早期对凝血系统的影响研究

目的：研究北方地区蝮蛇咬伤中毒早期对凝血系统的影响。方法：对我科2009-6-2011-06接诊的38例北方地区蝮蛇咬伤后24h之内患者的血小板计数（PLT）及凝血系统指标D-二聚体（D-Dimer）、血浆凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、血浆纤维蛋白原（Fg）及凝血酶时间（TT）作一回顾性分析,并与健康对照组共20例进行相应指标的比较。结果：蝮蛇咬伤组中,5例患者出现PLT减少,与对照组的差异无统计学意义,PT延长8例,TT延长11例,D-D升高21例,与对照组有统计学差异。而APTT和Fg均正常,与对照组的差异无统计学意义。结论：北方地区蝮蛇咬伤中毒早期在一定程度上影响患者凝血功能,但大多数患者不影响PLT计数;有纤溶增强表现,但较少造成严重脱纤维蛋白血症,较少引起DIC或DIC样综合征,需要继续观察及复查。     

急性白血病与弥散性血管内凝血

目的分析急性白血病（AL）患者弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）的发生情况，凝血功能改变及其临床意义。方法对67例AL患者、25例AL完全缓解（CR）患者、20例健康体检者进行凝血常规、D-二聚体等检测。结果根据ISTH修订标准，15例AL患者合并DIC，发生率为22．4％，AML与ALL的DIC发生率AML-M3之间无统计学差异（P〉0．05），AML-M3与non-AML-M3的DIC的发生率之间有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。DIC组PT、APTT、TT较对照组、CR组及non-DIC组均明显延长（P〈0．01），而FIB则降低（P〈0．05）。结论AL尤其AML-M3患者容易合并DIC，观察患者凝血功能改变以及出血表现可有助于尽早发现DIC并指导临床预防及治疗，从而有利于改善AL合并DIC患者的临床预后。     

D-二聚体检测在10种疾病中的意义

D-二聚体（D-Di）是交联纤维蛋白（Fib）的特异降解产物，它的生成和增高反映了凝血和纤溶系统的激活，近10多年来被广泛用于静脉血栓（VTE）形成、下肢静脉血栓（DVT）、肺栓塞（PE）的排除诊断。最近D-Di的检测已深入到弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）、心血管疾病、激素替代治疗和抗凝治疗中。我们选择10种常见病检测D-Di，对其结果进行分析，探讨其临床意义。     

COVID-19患者血浆凝血指标及D-二聚体水平检测对临床分型的鉴别价值

目的　探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者疾病分型中血浆凝血指标及D-二聚体的鉴别价值。方法 　选取2020年1月25日～2月24日在荆州市中心医院诊断为COVID-19的52例患者住院期间检查的101份血凝标本,将样本按采血时患者的疾病分期分为轻症（n=31）和重症（n=70）。应用非配对t检验和受试者工作曲线（ROC 曲线）分析探讨凝血指标以及D-二聚体水平与患者疾病严重程度的关系,其中凝血指标包括活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶时间（TT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）和血浆纤维蛋白原（Fg）。结果　101份血凝标本中,重症组凝血指标中的APTT,TT和PT以及D-二聚体水平显著高于轻症组,差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。而Fg含量差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。APTT,TT,PT,D-二聚体,APTT+TT,APTT+PT和TT+PT的ROC曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.605,0.749,0.760,0.949,0.764,0.758和0.865。结论　单独D-二聚体、凝血指标联合使用对COVID-19疾病分型有很好的诊断价值,可辅助临床诊疗,进一步推广于临床。     

Sonoclot凝血功能分析在产科弥散性血管内凝血的应用

目的通过Sonoclot凝血功能分析，观察产科弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）患者凝血功能变化规律。方法对12例产科DIC患者进行Sonoclot凝血功能分析及相关的实验室检查，判断其凝血功能状态，采取不同的治疗措施。结果12例产科DIC患者治疗后2—6h凝血功能明显改善，24h后基本恢复正常。结论Sonoclot的SonACT、纤维蛋白凝结速率、血小板功能与DIC各期的实验室检测有良好的相关性，对凝血过程的变化和瞬时的凝血功能状态有良好的分析和解释功能，对肝素的应用可以提供比较明确的指标，可以判断凝血因子补充是否到位。     

产科弥漫性血管内凝血病人预防下肢深静脉血栓的循证护理管理

妊娠晚期血液的凝固功能和纤溶功能发生显著变化，分娩时易在某些病理状态下发生弥漫性血管内凝血（disseminated vascular coagulopathy，DIC）。深静脉血栓（deep venous thrombosis，DVT）是妊娠期严重并发症之一，产后多见。目前我国尚无DVT发病率的确切统计资料，但临床报道有逐年上升趋势。国外统计资料表明，妊娠期妇DVT订发病率是非妊娠期4倍。     

凝血及纤溶指标在弥散性血管内凝血产妇中的临床应用

目的探讨凝血及纤溶指标在弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）产妇中的临床应用价值。方法选择2009年1月至2012年8月收治的28例产科DIC产妇为观察对象,DIC患者治疗前和治疗后分别进行D-二聚体（DD）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、血小板计数（PLT）的测定,并进行对比。结果28例发生DIC的产妇治疗前DD明显上升,FIB减少,APTT延长,PLT进行性下降,治疗后各指标明显改善,与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论动态检测D-D、FIB、APTT、PLT对产科DIC的诊治具有一定的意义,有助于临床诊断和监测患者预后。     

产妇DIC中凝血与纤溶系统水平临床分析

目的探讨产妇弥漫肉性血管内凝血（DIC）时凝血与纤溶系统水平检测并分析。方法本院2004年1月至2009年1月产科DIC52例为DIC组,同期与本科健康体检的门诊患者60例为对照组,检测内容：凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化的部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）;D2二聚体（D-D）、纤维蛋白／纤维蛋白原降解产物（FDP）、3P试验,进行比较并观察各指标间的相关性。结果DIC组与对照组进行观察检测内容比较P〈0．05,有显著差异性。结论产妇患者出现明显的凝血功能指标如D-D、PT、FD-PAPTT等明显异常时,应特别警惕DIC的可能。如存在DIC的诱发因素和凝血、纤溶异常但尚未达到DIC的确诊标准,可能正处于DIC的前状态,应引起临床高度的重视,笔者的观察显示,联合D-D,FDP和APTT检测是早期诊断DIC的最好策略。     

弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）的诊断与治疗热点

国际血栓与止血学会（ISTH）于2001年对弥散性血管内凝血（disseminated intravascular coagulation，DIC）进行了定义，即DIC是不同病因导致局部损害而出现以血管内凝血为特征的一种继发性综合征，它既可由微血管体系受损而致，又可导致微血管体系受损，严重损伤可导致多脏器功能衰竭。以往因在DIC发展过程中凝血因子水平消耗性下降，曾被称为“消耗性凝血病”；又因为DIC大多数患者血浆纤维蛋白原含量降低，被称为“去纤维蛋白原综合征”、“血管内凝血-纤溶综合征”等。而临床DIC通常是指已出现了出血和／或多个器官功能障碍的继发性纤溶期，即显性DIC，预后凶险，死亡率极高。国外学者把DIC看作是死亡即将来临（death is coming）的代名词。因此，准确的诊断并及时治疗对DIC的预后非常重要。     

凝血与纤溶系统水平对围术期产妇弥漫性血管内凝血的诊断价值

目的：研究凝血与纤溶系统水平对围术期产妇弥漫性血管内凝血（DIC）的诊断价值。方法选择2007年10月-2012年10月在我院接受治疗的 DIC 产妇40例（DIC 组）,选取在我院体检正常的健康孕妇40例（健康孕妇组）,同时选取40例健康非孕妇（健康非孕妇组）为研究对象,对三组凝血与纤溶指标进行检测并比较分析。结果健康孕妇组与健康非孕妇组比较显示,PLT、FIB 明显升高,PT、TT、APTT 及 D-D 二聚体水平明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;DIC 组与健康孕妇组比较发现,PLT、FIB 明显降低,而 PT、TT 和 APTT 明显延长,D-D 含量明显升高,差异具有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;DIC 组与健康非孕妇组比较,PLT、FIB 降低,而 PT、APTT 及 D-D 二聚体水平升高,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）。除 APTT 与 PT 之间无关外,DIC 组组内其他的凝血与纤溶指标都具有一定的相互关系（P ＜0．05）。结论凝血与纤溶系统水平对于围术期产妇 DIC 具有重要的诊断意义,APTT、PT 和 TT 水平的升高提示患者凝血功能下降,而 D-D 的升高则说明纤溶的发生。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎期间部分广西居民的心理及行为调查

目的调查部分广西居民对新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）的相关认知、心理反应及心理救助需求情况,为全科医生在开展COVID-19相关诊疗提供科学依据。 方法通过微信的形式向部分广西居民进行网络问卷调查,问卷内容包括年龄、性别、职业等一般情况,对于COVID-19相关的认知和对于COVID-19的心理反应、帮助需求,评估部分居民对COVID-19的心理反应、援助需求。 结果共收回有效问卷1803份。在COVID-19相关知识认知情况的被调查者中,具有较好认知（≥12分）为1572人（87.18%）,不同居住地、职业在COVID-19疫情认知率中差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。在COVID-19疫情期间,不同性别的居民其心理及行为变化差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析提示,不同职业对于疫情认知有影响（P＜0.05）,女性对于COVID-19疫情反应更为积极（P＜0.05）。922人（51.14%）希望了解心理方面知识,大部分居民希望通过微信、QQ群、公众号、电视、广播等渠道接受心理援助。 结论在COVID-19疫情出现后,调查中的大部分广西居民有较好的疫情认知,城市居民对COVID-19疫情的掌握程度优于乡镇及农村居民。部分居民对于疫情持乐观态度,女性对于COVID-19疫情反应更为积极。少数居民感到害怕和影响睡眠,其中大部分居民希望通过网络、电视等渠道接受心理援助。针对居民在COVID-19疫情期间所产生的心理和行为变化,特别是乡镇及农村地区的基层全科医生,可利用网络等自媒体形式,对居民进行COVID-19相关内容的科普,同时以居民健康需求为导向,针对不同需求,提供心理援助。     

Use of elastic compression stockings after deep venous thrombosis: a comparison of practices and perceptions of thrombosis physicians and patients1

Summary. Daily long‐term use of elastic compression stockings (ECS) by patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) may help to prevent the post‐thrombotic syndrome (PTS). However, the effectiveness of ECS in clinical practice is difficult to predict, since the practices and perceptions of patients and thrombosis physicians regarding ECS have not been documented. The objectives were to survey DVT patients and thrombosis physicians on their practices and perceptions regarding use of ECS after DVT, and to evaluate whether physician perceptions are supported by patient responses. Two surveys were conducted. The first was sent to 38 Canadian thrombosis physicians. The second was administered to 80 DVT patients attending Thrombosis Clinic at one of two Canadian university‐affiliated hospitals. Most physicians believed that ECS were useful in preventing PTS and in managing venous symptoms. However, there was a lack of consensus regarding the optimal timing of initiation of ECS, duration of therapy, and compression strength, and only one‐third routinely prescribed ECS to asymptomatic patients to prevent PTS. Most DVT patients who were prescribed ECS purchased them, 87% wore them daily, and most reported that ECS relieved swelling and symptoms. Physicians underestimated the degree of patient compliance with ECS, but correctly identified the main reasons for non‐compliance. There is a lack of consensus among thrombosis physicans regarding ECS use after DVT. Patients with DVT are willing to comply with ECS therapy and most find them to be helpful. Our findings suggest that long‐term study of the optimal use of ECS after DVT is both necessary and feasible.     

COVID-19-associated Evans syndrome: A case report and review of the literature

Evans syndrome is a rare condition characterized by simultaneous or sequential development of autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia (and/or immune neutropenia). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may cause various hematologic conditions, such as coagulation abnormalities (e.g., bleeding or thrombosis) or cell count alterations (e.g., lymphopenia and neutrophilia). COVID-19 may also induce Evans syndrome via immune mechanisms. Here, we describe the case of a patient developing Evans syndrome shortly after COVID-19 infection. Immune thrombocytopenia and warm-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia developed simultaneously, and intravenous immunoglobulin and methylprednisolone were initially administered. Additionally, we intend to review all COVID-19-induced Evans syndrome cases currently present in the literature and emphasize the differences as well as the similarities regarding patient characteristics, relationship to COVID-19 infection, and treatment approach. Since autoimmune cytopenias are frequent in COVID-19 patients, clinicians should pay particular attention to profound and abrupt-onset cytopenias. In these circumstances, hemolysis markers such as lactate dehydrogenase, haptoglobulin, Coombs tests, etc. should be investigated, and the possibility of Evans syndrome should always be considered to ensure prompt and appropriate treatment. These factors are essential to ensure hematologic recovery and prevent complications such as thrombosis.     

Prevalence of thromboembolic events and status of prophylactic anticoagulant therapy in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Japan

IntroductionOne of the most prominent and concerning complications associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is venous and arterial thromboembolisms. The aim of the present study was to delineate the prevalence of thromboembolic events and the current status of prophylactic anticoagulation therapy in patients with COVID-19 in Japan.MethodsBetween February 1 and August 31, 2020, we performed a dual-center, retrospective cohort study based on data obtained from the medical charts of COVID-19 patients admitted to healthcare facilities in Japan. The primary outcome was any thromboembolic event including pulmonary embolism (PE), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and other systemic thromboemboli.ResultsDuring the study period, we extracted 628 consecutive patients admitted for COVID-19. Prophylactic anticoagulant therapy was administered in 63 (10%) patients of whom 20 (31.7%) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Thromboembolic events occurred in 18 (2.9%) patients (14.3% of patients in ICU and 2.2% of patients in the general wards). DVT were detected in 13 (2.1%) patients, PE in 11 (1.8%), and both DVT and PE in 6 (0.96%) patients. An increasing prevalence in thromboembolic events was noted with progressive clinical severity. Overall in-hospital mortality was 4.8%.ConclusionsProphylactic anticoagulation therapy was administered in only 10% of all hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The prevalence of any thromboembolic events was 2.9% in COVID-19 patients with most events occurring in severe and critical patients. Therefore, prophylactic anticoagulation therapy may be warranted in severe and critical patients but in asymptomatic to moderate patients the practice remains controversial.     

Elevated levels of soluble fibrin or D-dimer indicate high risk of thrombosis

BACKGROUND: Fibrin-related markers such as soluble fibrin (SF) and D-dimer are considered useful for the diagnosis of thrombosis. However, the evidence for diagnosis of thrombosis by fibrin-related markers is not well-established. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cutoff values of D-dimer and SF in the diagnosis of thrombosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Plasma concentrations of SF and D-dimer were measured in 784 inpatients suspected of having thrombosis between 1 August 2003 and 31 December 2004, and then correlated with thrombosis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Plasma concentrations of D-dimer and SF were significantly higher in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and cerebral thrombosis, compared with those in patients without thrombosis. When cutoff values of > 3.0 microg mL(-1) for D-dimer and > 6.0 microg mL(-1) for SF were used for the diagnosis, more than 50% of patients (with the exception of liver transplant patients and postoperative patients) had thrombosis. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that SF was more useful than D-dimer for the diagnosis of thrombosis (i.e. DVT and DIC). The cutoff value of D-dimer (7.87 microg mL(-1)) was the same for DVT and DIC, while that of SF was slightly lower for DVT (7.05 microg mL(-1)) than for DIC (8.60 microg mL(-1)). Our findings suggest that high levels of plasma fibrin-related markers reflect high risk for thrombosis.     

Thromboembolic Risk in Hospitalized and Nonhospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Self-Controlled Case Series Analysis of a Nationwide Cohort

ObjectiveTo assess the associations between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and thromboembolism including myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic stroke, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and pulmonary embolism (PE).Patients and MethodsA self-controlled case-series study was conducted covering the whole of Scotland’s general population. The study population comprised individuals with confirmed (positive test) COVID-19 and at least one thromboembolic event between March 2018 and October 2020. Their incidence rates during the risk interval (5 days before to 56 days after the positive test) and the control interval (the remaining periods) were compared intrapersonally.ResultsAcross Scotland, 1449 individuals tested positive for COVID-19 and experienced a thromboembolic event. The risk of thromboembolism was significantly elevated over the whole risk period but highest in the 7 days following the positive test (incidence rate ratio, 12.01; 95% CI, 9.91 to 14.56) in all included individuals. The association was also present in individuals not originally hospitalized for COVID-19 (incidence rate ratio, 4.07; 95% CI, 2.83 to 5.85). Risk of MI, stroke, PE, and DVT were all significantly higher in the week following a positive test. The risk of PE and DVT was particularly high and remained significantly elevated even 56 days following the test.ConclusionConfirmed COVID-19 infection was associated with early elevations in risk with MI, ischemic stroke, and substantially stronger and prolonged elevations with DVT and PE both in hospital and community settings. Clinicians should consider thromboembolism, especially PE, among people with COVID-19 in the community.     

The combined therapy of a traditional Chinese medicine formula and Western medicine for a critically ill case infected with COVID-19

ObjectivePresentation of a case illustrating the benefits of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treatment of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in critically ill patients.Clinical features and outcomeA 58-year-old woman presented with cough, fever, dizziness, chest tightness, polypnea and poor appetite. She was admitted to Guizhou Provincial People’s hospital, and diagnosed with critically ill type of COVID-19 in February 2020. According to the patient's symptoms and signs, the TCM syndrome differentiation was qi deficiency, dampness-stasis and toxin accumulation. Then she received the combined therapy of a modified Chinese herbal formula and Western medicine. During a twelve-day period of treatment, her respiratory distress and appetite quickly improved. Abnormal laboratory indicators were resumed in time and lung lesions in CT scan largely absorbed. No side effects associated with this Chinese herbal formula were found. Before discharge, two consecutive nasopharyngeal swabs were shown to be negative for severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).ConclusionsOur case report suggests that collaborative treatments with traditional Chinese medicine prove beneficial in the management of COVID-19 in critically ill patients. In order to give optimal care for this COVID-19 crisis for the whole world, Chinese medicine practitioners and Western medical doctors should work together in frontline.     

Professional identity of Chinese nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak: A nation-wide cross-sectional study

Practicing in unprecedented working environment and fighting against the COVID-19 crisis influenced the image of nursing in the general population, as well as among nurses themselves. This study aimed to describe the sense of professional identity among Chinese nursing students during the COVID-19 outbreak and to explore the relationship between psychological resilience and the sense of professional identity in this cohort. A nationwide online cross-sectional survey was conducted. Nursing students were recruited from 18 Chinese universities. The 10-item Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC-10) evaluated psychological resilience and professional identity was assessed by the Professional Identity Questionnaire for Nursing Students (PIQNS). A total of 6348 respondents had a moderate level of professional identity to nursing (average PIQNS score at 62.02 ± 12.02). About 86% of respondents attributed the response to the COVID-19 pandemic in elevating the nursing image. Psychological resilience was the strongest contributor to professional identity (β = 0.371, P < 0.001). There was a high level of professional identity among Chinese nursing students during the COVID-19 crisis. Policy support and courses to enhance psychological resilience are critical to sustain professional identity among nursing students.