Antipneumococcal activity of BAY 12-8039, a new quinolone, compared with activities of three other quinolones and four oral beta-lactams.

Activities of BAY 12-8039 against 205 pneumococci were tested by agar dilution. MICs (in micrograms per milliliter) at which 50 and 90% of the isolates are inhibited (MIC50s and MIC90s, respectively) were 0.125 and 0.25 (BAY 12-8039), 2.0 and 4.0 (ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin), and 0.25 and 0.5 (sparfloxacin). Beta-lactam MIC50s and MIC90s for penicillin-susceptible, -intermediate, and -resistant strains, in that order, were 0.016 and 0.03, 0.25 and 2.0, and 2.0 and 4.0 (amoxicillin); 0.03 and 0.06, 0.25 and 4.0, and 4.0 and 8.0 (ampicillin); 0.03 and 0.06, 0.5 and 4.0, and 4.0 and 8.0 (cefuroxime); and 0.03 and 0.125, 0.25 and 2.0, and 4.0 and 8.0 (cefpodoxime). At two times their MICs after 24 h, BAY 12-8039, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, and cefuroxime were uniformly bactericidal (99.9% killing) against 12 strains; other compounds were bactericidal at four times their MICs.     

上海市高校结核防控体系执行现状与分析

目的 了解本市高校结核病防控工作的执行情况,并分析执行现状,为本市结核病预防与控制的顶层设计提供决策依据。方法 选择2018年4月至8月我院诊治的本市高校大学生结核病患者14例作为研究对象,采用现象学研究方法和半结构式访谈方式进行深入访谈,对获得的访谈资料进行进一步整理分析,并将主题进行提炼。结果 14例患者均完成访谈,共提炼出4个主题,分别是高校师生对结核病认识不足、高校对结核病防控工作重视度不够、高校缺乏结核病防控措施及方案、缺乏医教协同的结核病防控。结论 高校师生对结核病的认识不足以及高校对结核病防控工作的不重视,是导致本市高校结核防控体系执行现状有不足的重要原因,对缺乏结核病防控的措施及方案的高校,应根据其学校特点,医教协同参与,制定相应的结核病防控的措施及方案,并完善本市高校结核病预防与控制体系,从而有效控制高校结核病的发生。     

Using feedback and evaluation effectively in clinical supervision. Model for interaction characteristics and strategies

Feedback and evaluation are both integral parts of daily communications that supervisors and instructors use to help employees and students learn and grow. The purpose of this article is to provide guidelines for the effective use of feedback and evaluation in the supervision and performance assessment of students and staff therapists and assistants. I define feedback and evaluation and give examples of their uses. Reactions of students and staff to feedback and evaluation are identified. Carkhuff's phases of helping are described and integrated in a model with interaction characteristics and strategies that supervisors and instructors use when giving feedback and evaluation. I describe and suggest applications of the model for using feedback and evaluation to facilitate the development of independent and competent physical therapists and assistants.     

基于WHO-FICs架构智力残疾儿童青少年身体活动与运动康复的健康结局：系统综述的系统综述

目的 基于世界卫生组织国际分类家族(WHO-FICs)构建智力残疾儿童青少年参与身体活动和运动康复的健康和功能结局的研究架构,系统分析智力残疾儿童青少年的主要健康与功能障碍表现、参与身体活动的方案以及健康和功能结局。 方法 运用《国际疾病分类第十一次修订本》(ICD-11)和《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》(ICF),对智力残疾儿童青少年身体活动干预方案以及健康与功能结局进行系统分析,构建智力残疾儿童青少年健康与功能状况、身体活动干预方案以及健康与功能结局架构。检索Scopus、PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、中国知网、维普、万方数据,收集建库至2022年8月18日公开发表的智力残疾儿童青少年参与身体活动与运动康复的健康及功能结局的系统综述,进行系统综述。 结果 最终纳入系统综述8篇,来自5个国家,包括190项随机对照试验和7 011例参与者,研究领域主要涉及智力障碍、儿童神经病学、康复科学、残疾与健康、适应性体育、特殊教育等,发表时间集中在2018年至2022年。常见的健康状况主要有唐氏综合征、孤独症谱系障碍、脆性X综合征、Prade-Willi综合征、智力障碍、认知障碍;身体活动干预形式分为体适能类、技能类和活动类3类,活动频率每周1~5次,活动强度为中-高强度,持续时间1周~1.5年;健康结局体现在智力功能和适应性行为、身体活动、心理行为健康与社会适应、整体生活质量和福祉方面。 结论 基于WHO-FICs构建了智力残疾儿童青少年参与身体活动和运动康复的健康效果的理论架构。智力残疾儿童青少年主要功能障碍表现为智力功能和适应性行为、活动和心理健康、生活质量和福祉3个层面。其中智力功能和适应性行为层面涉及概念性技能、社交性技能和实践性技能,活动和参与层面表现为低体育活动参与度、久坐和肥胖,活动能力低,没有发展基本运动能力和身体素质。生活质量和福祉层面涉及情绪和情感、自尊、一般自我概念、幸福感、友谊、与他人的关系或社会成熟度、生活质量和福祉等。身体活动方式可以分为体适能类、技能类和运动项目类。主要健康和功能结局主要表现在三个领域：智力功能与适应性行为,活动和参与以及心理行为健康与社会适应、生活质量和福祉。在智力功能和适应性行为领域,主要健康结局涉及认知功能(执行功能、认知可塑性、工作记忆等)、心理功能(情绪自我控制、自我价值和自尊)。在活动和参与领域,主要健康结局涉及体适能(肌力和肌耐力、速度、灵敏性)和动作技能(基本动作技能、平衡、核心稳定性),提高体育活动参与度,促进其更好地适应与赋能(社交、亲社会行为等),达成健康目标(降低疾病风险、缓解焦虑和抑郁、肥胖管理)。在心理行为健康与社会适应、生活质量和福祉领域,参与身体活动与运动康复可以提升儿童青少年整体的生活质量和福祉。     

Continuing professional development for interprofessional teams supporting patients in healthcare decision making

Healthcare professionals and organizations, policy makers, and the public are calling for safe and effective care that is centered on patients' needs, values, and preferences. The goals of interprofessional shared decision making and decision support are to help patients and professionals agree on choices that are effective, health promoting, realistic, and consonant with patients' and professionals' values and preferences. This requires collaboration among professionals and with patients and their family caregivers. Continuing professional development is urgently needed to help healthcare professionals acquire the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to create and sustain a culture of collaboration. We describe a model that can be used to design, implement, and evaluate continuing education curricula in interprofessional shared decision making and decision support. This model aligns curricular goals, objectives, educational strategies, and evaluation instruments and strategies with desired learning and organizational outcomes. Educational leaders and researchers can institutionalize such curricula by linking them with quality improvement and patient safety initiatives.     

我国助产士专业体系构建的质性研究

目的：探讨我国助产士专业体系的构建,为我国制定助产士制度、规范助产士任职资格和岗位任务提供参考意见,推动我国助产学科向更规范化、更合理的方向发展。方法应用半结构访谈法对8个省市26家不同级别的综合医院妇产科、妇幼保健院、妇产医院的业务院长、产科主任、产科医生、助产士及产科护士41名专业人员,进行访谈,对助产士专业体系构建进行研究。结果经过深入访谈和分析,提炼出4个主题：目前从事助产工作的人员结构;助产士岗位任务现状;构建我国助产士专业体系重要性、必要性以及应包括哪些内容;助产士的岗位任务和任职资格应该包括哪些。结论我国应尽快发展助产士制度,加强助产士培训和教育,制定助产士准入制度及相应的助产士法律法规,规范助产士管理,明确助产士任职资格和岗位任务,制定规范的助产士晋升制度,实现助产专业科学管理,促进助产学科发展,从而促进母婴健康,保障母婴安全。     

In vitro activity of the new quinolone WCK 771 against staphylococci

The activity of WCK 771, an experimental quinolone developed to overcome quinolone resistance in staphylococci and other bacteria, was determined against quinolone-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis. WCK 771 MICs for 50 and 90% of the strains tested (MIC(50) and MIC(90), respectively) were 0.008 and 0.015 microg/ml for S. aureus (n = 43) and 0.015 and 0.03 microg/ml for S. epidermidis (n = 44) for quinolone-susceptible isolates, compared to ciprofloxacin values of 0.12 and 0.25 microg/ml and 0.25 and 0.5 microg/ml, respectively. Values for levofloxacin were 0.12 and 0.25 microg/ml and 0.12 and 0.25 microg/ml, those for clinafloxacin were 0.015 and 0.03 microg/ml and 0.015 and 0.03 microg/ml, those for moxifloxacin were 0.03 and 0.06 microg/ml and 0.06 and 0.12 microg/ml, and those for gatifloxacin were 0.06 and 0.12 microg/ml and 0.12 and 0.25 microg/ml, respectively. The WCK 771 MIC(50) and MIC(90), respectively, were 0.5 and 1 microg/ml for both species of staphylococci (n = 73 for S. aureus, n = 70 for S. epidermidis) for isolates highly resistant to ciprofloxacin (MIC(50) and MIC(90), >32 and >32 microg/ml, respectively). Values for levofloxacin were 8 and 32 microg/ml and 8 and 32 microg/ml, those for clinafloxacin were 1 and 2 microg/ml and 0.5 and 2 microg/ml, those for moxifloxacin 4 and >4 microg/ml and 4 and >4 microg/ml, and those for gatifloxacin were 4 and >4 microg/ml and 2 and >4 microg/ml, respectively. WCK 771 and clinafloxacin demonstrated MICs of 1 microg/ml against three vancomycin-intermediate strains. WCK 771 showed concentration-independent killing for up to 24 h at 2, 4, and 8 times the MICs against quinolone-resistant staphylococci and was also bactericidal after 8 h for high-density inocula (10(8) CFU/ml) of quinolone-resistant strains at 5 microg/ml, whereas moxifloxacin at 7.5 microg/ml was bacteriostatic. WCK 771 was not a substrate of the NorA efflux pump as evident from the similar MICs against both an efflux-positive and an efflux-negative strain. Overall, WCK 771 was the most potent quinolone tested against the staphylococci tested, regardless of quinolone susceptibility.     

HIV感染者/AIDS病人相关羞辱和歧视的调查研究

[目的]了解HIV感染者/AIDS病人相关羞辱和歧视现状,为寻求降低其相关羞辱和歧视的干预对策提供依据。[方法]应用HIV感染者/AIDS病人相关羞辱和歧视量表对100例HIV感染者/AIDS病人进行调查和评定。[结果]HIV感染者/AIDS病人相关羞辱和歧视总分为132.96分±21.49分,处于较高水平,性传播病人与吸毒病人的羞辱和歧视差异比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]HIV感染者/AIDS病人有较严重的羞辱和歧视感,应采取积极有效的干预措施降低病人的羞辱和歧视。     

空蝶鞍综合征影像学研究

目的：研究空蝶鞍综合征患者的X线、CT、MRI特征并比较其特异性及敏感性。材料与方法：回顾分析30例女性空鞍综合征患者及30例正常垂体X线、CT、MRI图像，分别计算出三者特异性及敏感性。结果：空蝶鞍综合征患者MR图像显示鞍区扩大，鞍内充填脑脊液，垂体受压，体积缩小，垂体柄偏移、拉长；X线及CT显示欠佳，空蝶鞍综合征患者与正常志愿者三者特异性及敏感性分别为20．0％、40％、100％、86．7％、93．3％、100％。结论：加砒清晰地显示蝶鞍区垂体的形态及比邻关系，准确测量其相关径线，是空蝶鞍综合征的最佳影像学诊断手段，具有广阔的应用前景。     

Connecting what we do with what we know: building a community of research and practice

How to think about, develop, maintain and optimize connections between research and practice remains a vexed and contested area in the increasingly complex multidisciplinary and inter-professional practice that constitutes contemporary healthcare and service delivery. A body of literature challenging linear and passive notions of research uptake has emerged which views research uptake as a dynamic, contextualized and active process. This paper explores the development of a successful and exciting community of research and practice involving a university and an aged care organization in Australia. The community of research and practice is premised on dynamic, contextual and active interaction between research and practice; where the categories of research and practice are not mutually exclusive or static; and where community is more than just a structure to facilitate collaborative research projects. It is proposed that the idea of a community of research and practice is a useful one in terms of seeking to better understand and provide strategies for knowledge translation between researchers and practitioners and those who are both.     

Echocardiographic and clinical abnormalities in patients with psoriasis

We investigated the incidence and severity of echocardiographic and clinical abnormalities in patients with psoriasis and their relationship to the severity, duration and type of psoriasis and other related factors. A total of 216 psoriasis patients and 216 control subjects were included in this study. Left and right heart dimensions, wall thicknesses, wall motion abnormalities, valvular disturbances, and systolic and diastolic functions were examined using two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic techniques. Left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular wall motion abnormalities and valvular pathologies, especially mitral and tricuspid valve prolapse, were significantly more frequent in patients with psoriasis. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly higher in psoriasis patients. Significant correlations were found between: (i) psoriasis vulgaris and tricuspid valve prolapse; (ii) palmo-plantar psoriasis and valvular pathologies; and (iii) disease duration and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Physicians should be aware that cardiovascular abnormalities are common in patients with psoriasis.     

HIF-1α和VEGF在子宫内膜异位症增生期内膜中的表达及意义

目的探讨缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在子宫内膜异位症(EMs)增生期内膜组织中的表达及与血管生成的相关性。方法分别用SP法和Western blot方法检测内异症40例异位内膜、33例在位内膜及36例子宫肌瘤患者(对照组)增生期内膜组织中HIF-1α和VEGF蛋白表达,CD34标记新生血管,计算微血管密度(MVD)。结果①HIF-1α和VEGF蛋白表达均为异位内膜高于在位内膜、在位内膜高于对照组内膜,组间比较差异均有统计学意义;②异位内膜MVD高于在位内膜、而在位内膜高于对照组内膜,且任意2组之间比较差异均有统计学意义;③异位内膜组织中VEGF与HIF-1α、VEGF与MVD及HIF-1α与MVD之间均存在正相关关系,差异均有统计学意义。结论 VEGF和HIF-1α可能存在相互作用,通过促进内异症血管生成,在内异症的发生发展中发挥作用。     

Isolation and serological comparison of virus-coded proteins of three potyviruses infecting cucurbitaceous plants

Cylindrical inclusion proteins (CIPs), amorphous inclusion proteins (AIPs), and virus particles were partially purified from Cucurbita maxima leaves infected with zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), watermelon mosaic virus 2 (WMV2), and the watermelon mosaic virus 1 strain of papaya ringspot virus (PRSV-W). Antisera to these individual antigens, except AIPs of ZYMV and WMV2, were prepared and used to determine with electroblot-ELISA the serological differentiation indices (SDIs) between homologous and heterologous antigens. The average SDIs between ZYMV and WMV2 CIPs, between ZYMV and PRSV-W CIPs, and between WMV2 and PRSV-W CIPs were 1.5, 3.5, and 2.5, respectively. The SDIs between ZYMV and PRSV-W AIPs and between WMV2 and PRSV-W AIPs were 5 and 3, respectively. The average SDIs between ZYMV and WMV2 capsid proteins (CPs), between ZYMV and PRSV-W CPs, and between WMV2 and PRSV-W CPs were 3, 7, and 8, respectively. These data suggest that the serological relationship between ZYMV and WMV2 is much closer than that between PRSV-W and ZYMV or between PRSV-W and WMV2 and that antigenic determinants of CIP and AIP were conserved more than those of CP among the three potyviruses.     

Antipneumococcal Activity of Ertapenem (MK-0826) Compared to Those of Other Agents

The activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) and eight other agents against a range of penicillin-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci were tested by determination of MICs by the microdilution method and by the time-kill methodology. For 125 penicillin-susceptible, 74 penicillin-intermediate, and 86 penicillin-resistant pneumococci, the MICs at which 50% of isolates are inhibited (MIC(50)s) and MIC(90)s, as determined by the microdilution method, were as follows: for ertapenem, 0.016 and 0.03, 0.125 and 0.5, and 0.5 and 1.0 microg/ml for penicillin-susceptible, penicillin-intermediate, and penicillin-resistant pneumococci, respectively; for amoxicillin, < or =0.016 and 0.03, 0.25 and 1.0, and 2.0 and 2.0 microg/ml for penicillin-susceptible, penicillin-intermediate, and penicillin-resistant pneumococci, respectively; for cefprozil, 0.125 and 0.25, 1.0 and 8.0, and 16.0 and 16.0 microg/ml for penicillin-susceptible, penicillin-intermediate, and penicillin-resistant pneumococci, respectively; for cefepime, < or =0.016 and 0.06, 0.5 and 1.0, and 1.0 and 2.0 microg/ml for penicillin-susceptible, penicillin-intermediate, and penicillin-resistant pneumococci, respectively; for ceftriaxone, < or =0.016 and 0.06, 0.25 and 1.0, and 1.0 and 2.0 microg/ml for penicillin-susceptible, penicillin-intermediate, and penicillin-resistant pneumococci, respectively; for imipenem, < or =0.008 and < or =0.008, 0.03 and 0.25, and 0.25 and 0.25 microg/ml for penicillin-susceptible, penicillin-intermediate, and penicillin-resistant pneumococci, respectively; for meropenem, < or =0.008 and 0.016, 0.125 and 0.5, and 0.5 and 1.0 microg/ml for penicillin-susceptible, penicillin-intermediate, and penicillin-resistant pneumococci, respectively; and for clarithromycin, 1.0 and >32.0, 1.0 and >32.0, and >32.0 and >32.0 microg/ml for penicillin-susceptible, penicillin-intermediate, and penicillin-resistant pneumococci, respectively. For 64 strains for which quinolone MICs were increased (ciprofloxacin MICs, > or =4.0 microg/ml), the MIC(90) of ertapenem was 1.0 microg/ml and the MIC(90)s of the other beta-lactams tested and clarithromycin were >32.0 microg/ml. Against four penicillin-susceptible, four penicillin-intermediate, and four penicillin-resistant strains, testing by the time-kill methodology showed that ertapenem at two times the MIC was bacteriostatic (99% killing) after 12 h and bactericidal (99.9% killing) against all strains by 24 h, with 90% killing of all strains at two times the MIC after 6 h. At the MIC, ertapenem was bacteriostatic against all strains tested after 24 h. Although the bactericidal activity of imipenem at the MIC after 24 h was significantly greater than that of ertapenem, the kinetics of the two drugs at two times the MIC were similar after 24 h. The killing kinetics of clarithromycin were slower than those of ertapenem and other agents, with clarithromycin at two times the MIC having bactericidal activity against seven of eight macrolide-susceptible strains after 24 h.     

Health and Safety Needs in Early Care and Education Programs: What do Directors,Child Health Records,and National Standards Tell Us?

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the overlapping and unique health and safety needs and concerns identified by early care and education (ECE) directors, health records, and observed compliance with national health and safety (NHS) standards. Design and Sample: Cross‐sectional study. 127 ECE programs from 5 California counties participated in the study, including 118 directors and 2,498 children's health records. Measures: Qualitative data were collected using standardized ECE directors' interviews to identify their health and safety concerns; and objective, quantitative data were collected using child health record reviews to assess regular health care, immunizations, health insurance, special health care needs, and screening tests and an observation Checklist of 66 key NHS standards collected by research assistants. Results: The overlapping health and safety needs and concerns identified by the directors and through observations were hygiene and handwashing, sanitation and disinfection, supervision, and the safety of indoor and outdoor equipment. Some of the health and safety needs identified by only one assessment method were health and safety staff training, medical plans for children with special health care needs and follow‐up on positive screening tests. Conclusions: Comprehensive, multimethod assessments are useful to identify health and safety needs and develop public health nursing interventions for ECE programs.     

北京市托幼机构消毒卫生标准方案研究

目的为更好地监督指导和评价托幼机构消毒卫生工作,探讨托幼机构日常消毒方案和消毒卫生指标。方法采用问卷调查和采样监测方法,对北京市托幼机构消毒卫生状况进行了调查,提出制定托幼机构消毒卫生标准建议案。结果北京市托幼机构餐具消毒主要采用煮沸消毒与远红外线加热消毒;室内空气消毒主要采用自然通风、紫外线照射和化学消毒剂等综合处理方法;普通物体表面采用含氯消毒剂作擦拭消毒;保教人员和儿童手大多数用肥皂及流动水清洗。所有检测对象上均未检出致病菌,检测细菌总数以中位数表示,室内空气、物体表面、教师和儿童手的细菌总数中位数依次为907、3和228。结论北京市托幼机构室内空气、物体表面、教师和儿童手细菌总数均呈偏态分布,根据分析结果提出制定托幼机构消毒卫生标准建议。     

Creating alliances: the views of users and carers on the education and training needs of community mental health nurses

The Sussex Education and Training Consortium commissioned a development project to identify the education and training needs of Community Mental Health Nurses (CMHNs) working with people with severe mental illness. The concerns of various stakeholding groups were identified using a qualitative methodology, Responsive Evaluation. This paper reports the views of 52 service users and representatives and 24 carers and career support workers as expressed in semi-structured interviews and focused discussion groups. Users and carers were able to identify specific areas that require attention in the education and training of CMHNs. Users want CMHNs to have wide knowledge of mental illness, medication, therapies and services and the understanding and confidence to work in an empowering way. They also want CMHNs to systematically involve users and their carers in care planning and to make more explicit any communication with other professionals and agencies. Carers want more involvement and information and CMHNs made more aware of the role that carers play and the specific problems they face. Users and their organisations would like significant involvement in the provision of CMHN education and training at all levels. Developments to CMHN education and training are suggested with recommendations for research and evaluation.     

原发性高血压与脑卒中患者神经肽Y及内皮素和微循环的观察 降低高血压患者NPY、ET及改善微循环可减少脑卒中发生的建议

目的探讨血浆中神经肽Y(neuropeptideY,NPY)、内皮素(endothelin,ET)及甲襞微循环在原发性高血压和有原发性高血压史的脑卒中的发病过程中的变化及临床意义。方法采用放射免疫法ra-dioimmunoassay分别测定原发性高血压、脑梗死、脑出血患者和正常对照组血浆中NPY、ET的含量及使用微循环测定仪观察以上各组甲襞微循环变化。结果原发性高血压、脑梗死、脑出血患者与正常对照组比较,血浆中NPY、ET的含量增高,微循环异常积分增高(P均<0.01),但患者各组之间比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论原发性高血压、脑卒中患者存在神经内分泌异常,血管内皮细胞受损及微循环障碍,这些改变可能参与了这两类疾病的发病过程。     

护理专业研究生母儿健康管理与促进课程模块的构建

目的构建护理专业研究生母儿健康管理与促进课程模块,拓宽研究生母婴及早期儿童健康研究领域的基本知识和国际视野。方法以国内外母儿健康领域的最新政策、WHO及国际助产联盟等国际组织在母儿健康领域的最新进展及研究报告、课题组研究成果等为基础,经本课题组5名专家召开3~4轮专家会议,确定母儿健康管理与促进课程模块中教学资源、课程名称、课程目标、课程内容、学时安排、教学方法、考核方式7个方面内容。结果母儿健康管理与促进课程模块包括4门课程,即"母婴健康与助产服务的全球发展及循证实践""生殖与避孕国际研究进展及应用""产后母婴健康管理进展""儿童早期的健康促进",共50学时,采用线上与线下相结合的教学方法,考核方式主要包括小组讨论、线上互动、书面作业、口头汇报。结论课程模块构建过程科学、严谨,课程内容具备一定的先进性,值得进一步推广。     

In vitro antifungal activities of isavuconazole (BAL4815), voriconazole, and fluconazole against 1,007 isolates of zygomycete, Candida, Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Scedosporium species

Isavuconazole (BAL4815) is a promising novel broad-spectrum triazole in late-stage clinical development that has proven active in vitro against Aspergillus and Candida species. We compared the in vitro activities of this agent with those of voriconazole and fluconazole by the CLSI (formerly NCCLS) M38-A and M27-A2 procedures against a large collection of 1,007 relevant opportunistic fungi collected from 1986 to 2007: Aspergillus spp. (n = 702), Candida spp. (n = 218), Zygomycetes (n = 45), Scedosporium spp. (n = 22), and Fusarium spp. (n = 20). All Candida isolates were from patients with candidemia. For isavuconazole, these techniques were also compared with the Etest. Isavuconazole and voriconazole had MICs at which 50% and 90% of isolates were inhibited (MIC50 and MIC90), respectively, of 1 and 1 microg/ml and 0.5 and 1 microg/ml against Aspergillus spp. and of 0.015 and 0.03 microg/ml and 0.25 and 0.125 microg/ml against Candida spp. (including fluconazole-resistant strains). The MIC50 partial and complete inhibition end points of isavuconazole and voriconazole against the non-Aspergillus molds were as follows: 1 and 2 microg/ml and 16 and >16 mug/ml against Zygomycetes; 1 and 4 microg/ml and 0.25 and 0.5 microg/ml against Scedosporium apiospermum; 4 to 16 and >16 microg/ml and 4 to 8 and 16 to >16 microg/ml (ranges) against Scedosporium prolificans; and 16 and 16 microg/ml and 4 and 4 microg/ml against Fusarium spp. Isavuconazole showed minimal fungicidal concentrations for 50% and 90% of the isolates of 1 and 1 microg/ml against Aspergillus, 16 and >16 microg/ml against Candida, and 4 and >16 microg/ml against Zygomycetes, respectively, and >16 microg/ml against the remaining molds. The Etest proved to be a suitable alternative method for determining the antifungal activities of isavuconazole against Aspergillus and Candida; the Etest results showed 96% and 93% agreement with the results of the CLSI M38-A and M27-A2 methods, respectively.