氯诺昔康用于学龄儿童术后自控镇痛的临床研究

目的评价氯诺昔康用于小儿术后自控镇痛的安全性及有效性。方法60例拟行臀筋膜松解术的患儿,随机均分为L组(氯诺昔康组)和T组(曲马多组)。均采用硬膜外加氯胺酮分离麻醉。术毕,L组静注氯诺昔康0.15mg/kg为负荷量,继用0.3mg/kg氯诺昔康加生理盐水稀释至100ml后置于PCA泵药池内。T组静注曲马多1mg/kg为负荷量,继用10mg/kg曲马多加生理盐水稀释至100ml后置于PCA泵药池内。PCA泵背景剂量为5ml/h,PCA量为2ml/次,锁定时间为15分钟。记录使用PCA后1h,4h,8h,12h,20h患儿的疼痛评分、对疼痛治疗总体印象评分及所出现的副作用。结果两组患儿镇痛治疗评分及对镇痛治疗总体印象评分,组间对比均无显著性差异(P>0.05);曲马多组出现恶心,呕吐的病例数目明显高于氯诺昔康组(P<0.01);两组患者PCA治疗前后肝肾功能及出凝血时间比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论氯诺昔康用于小儿术后镇痛是安全有效的,可作为小儿术后镇痛治疗的一种选择药物。     

Impact of CYP2D6 genotype on postoperative tramadol analgesia

Genetic polymorphisms result in absent enzyme activity of CYP2D6 (poor metabolizers, PM) in about 10% of the Caucasian population. This study investigates whether the PM genotype has an impact on the response to tramadol analgesia in postoperative patients. A prospective study design was used and 300 patients recovering from abdominal surgery were enrolled. After titration of an individual loading dose, patients could self-administer 1 ml bolus doses of the drug combination tramadol 20 mg/ml, dipyrone 200 mg/ml and metoclopramide 0.4 mg/ml via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Patients' genotype was analyzed considering the most prevalent PM associated CYP2D6 mutations using a real-time PCR and hybridization based genotyping method. Demographic data, surgery related variables, pain scores, analgesic consumption and need for rescue medication were compared between extensive metabolizers (EM) and PM. The primary outcome criterion 'response' was defined as responder or non-responder status by the need for rescue medication and patients' satisfaction at the final interview. Demographic and surgery related data were comparable between EM (n=241) and PM (n=30). The percentage of non-responders was significantly higher in the PM group (46.7%) compared with the EM group (21.6%; p=0.005). Tramadol loading dose amounted to 108.2+/-56.9 and 144.7+/-22.6 mg (p<0.001) in EM and PM, respectively. More patients displaying the PM genotype needed rescue medication in the recovery room and during PCA period than patients with at least one wild type allele (21.6 versus 43.3%, p=0.02). PM for CYP2D6 showed a lower response rate to postoperative tramadol analgesia than EM. Therefore, CYP2D6 genotype has an impact on analgesia with tramadol. Pharmacogenetics may explain some of the varying response to pain medication in postoperative patients.     

Superior postoperative analgesic efficacy of a continuous infusion of tramadol and dipyrone (metamizol) versus tramadol alone

In this prospective, randomised and double-blind clinical study the analgesic efficacy of a continuous infusion of tramadol combined with the non-opioid dipyrone (metamizol) was compared with tramadol alone or with placebo during first 24 h postoperatively. Ninety patients were allocated to the three study groups. In group 1, patients received 600 mg tramadol with 2.5 mg droperidol (DHB); in group 2, 600 mg tramadol together with 4.0 g dipyrone and 2.5 mg DHB; and in group 3, only 2.5 mg DHB. Additionally, a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device with morphine was provided to each patient as a rescue in the case of insufficient pain relief. Pain at rest and during movement was measured with a visual analogue scale (VAS, 0–10) during the study time. Side effects and vital parameters were also recorded. After the 24 h study period, a significant pain relief was observed in all three groups. The consumption of morphine via PCA, however, was significantly lower in group 2 (tramadol/dipyrone) than in the tramadol or the placebo group, and also the patients in group 1 (tramadol) had received significantly less morphine than those in the placebo group. Our data suggest a significantly superior analgesic efficacy of a continuous infusion of tramadol combined with dipyrone compared to an infusion of tramadol alone or placebo.     

曲马多超前镇痛用于上腹部手术患者术后镇痛的观察

目的:对曲马多的超前镇痛和常规术后镇痛进行比较,并探讨曲马多超前镇痛应给予多少剂量为最佳。方法:60例择期于全身麻醉下行上腹部手术的患者,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,年龄20～66岁,体重48～72kg,分为4小组:1～3组为超前镇痛组(PA1～PA3组),第4组为术后镇痛组(C组),每组15例。PA1～3组分别于术前静脉给予曲马多1.5mg/kg(PA1组)、2mg/kg(PA2组)及2.5mg/kg(PA3组);C组于术后静脉给予曲马多2mg/kg,术后患者静脉接镇痛泵。记录手术结束后2、4、8、16、24h和32h的疼痛程度,采用视觉模拟评分(VAS评分);各时点曲马多的用量;术前、术毕及术后8h和24h的血糖。不良反应为嗜睡、恶心、呕吐等。通过这些指标观察PA组与C组的镇痛效果有无不同;观察各PA组之间有无区别。结果:PA2组及PA3组各时点的VAS评分及总用药量低于C组(P<0.05),血糖的波动较小(P<0.05)。PA2组及PA3组各时点的VAS评分及总用药量以及血糖的波动低于PA1组(P<0.05)。所有组均无明显的不良反应发生。结论:曲马多超前镇痛对上腹部手术患者的镇痛效果优于常规术后镇痛。镇痛药的首次剂量不应低于2mg/kg。     

不同剂量舒芬太尼复合曲马多用于老年髋部手术后患者静脉自控镇痛

[目的]评价不同剂量舒芬太尼复合曲马多用于老年髋部手术后静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）的效果.[方法]选择本院在连续硬膜外麻醉下择期髋部手术老年患者60例,随机分为三组.A组：舒芬太尼 50 μg ＋曲马多300 mg;B组：舒芬太尼100 μg ＋曲马多300 mg;C组：舒芬太尼150 μg ＋曲马多300 mg.三组镇痛药物均加入氟哌啶2.5 mg,用生理盐水稀释至100 mL.手术结束前连接PCA泵,镇痛模式为负荷剂量2 mL,持续剂量 1. 2 mL/h, PCA为 2 mL,锁定时间 20 min,全程观察24 h.分别于术后 2～4 h、8～10 h、12～20 h、22～24 h访视记录患者 VAS评分,镇痛药用量、PCA按压次数、Ramsay镇静评分和生命体征及不良反应.[结果]术后 24 h各时段 B、C两组 VAS评分均低于A组（P〈0.05）;与B组相比较,C组8～10 h、12～20 h VAS评分均降低（P〈0.05）;各时段 B、C两组镇痛药用量明显少于A组（P〈0.05）.在 2～4 h、8～10 h时间段 PCA有效按压次数 B、C两组明显低于 A组（P〈0.05）;三组患者各时段 Ramsay镇静评分未见明显差异.[结论]150 μg舒芬太尼复合300 mg曲马多用于老年髋部手术后患者PCIA,临床效果好,安全可靠.     

Postoperative pain relief in the morbidly obese patient: Feasibility study of a combined dipyrone/tramadol infusion

The aim of the prospective clinical study was to test the feasibility of a dipyrone/tramadol combination for pain therapy after laparoscopic and open obesity surgery. The study group was made up of 29 surgical patients; 14 following a median laparotomy and 15 following a laparoscopic approach. All received a continuous intravenous infusion of dipyrone (metamizol) and tramadol for pain relief.

The surgical procedure (laparotomy or laparoscopy), body mass index, postoperative analgesic requirement and pain intensity (visual analogue scale (VAS 1–10)) were documented.

Following laparotomy, the combination infusion provided effective analgesia. On the first and fourth postoperative days, the pain scores at rest were 1.5 and 2.3 respectively. The pain scores did not increase significantly with movement (2.7 and 2.2 respectively).

Following laparoscopic gastric banding the pain scores were less than 2.0 at rest and with movement on the first postoperative day. On the fourth postoperative day the pain scores at rest and with movement were 0.2.

This feasibility study suggests that a combination of the strong non-opioid dipyrone and the atypical opioid tramadol provides good analgesia following laparotomy and laparoscopic surgery for morbid obesity.     

曲马多术后静脉自控镇痛效应及康复的效果

目的 :探讨术后曲马多静脉自控镇痛 (PCA)效果及术后康复的影响。方法 :采用疼痛反应依赖性方法 ,筛选出 12 8例疼痛高敏和低敏感患者 ,以曲马多 8.4mg/kg·2 4h为标准量 ,随机分为标准量高敏组 (高敏组 )和标准量低敏组 (低敏组 ) ;按标准量增减 10 %、2 0 %及 3 0 %又分为高敏曲增 1、2、3组及低敏曲减 1、2、3组 ,各组均16例。采用静脉PCA技术实施术后镇痛 ,并评价镇痛效果和患者满意度、48h镇痛液用量、不良反应和术后恢复情况。结果 :曲马多标准量对低敏组镇痛效果优于高敏组 (P <0 .0 5) ;高敏患者增量 2 0 %和 3 0 %时 ,镇痛效果和药物用量指标均优于标准量患者 (P <0 .0 1) ,低敏患者减量 3 0 %时疗效不佳 (P <0 .0 5)。不良反应随剂量而增减 ,患者术后生命体征平稳 ,并发症减少。结论 :疼痛敏感性影响曲马多静脉PCA效果 ,高敏患者增加标准量的 2 0 % ,低敏患者减少 10 % ,术后镇痛效果更理想 ,并有利于术后康复     

Perioperative analgesia with intraoperatively started infusion of high-dose dipyrone in orthopaedic and trauma surgery

The aim of this double blind, placebo-controlled trial was to determine the analgesic efficacy of high-dose dipyrone (metamizol) infusion for perioperative pain treatment. Local ethics committee approval and written informed consent was obtained for 160 patients undergoing orthopaedic or trauma surgery. Dipyrone 5 g was given intravenously within 1 hour, starting 30 minutes before the end of surgery. Quality of analgesia was improved with a significant reduction in the visual analogue scores (VAS) (p<0.006) and the doses of opioids (piritramid 0.1mg kg⁻¹ i.m.) required (p<0.0001), with no additional side effects. High-dose dipyrone combined with opioids proved effective in the treatment of perioperative pain treatment when compared with opioids only. Acute Pain 1999; 2 (4): 167–171.     

Postoperative patient-controlled analgesia with tramadol: analgesic efficacy and minimum effective concentrations

Forty patients (ASA status I-III) recovering from major orthopedic or gynecological operations were investigated to evaluate analgesic efficacy and threshold concentrations of tramadol and its main metabolite O-demethyltramadol (M1) in serum during the early postoperative period, using patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) by means of the Abbott Lifecare Infuser. Following an individualized intravenous loading dose of 97.5 +/- 42.3 mg (mean, SD), tramadol demand doses were 20 mg with a limit of 500 mg within 4 h; the lockout time was set to 5 min. The duration of PCA was 20.5 +/- 4.8 h. During this time 8.0 +/- 5.0 demands per patient were recorded, resulting in an average tramadol consumption of 257.5 +/- 102.8 mg (including loading dose). Analgesia was mostly judged good to excellent. Side effects were only of minor intensity and never gave rise to concern. There were no statistically significant differences between the types of surgery. Tramadol proved to be about 1/6 to 1/10 as potent an analgesic as morphine when both intensity and duration of effect were considered. Minimum effective tramadol serum concentration (MEC) varied greatly and could be best described by a log-normal distribution (range 20.2-986.3 ng/ml, median 287.7 ng/ml). Intraindividual MEC variability was lower than intersubject variability (38.2 vs 59.1%). Median M1 concentrations were 36.2 ng/ml.     

伍用不同剂量氟哌啶对曲马多PCEA术后镇痛效应的影响

研究不同剂量量氟哌啶对曲马多病人自控硬膜外镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）效应及副作用的影响。方法：择期手术３２０例随机分为四组,Ａ组（ｎ＝８０）：１％曲马多＋０．１５％丁哌卡因（对照组）;Ｂ组（ｎ＝８０）：１％曲马多＋０．１５％丁哌卡因＋０．００５％氟哌啶;Ｃ组（ｎ＝８０）：１％曲马多＋０．１５％丁哌卡因＋０．０１％氟哌啶;Ｄ组（ｎ＝８０）：１％曲马多＋０．１５％丁哌卡因＋０．０１５％氟哌啶。上述各组按比例配制     

曲马多自控镇痛在前列腺切除术后的应用

目的观察前列腺术后静脉和硬膜外曲马多患者自控镇痛(PCA)效果.方法90例前列腺切除患者随机分为静脉注射曲马多患者自控镇痛(PCIA)组、经硬膜外曲马多患者自控镇痛(PCEA)组和未使用术后镇痛(对照)组,每组30例.曲马多负荷量为1 mg/kg.术后定时进行镇静、镇痛评分、24 h曲马多用量、患者满意度、膀胱痉挛次数、膀胱痉挛时间、膀胱冲洗液转清时间及不良反应观察.结果PCIA和PCEA组患者术后视觉模拟评分低于对照组(P＜0.05),镇痛满意度好于对照组(P＜0.05);PCIA组24 h用药量、按键次数及VAS评分均明显低于PCEA组(P＜0.05),镇静评分、不良反应发生率与PCEA组无显著性差异.结论曲马多用于前列腺切除术后镇痛安全有效,且静脉注射镇痛效果优于硬膜外给药.     

术前口服曲马多在神经外科手术超前镇痛的应用

目的:观察颅脑手术病人术前口服不同剂量曲马多对术后镇痛的效果以及副作用的发生率,探讨曲马多用于神经外科手术超前镇痛的合理用量.方法:采用随机、双盲、平行对比的研究方法,择期神经外科全麻颅脑手术患者175例,随机分为三组:安慰剂组、曲马多100mg组、曲马多200mg组.各组药物分别于术前2h口服.所有病人术后采用相同剂量的曲马多PCA镇痛.于术后48h内定时观察VAS疼痛评分,记录镇痛药用量、副作用.结果:术后VAS疼痛评分各组间无统计学差异,术后4h内安慰剂组疼痛例数高于超前镇痛组(P＜0.05).口服曲马多各剂量组术后恶心呕吐发生率以曲马多200mg组较高.结论:口服曲马多用于神经外科手术有明确的超前镇痛作用,术前口服曲马多100mg术后镇痛效果好,术后恶心及呕吐发生率较低,是较适宜的术前口服剂量.     

舒芬太尼与曲马多用于术后病人静脉自控镇痛的比较

目的观察比较全麻术后舒芬太尼与曲马多病人自控静脉镇痛（PCIA）的临床镇痛效果与不良反应。方法选择全身麻醉手术病人90例。美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级，年龄18～50岁，随机分两组：A组（舒芬太尼组）45例，选择舒芬太尼0．1mg＋利多卡因100mg＋地塞米松5mg＋生理盐水稀释至100ml PCIA泵入；B组（曲马多组）45例，选择曲马多800mg＋利多卡因100mg＋地塞松5mg＋生理盐水稀释至100ml PCIA泵入。两组背景剂量2ml／h，单次追加剂量0．5ml，锁定时间15min。观察患者24h内用药量、按键次数、心率、呼吸频率、脉氧饱和度、视觉模拟评分法（VAS）、镇静评分、恶心呕吐。结果A组患者的VAS评分、镇痛药消耗量及按压次数显明显低于B组（P〈0．05）。镇静评分，A组镇静评分达2分者高于B组，两组差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。术后恶心呕吐发生半，B组明显高于A组。心率和呼吸频率，B组普遍略高于A组，术后血氧饱和度两组差异无显著性。结论舒芬太尼是目前用于人体最强效的芬太尼类镇痛药，镇痛作用确切，安全可靠、恶心呕吐等不良反应发生率低；曲马多在单一途径中镇痛作用较弱。     

地佐辛静脉用药对剖宫产产妇术后宫缩痛的影响

目的 观察地佐辛静脉用药对剖宫产产妇术后宫缩痛的影响.方法 60例剖宫产手术产妇随机均分为2组:D组术后采用地佐辛联合曲马多静脉自控镇痛;T组采用曲马多静脉自控镇痛.2组术毕前10 min给予负荷量,D组静脉注射地佐辛0.1 mg/kg;T组静脉注射曲马多2 mg/kg.观察术后4、8、16、24h的创口痛和宫缩痛的VAS评分和不良反应发生情况.结果 2组产妇创口痛VAS评分无统计学意义(P＞0.05),术后4、8、16、24h宫缩痛的VAS评分D组[分别为(1.53±0.37)、(2.28±0.15)、(2.43±0.56)、(2.01±0.64)分]明显低于T组[分别为(4.73±0.43)、(5.86±0.35)、(5.83±0.27)、(4.18±0.53)分,P均＜0.01],术后4、8 h Ramsay镇静评分D组[(分别为(3.97±1.41)、(3.12±0.06)分]高于T组[分别为(1.12±0.49)、(1.09±0.73)分,P均＜0.01].2组术后不良反应发生情况相仿(P＞0.05).结论 剖宫产手术采用地佐辛复合曲马多静脉自控镇痛对产妇的创口痛和宫缩痛均能达到良好的镇痛,且不良反应少.     

利多卡因联合曲马多超前镇痛的效果观察

目的:评价利多卡因联合曲马多超前镇痛的有效性和安全性。方法:将于全凭静脉麻醉下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的90例患者随机分为T1组、T2组和C组,每组30例。于术前、术毕,T1组静脉注射曲马多100 mg,T2组静脉注射利多卡因50 mg和曲马多50 mg混合液,C组注射0.9%氯化钠液作为对照。比较3组患者的术后苏醒时间、镇静/醒觉(OAA/S)评分、术后疼痛视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、不良反应等。结果:3组患者术后苏醒时间差异无统计学意义,T1组术后15 min时OAA/S评分高于另外两组(P0.05),术后30 min、1 h时3组OAA/S评分差异无统计学意义;T1、T2组术后0.5、1、2、4、6、12 h时VAS评分低于C组(P0.05),24 h时3组VAS评分差异无统计学意义;T2组拔管时心率、血压较T1、C组平稳。结论:利多卡因联合曲马多超前镇痛效果明确、不良反应少、麻醉恢复平稳,镇痛效果优于单用曲马多。     

The opiate-sparing effect of dipyrone in post-operative pain therapy with morphine using a patient-controlled analgesic system

Objective To determine whether dipyrone has an opiate-sparing effect in post-operative pain therapy compared with placebo during patient-controlled morphine therapy (PCA) and to compare the effects on analgesia and respiratory and coagulation parameters.Design Randomized, observer-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study.Setting Surgical intensive care unit of a university hospital.Patients 106 adult patients who were to undergo abdominal or urological surgery under 90-min standardized inhalational anaesthesia were entered and 103 were included in the efficacy analysis (53 on dipyrone, 50 on placbo).Interventions Preprogrammed PCA (0.03 mg morphine/kg per bolus) with either dipyrone (initially 2.0 g i.v. and 1.0 g/2 ml i.v. at 4, 8 and 16 h) or placebo (saline).Measurements and results Cumulative morphine consumption was calculated automatically during PCA. Pain intensity and pain relief and the investigator's global assessments of efficacy and tolerability were recorded on five-point verbal rating scales. Vital signs, standard laboratory parameters, respiratory rate, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO₂) and of oxygen, partial thromboplastin time (PTT) and Quick values were recorded. Total consumption of opiates in the dipyrone group (median 31.6 mg) was significantly less (p=0.00015) than in the placebo group (median 50.3 mg), while pain relief (area under the curve) AUC was the same for both PCA+dipyrone (median 4.1) and PCA+placebo (median 3.9). Global assessment of efficacy was good to excellent in more than 90% of cases in both groups. Vital signs, respiratory rate, PCO₂, PTT and Quick did not differ between groups. Adverse events were mainly nausea and/or vomiting (dipyrone,n=4; placebo,n=1); 1 patient in the placebo group had bradycardia. Three serious adverse events were unrelated to study medication. In 1 patient, the PCA programme malfunctioned and had to be changed.Conclusions concomitant administration of dipyrone with on-demand morphine (PCA) reduces opiate consumption while maintaining post-operative pain relief with a low incidence of side-effects.Sponsor: Hoechst Marion Roussel, Frankfurt/Main, Germany     

Improving patients'' postoperative sleep: a randomized control study comparing subcutaneous with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia

One hundred female patients undergoing major reconstructive plastic or gynaecological surgery were randomized to either receive subcutaneous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) (bolus dose 2.5 mg diamorphine in 1 ml with a 20-minute lockout) or intravenous PCA (bolus dose 0.5 mg diamorphine in 1 ml with a 5-minute lockout). Data were collected by questionnaire and interview to evaluate the intervention on pain scores, quality of sleep on the first postoperative night, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and overall patient acceptability. The subcutaneous PCA group experienced less 'worse pain' (P < 0.01) and less sleep disturbance due to pain (P < 0.001). Subcutaneous PCA would appear to offer patients a safe and effective means of analgesia and may offer significant advantages over the intravenous route of administration.     

地塞米松用于硬膜外术后镇痛临床观察

目的比较地塞米松和氟哌利多对剖宫产硬膜外术后镇痛的效果。方法120例剖宫产,分为3组行硬膜外术后镇痛,每组40例。A组:曲马多600 mg 布比卡因125 mg 地塞米松10 mg;B组:曲马多600 mg 布比卡因125 mg 氟哌利多5 mg;C组:曲马多600 mg 布比卡因125 mg。每组药液以生理盐水稀释至100 m l配成泵液。以视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评价镇痛效果,并观察不良反应,记录患者自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)按压次数。结果3组患者VAS评分、PCEA按压次数差异无显著性意义,但A组低于B、C组;恶心、呕吐发生率C组高于A、B组;瘙痒发生率A组低于B、C组;嗜睡发生率B组高于A、C组。结论地塞米松用于剖宫产术后镇痛预防恶心、呕吐、瘙痒有效,不良反应少。     

不同术后镇痛方法对老年患者认知功能的影响

目的探讨不同的术后镇痛方法对老年患者认知功能的影响的差异性,为提高老年患者术后生活质量,减轻认知功能扰乱提供依据。方法选择行腹部手术患者64例,年龄60岁以上术前无明显认知障碍,不合并脑血管疾患,无呼吸功能障碍,无肝肾功能障碍。实施连续硬膜外麻醉,随机分为2组,每组32例。经硬膜外自控镇痛组（PCEA组）：术后先给0．25％罗哌卡因6ml＋吗啡1～1．5mg＋氟哌利多1．25mg负荷镇痛剂量,尔后用100m10．25％罗哌卡因＋吗啡5mg＋氟哌利多2．5mg作术后2dPCEA。持续注入速率2．0ml／h,PCEA量1．0ml／次,锁定时间为15min。经外周静脉自控镇痛组（PCIA组）：吗啡1．0mg／ml＋氟哌利多0．2mg／ml,负荷镇痛剂量5．0ml,PCIA量1．0ml／次,持续注入速率1．0ml／h,锁定时间为15min。分别于术前、术后1d和3d进行认知功能测定。结果两组患者术后自控镇痛,其疼痛视觉评分无差异,均达到满意效果。术后1dPCIA组有近半数患者认知功能测试异常,与PCEA组比较：P〈0．01,PCIA术后镇痛对认知功能改变更加明显。由此说明,术后镇痛单从认知功能改变考量,PCEA较PCIA优越。结论PCIA与PCEA应用于老年患者下腹部手术术后镇痛,均能达到满意的术后镇痛,但PCIA影响术后认知功能较PCEA明显。因此,术后镇痛选用PCEA较PCIA优越。     

丁卡因用于硬膜外术后镇痛的临床观察

目的观察0.1%丁卡因加曲马多、地塞米松用于硬膜外麻醉术后镇痛的效果和不良反应。方法选择美国麻醉医师协会对手术、麻醉的安危评定标准(ASA)I~II级择期手术患者300例,按硬膜外穿刺间隙低、中、高部位分为L、M、H三组,每组100例。以0.1%丁卡因100 ml加曲马多6 mg/ml、地塞米松10 mg进行术后硬膜外持续泵注镇痛(2ml/h)。观察术后48 h内镇痛效果:以视觉模拟评分法(VAS)和患者自评镇痛效果满意度评估镇痛效果。观察术后2 d内患者恶心、呕吐、下肢麻木、头痛、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应。结果三组术后镇痛效果满意,不良反应:恶心、呕吐每组1例,L组有2例出现单侧下肢麻木。结论0.1%丁卡因加曲马多、地塞米松用于硬膜外术后镇痛,镇痛效果良好、安全,不良反应小。