MSCT诊断粘连性肠梗阻绞窄

目的 探讨MSCT对粘连性肠梗阻绞窄的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的70例粘连性肠梗阻患者的MSCT征象,评价其对发生绞窄的诊断价值。结果 70例粘连性肠梗阻,手术及病理确诊34例发生绞窄,MSCT诊断29例发生绞窄,其中26例有既往腹部手术史。MSCT征象中,肠壁强化程度减低、弥漫性肠系膜水肿及血管增粗、肠系膜积液、肠壁增厚、C/U型肠襻与粘连性肠梗阻绞窄有关（P均<0.05）。MSCT诊断粘连性肠梗阻绞窄的敏感度85.29%（29/34）,特异度100%（36/36）,准确率92.86%（65/70）。结论 MSCT对判断粘连性肠梗阻绞窄具有较高价值。     

超声评价慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者膈肌运动异常

目的 探讨超声评价慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者膈肌运动异常的价值。方法 收集64例COPD急性加重期患者,根据2017GOLD指南综合评估将其分为C组（n=34）和D组（n=30）,以超声测量膈肌厚度、膈肌运动幅度及对合角,计算膈肌增厚分数及膈肌移动度。结果 C组膈肌增厚分数和收缩速度均明显大于D组（P均<0.05）,而2组膈肌移动度和对合角差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。膈肌增厚分数与第1秒用力呼气量/用力肺活量（FEV1/FVC）呈正相关（r=0.26,P=0.04）,膈肌移动度（r=0.35,P<0.01）、膈肌收缩速度（r=0.43,P<0.01）均与FVC呈正相关。DTF对鉴别诊断C、D组COPD性能相对较好（AUC为0.78）,DTF=30.22%,其诊断敏感度70.60%,特异度83.30%。结论 超声可评价COPD患者膈肌功能障碍,指导稳定期康复治疗。     

超声监测膈肌厚度吸气变化率对机械通气患者拔管结局评价

目的 评估超声检测膈肌增厚率对预测机械通气（MV）患者拔管结局的价值。方法 选取重症医学科（ICU）行MV>48 h且准备拔管的54例患者，于自主呼吸试验（SBT）期间以床旁超声测量并计算膈肌增厚率（DTF）和膈肌增厚浅快呼吸指数（DTF-RSBI），同时记录浅快呼吸指数（RSBI）及其他生理指标。采用ROC曲线评价DTF和DTF-RSBI预测拔管成败的价值。结果 36例拔管成功（成功组），18例失败（失败组），成功组患者DTF明显高于失败组，RBSI及DTF-RBSI明显低于失败组（P均<0.05）。取28.50%为截断值，DTF预测拔管的AUC为0.702，敏感度和特异度分别为78.80%和61.10%；DTF-RBSI取72.6次/（min·mm）为截断值，预测拔管的AUC为0.903，敏感度和特异度分别为100.00%和72.20%。结论 DTF-RSBI预测拔管结果比DTF及传统RSBI更准确，具有较高实用价值。     

儿童异基因造血干细胞移植术后肺急性移植物抗宿主病与感染CT表现

目的 观察儿童异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）术后肺部急性移植物抗宿主病（aGVHD）的CT表现,并与感染性病变鉴别。方法 纳入148例allo-HSCT后出现肺部病变患儿,分为aGVHD组（n=85）和感染组（n=63）。比较组间年龄、术后发病时间及肺部CT征象及分布模式差异。结果 aGVHD组与感染组年龄与发病时间差异均具有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。aGVHD组常见CT征象为磨玻璃影（GGO,35/85,41.18%）、实变影（14/85,16.47%）及胸腔积液（12/85,14.12%）,多呈双侧、弥漫分布,可见胸膜下空逸;感染组常见征象包括实变影（33/63,52.38%）、GGO（32/63,50.79%）及支气管壁增厚（23/63,36.51%）,多呈单侧、局限性分布;2组病变分布模式差异均具有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。支气管壁增厚多见于感染组（P<0.05）。结论 儿童肺aGVHD的CT表现具有特征性,结合发病时间等信息可与感染性病变相鉴别。     

薄层CT多征象联合多平面重组诊断气管支气管结核

目的 观察薄层CT多征象联合多平面重组（MPR）诊断气管支气管结核（TBTB）的价值。方法 回顾性分析234例接受胸部薄层CT扫描的TBTB患者并行MPR,观察病变直接与间接表现;比较轴位平扫CT（直接观察法）与其联合MPR（联合观察法）的诊断效能。结果 直接观察法诊断TBTB的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确率分别为38.88%（201/517）、98.13%（1 789/1 823）、85.53%（201/235）、84.99%（1 789/2 105）及85.04%（1 990/2 340）,联合观察法上述各项分别为91.10%（471/517）、98.85%（1 802/1 823）、95.54%（471/493）、97.51%（1 802/1 848）及97.14%（2 273/2 340）;2种方法间敏感度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确率差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.001）,而特异度差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 根据薄层CT多征象联合MPR可有效诊断TBTB。     

64层螺旋CT胸痛“三联”CTA技术与诊断价值

目的 探讨64-MDCT胸痛“三联”CTA（TRO CTA）成像技术的图像质量及诊断价值。方法 对56例不典型胸痛患者应用回顾性心电门控技术行冠状动脉CT扫描,扫描长度自胸锁关节平面至心膈面下2 cm。扫描完成后测量4个心腔和22个血管节段的CT值,评估图像质量,并评价TRO CTA的诊断价值。结果 56例中,1177个血管节段（1177/1232,95.54%）CT值>250 HU,36个（36/1232,2.92%）CT值200~250 HU,19个（19/1232,1.54%）CT值<200 HU。血管节段图像质量为优937个（937/1232,76.06%）,良235个（235/1232,19.07%）,一般36个（36/1232,2.92%）,差24个（24/1232,1.95%）。TRO CTA诊断的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为90.91%（30/33）、98.79%（163/165）、93.75%（30/32）、98.19%（163/166）,Youden指数为89.70%,Kappa值为0.908（P<0.01）。结论 TRO CTA 方便、安全,图像质量能够满足临床诊断要求,具有较高的应用价值。     

比较128层高清冠状动脉CTA和640层冠状动脉CTA诊断冠状动脉支架内腔再狭窄的效能

目的 比较128层高清冠状动脉CT血管造影（HD-CCTA）与640层CCTA显示冠状动脉金属支架植入术后支架内腔的能力,评估二者诊断支架内腔再狭窄的价值。方法 收集177例冠状动脉金属支架植入术后患者（227枚支架）,对其中88例（112枚支架）行128层HD-CCTA,对 89例（115枚支架）行640层CCTA,比较二者图像质量和支架内腔显示率;以CAG为金标准,计算和比较二者诊断支架内腔再狭窄的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率。结果 128层HD-CCTA显示冠状动脉支架内腔图像质量评分（1.63±0.25）分高于640层CCTA[（0.54±0.34）分,P<0.05];128层HD-CCTA对支架内腔显示率（108/112,96.43%）高于640层CT（60/115,52.17%,P<0.05）;128层HD-CCTA和640层CCTA诊断支架内腔再狭窄的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率分别为100%（14/14）、90.00%（18/20）、87.50%（14/16）、100%（18/18）、94.12%（32/34）和100%（20/20）、41.67%（5/12）、74.07%（20/27）、100%（5/5）、78.13%（25/32）。结论 128层HD-CCTA较640层CCTA诊断冠状动脉支架植入术后支架内腔再狭窄准确率更高,在术后随诊中具有重要价值。     

MRI诊断肩峰下撞击综合征

目的 分析MRI征象Ⅲ型肩峰、肱肩间隙狭窄和肩袖撕裂对肩峰下撞击综合征（SAIS）的诊断价值。方法 对 92例肩关节MRI疑诊SAIS患者,以关节镜结果为诊断金标准,比较Ⅲ型肩峰、肱肩间隙狭窄和肩袖撕裂单一征象或联合征象诊断SAIS的效能。结果 Ⅲ型肩峰、肩峰下间隙变窄、肩袖撕裂和联合征象诊断SAIS的敏感度分别为51.06%（24/47）、72.34%（34/47）、80.85%（38/47）和85.11%（40/47）,单一肩袖撕裂诊断敏感度与联合征象比较差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.17,P=0.68）,特异度（64.44%,29/45）低于联合征象（84.44%,38/45）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=7.11,P=0.008）。结论 MRI可显示SAIS肩袖损伤、肩峰形态和最短肱肩间隙狭窄,根据以上三种征象联合诊断SAIS的效能较高。     

MSCT诊断各级别阑尾炎的差异及与病理结果的一致性

目的 探讨MSCT诊断各级别急性阑尾炎的差异及与病理结果的一致性。方法 回顾性分析本院临床疑诊急性阑尾炎并手术的患者166例,对所有患者均进行常规MSCT扫描及MPR,92例患者加做CPR,根据影像征象分为0~5级,分别计算MSCT诊断各级别急性阑尾炎的准确率,并计算总体敏感度、特异度、准确率及与病理诊断的一致性。结果 MSCT诊断0~5级急性阑尾炎的准确率分别为93.33%(14/15)、54.55%(6/11)、89.47%(34/38)、95.52%(64/67)、91.30%(21/23)、91.67%(11/12)。MSCT诊断急性阑尾炎的敏感度为96.68%(146/151),特异度为93.33%(14/15),准确率为96.38%(160/166);影像诊断与病理诊断具有较高的一致性(Kappa=0.82)。结论 MSCT诊断急性阑尾炎与病理有较高一致性,其中对3级阑尾炎诊断准确率最高。     

MSCT平扫诊断下肢静脉曲张

目的 探讨256层MSCT平扫评价下肢静脉曲张的价值。方法 收集临床拟诊下肢静脉曲张患者40例,所有患者行下肢静脉的256层MSCT平扫+增强扫描,以CT增强为对照,评价CT平扫对下肢浅静脉曲张的检出情况。以患者临床体表征象为参照标准,评估单纯CT平扫图像对于皮肤表面显示不明显的皮下曲张静脉（即隐匿曲张静脉）的检出情况。结果 CT平扫评价曲张浅静脉与CT增强符合率为100%（54/54）,CT增强提示隐匿曲张静脉发生率为16.20%（35/216）,CT平扫图像显示隐匿曲张静脉与CT增强的符合率为100%（35/35）。结论 CT平扫对下肢浅静脉曲张的诊断价值与增强相似,对无法行CT增强扫描的患者,CT平扫可部分替代增强扫描。     

Late presentation of blunt right diaphragmatic rupture (hepatic hernia)

Diaphragmatic rupture occurs in 0.8% to 3.6% of patients after blunt or penetrating thoracoabdominal trauma, and the preoperative diagnosis is difficult. The diagnosis of traumatic diaphragmatic rupture may be made on initial presentation or at any time later. Right-sided diaphragmatic rupture is rare and occurs in approximately 5% to 20% of all diaphragmatic disruptions. The incidence of herniation of the intra-abdominal organs into the pleural cavity is also low, observed in only about 19% of right-sided diaphragmatic ruptures. We present a case of right-sided traumatic rupture of the diaphragm diagnosed 15 years after the initial blunt trauma. A 22-year-old male patient fell 15 years before and was symptom-free since then. He was referred to our hospital with the signs of herniation of the right diaphragm, which was manifested in the chest x-rays. The definite diagnosis was made through thoracoabdominal computed tomography. The diaphragmatic rupture was repaired via abdominal approach.     

Laparoscopic repair of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia with colon incarceration: A case report

Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia is a serious complication of blunt trauma to the abdomen or thorax. Although traumatic diaphragmatic hernia is treated with surgical repair, a laparoscopic approach is infrequently employed. Here we present the case of a 66-year-old man with a bruise on the left side of his back. CT revealed a left pneumothorax and left rib fractures. He was urgently hospitalized and relieved with conservative treatment. However, on day 4 of hospitalization, an incarcerated diaphragmatic hernia containing the transverse colon was observed on CT. The herniated viscera of the abdominal cavity were reduced laparoscopically, and the hernial orifice was repaired with direct closure. One-lung ventilation was used to limit the movement of the affected diaphragm, enabling effective laparoscopic suturing. The patient had an uneventful recovery period and was discharged 8 days postoperatively. The absence of diaphragmatic herniation recurrence was confirmed 6 months after surgery.     

Blunt traumatic rupture of the diaphragm: sonographic diagnosis.

Ultrasonographic features of seven patients with diaphragmatic rupture due to blunt trauma were analyzed. The ruptures occurred at the left hemidiaphragm in four patients and at the right in three. Direct ultrasonographic findings were as follows: disrupted diaphragm in four patients; nonvisualized diaphragm in three patients; floating diaphragm in two patients; and herniation of the liver or bowel loops through the diaphragmatic defect in three patients. Indirect sonographic findings included pleural effusion or subphrenic fluid collection in five patients and splenic laceration in one. Although the number of patients was limited, ultrasonography was very useful for the diagnosis of diaphragmatic rupture.     

Delayed traumatic diaphragmatic hernia simulating acute tension pneumothorax

The diagnosis of acute diaphragmatic injury is difficult to establish in the immediate postraumatic period. Patients with delayed diaphragmatic herniation frequently present months to years after the initial injury with manifestations of visceral incarceration, obstruction, ischemia from strangulation, or perforation. Patients with diaphragmatic herniation presenting with clinical tension pneumothorax are rare. We describe the case of a 23-year-old female who 16 weeks following a stab wound to the low chest presented with this clinical picture caused by herniation of abdominal viscera into the chest. A review of this entity and methods of discovery of delayed traumatic diaphragmatic herniation are described.     

Prenatal diagnosis of ectopic intrathoracic kidney in a fetus with a left diaphragmatic hernia

Intrathoracic renal ectopia as a result of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a rare congenital anomaly. We present a case in which the prenatal diagnosis of an ectopic intrathoracic kidney was made on routine anatomical survey at 28 weeks' gestation. Color doppler sonography imaging revealed the renal artery coursing into the infant's thorax and was consistent with CDH, but fetal MRI suggested an intact diaphragm. However, neonatal evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of intrathoracic kidney with posterior CDH, which was repaired without complication. In contrast to diaphragmatic hernia with liver or bowel herniation, infants with intrathoracic ectopic kidneys generally do well.     

Laparoscopic-assisted thoracoscopic repair of latent traumatic diaphragmatic hernia: A case report

Surgical approaches for traumatic diaphragmatic hernia include transabdominal, transthoracic, and thoracoabdominal. Selection of the optimal approach depends on the timing and organ damage, often minimally invasive approaches with laparoscopy or thoracoscopy are performed. A 47-year-old man with blunt chest trauma was diagnosed with left traumatic diaphragmatic hernia 1 month after the trauma. The prolapsed omentum was detached from the chest wall and around the hernia orifice and returned to the abdominal cavity by coordinated thoracoscopic and laparoscopic manipulations. The 4 × 2 cm herniation in the diaphragm was sutured closed from the thoracic side while preventing re-prolapse of the omentum and abdominal organs from the abdominal side. A combined thoracoscopic and laparoscopic approach can be effective in confirming organ damage, repositioning of prolapsed organs, and safe repair of the diaphragm in latent traumatic diaphragmatic hernia.     

不同影像学方法诊断创伤性膈疝的体会

目的通过不同影像学检查方法诊断两例创伤性膈疝的过程中,得到的经验教训,探讨并寻找价廉的、能方便快捷地、较为准确地诊断创伤性膈疝的方法,同时又要避免因患者不能配合所造成的干扰:如昏迷、烦躁、乱动等 方法收集两例创伤性膈疝患者影像学及临床、手术资料:一例因值班医师考虑不充分,仅作胸腹部CT平扫+膈肌薄层三维重建;一例经充分考虑后作胸腹部CT检查（平扫+膈肌薄层三维重建）+透视+摄片（留取影像记录）。比对两例病例作出的诊断结果,征询临床意见及手术结果。 结果临床反馈意见及手术结果均证实,透视下的诊断结果结合临床能较为快捷、准确地作出诊断,且有其独到的科学性。 结论充分认识膈疝的影像学表现、熟练掌握各种鉴别诊断、认真结合临床症状及体征,对于快捷准确地诊断创伤性膈疝并不难,从而更有效地减少死亡率、降低并发症以及提高治愈率。      

创伤性膈肌破裂的诊断与治疗

目的探讨创伤性膈肌破裂早期诊断和治疗的方法。方法回顾性分析19例创伤性膈肌破裂的临床资料。闭合性损伤14例,开放性损伤5例。5例由胸部X线片确诊,11例由胸部CT确诊,3例经手中探查确诊。结果16例患者于术前得到确诊;18例患者经积极手术治疗均治愈,1例患者因严重肝破裂失血性休克死亡。术后并发出现肺不张1例,膈下脓肿1例,经积极治疗后治愈。结论增强对创伤性膈肌破裂的认识,详细采集病史及查体,通过胸部X线片或CT及时诊断和手术修补破裂的膈肌是提高治愈率及减低并发症的关键。     

Delayed diagnosis of right-sided diaphragmatic rupture

Diaphragmatic rupture is uncommon and results from either blunt or penetrating trauma. Right-sided traumatic diaphragmatic ruptures are easily missed. We present a case of rupture of the right diaphragm, which highlights the difficulty of confirming the correct diagnosis.     

MRI diagnosis of delayed presentation of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia

Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm may go unrecognized in patients with multiple injuries to the abdomen and chest. The majority of undiagnosed diaphragmatic ruptures will eventually become symptomatic and are associated with a high mortality rate if not treated immediately. Multiplanar imaging with magnetic resonance (MR) provided a definitive diagnosis of delayed presentation of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia.