血栓性血小板减少性紫癜患者血浆置换前后ADAMTS 13抗原变化及临床意义

血栓性血小板减少性紫癜(TTP)是一种罕见的微血管血栓——出血综合征.该病进展迅速,临床表现多样,病死率高.TTP典型临床表现为Moschcowitz's五联征:血小板减少、溶血性贫血、发热、中枢神经系统和肾脏受累表现[1].现已证实血管性血友病因子裂解蛋白酶(ADAMTS 13)缺陷,导致超大分子量vWF多聚体(ULvWF)不能被裂解而引起血小板聚集、微血管血栓形成是TTP的重要发病机制[2-3].血浆置换(PE)是治疗该病的一种安全有效的方法,使患者的病死率由90％以上降至25％[3-4].我们对6例TTP患者进行了PE治疗,同时对患者PE前后ADAMTS13抗原含量和vWF多聚体结构进行分析,报道如下.     

血栓性血小板减少性紫癜诊断与治疗中国指南(2022年版)北大核心CSCD

血栓性血小板减少性紫癜(thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura,TTP)为一种少见、严重的血栓性微血管病,其主要临床特征包括微血管病性溶血性贫血(MAHA)、血小板减少、神经精神症状、发热和肾脏受累等[1]。TTP的发病机制主要涉及血管性血友病因子(VWF)裂解酶(ADAMTS13)活性缺乏,也与血管内皮细胞VWF异常释放、补体异常活化、血小板异常活化等相关。血浆中ADAMTS13活性缺乏导致内皮细胞异常释放的超大分子VWF(UL-VWF)不能及时降解,UL-VWF可自发结合血小板,导致微血管内血栓形成、微血管病性溶血,进而引起相应器官缺血、缺氧及功能障碍,引起临床症候群[2,3,4,5]。     

伴意识障碍的血栓性血小板减少性紫癜7例临床护理

血栓性血小板减少性紫癜(TTP)是一种弥漫性血栓性微血管病,临床表现为微血管性溶血性贫血、血小板减少、精神神经症状、肾脏病变及发热,称之"五联征",该病发病急,进展快,病死率高达66.6%～95%[1]。伴意识障碍的TTP患者     

血栓性血小板减少性紫癜研究进展

血栓性血小板减少性紫癜(Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura,TTP)典型临床表现包括发热,血小板减少,微血管病性溶血性贫血,神经系统症状和肾脏损害五大主征.典型病理改变为微循环广泛透明血栓形成,引起相应供血的组织器官功能障碍.该病临床症状及体征变异度大,容易误诊或漏诊.近年来研究发现部分TTP患者存在血浆vWF裂解酶ADAMTS13活性缺陷,但仍无足够证据表明ADAMTS13活性测定能够帮助TTP治疗的临床抉择,可能还存在其他TTP发病机制有待进一步研究.     

血栓性血小板减少性紫癜-溶血性尿毒症综合征的发病机制和病理生理学研究进展

血栓性血小板减少性紫癜(TTP)和溶血性尿毒症综合征(HUS)均属于血栓性微血管病(thrombotic microangiopathy,TMA),其特征为血小板减少、微血管病性溶血性贫血(microangiopathic hemolytic anemia,MHA)和微血管内血小板聚集[1～10]。TTP典型表现为Moschcowitz五联症:血小板减少、MHA、波动的神经系统征象、肾脏损害和发热。HUS其特征为Grasser三联症,即MHA、血小板减少和肾功能不全。神经功能异常主要见于TTP,肾功能异常主要发生在HUS[9],或认为HUS为肾限性TMA,而TTP则是系统性TMA[2]。部分TTP和HUS病例临床表现重叠,精…     

血栓性血小板减少性紫癜的护理现状

血栓性血小板减少性紫癜(Thrombotic thrombocytopenicpurpura,TTP)是一种严重且少见的弥散性微血管血栓-出血综合征,临床上以血小板减少性紫癜、微血管病性贫血、神经精神症状、肾脏损害和发热典型五联征表现为特征,仅有前三大特征的称为三联征[1]。其起病急骤,进展迅速,常在表现为神经系统损害或出血的急性期死亡,病死率高达90%[2]。TTP的病因未明,可能与病毒     

获得性血栓性血小板减少性紫癜的研究进展

目的:血栓性血小板减少性紫癜(TTP)是一组急性、潜在和危及生命的血栓性微血管疾病。该病诊断主要通过其临床表现如血小板减少症、微血管病性溶血性贫血,此外,血管性血友病因子(vWF)的切割蛋白酶ADAMTS13活性低于10%是一项国际认可的诊断标准。临床上TTP的准确诊断和尽早的初始治疗能显著提高患者生存率。该病主要通过血浆输注或置换、糖皮质激素治疗以增加ADAMTS13活性;以及清除或抑制ADAMTS13抗体。抑制vWF-血小板相互作用、重组人ADAMTS13的应用,以及减少人中性粒细胞肽释放等措施,有望成为TTP治疗的新策略。本文就TTP的发病机制、诊断及治疗研究最新进展进行简要阐述。     

血栓性血小板减少性紫癜12例临床分析

目的探讨血栓性血小板减少性紫癜的病因、临床特点和治疗效果。方法对我院1993.-2005.6收治的血栓性血小板减少性紫癜(TTP)患者12例进行回顾性分析。结果本组12例患者中,原发性TTP5例,继发性TTP7例;7例继发性TTP中,感染所致2例,自身免疫性疾病伴感染1例,术后1例,宫内死胎1例,肝移植及骨髓移植术后各1例。原发性TTP中1例起病缓、病程达半年呈慢性型,其余4例及继发性均以急性暴发型起病。临床表现为微血管病性溶血性贫血(12/12)、血小板减少(12/12)、神经精神障碍(12/12)、肾脏损害(11/12)、发热(11/12),全部患者均有血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)明显升高。7例继发性TTP中4例血浆置换(PE)和病因治疗为主,均治愈,3例未行PE,均死亡;5例原发性TTP中2例行PE,1例治愈,1例死亡,3例未行PE,均死亡。结论本组12例TTP中以继发性TTP多见,多为急性暴发型起病;突出临床表现为微血管病性溶血性贫血、血小板减少、神经精神障碍、肾脏损害、发热,LDH明显升高;死亡率仍高。治疗上应强调PE的重要性;继发性TTP,若病因能有效控制,预后较原发者好。     

系统性红斑狼疮合并血栓性血小板减少性紫癜患者的护理

正血栓性血小板减少性紫癜(Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura,TTP)是一种较少见的,累及多器官系统的血栓性微血管病,其典型临床表现为微血管病性溶血性贫血、血小板减少、中枢神经系统症状、肾损害和发热[1]。TTP的病因未明,可能与病毒感染、妊娠、免疫性疾病、恶性肿瘤、骨髓移植和遗传有关[2]。系统性红斑狼疮(Systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)与TTP有共同的临床、生物学特点,两者并存时诊断     

血栓性血小板减少性紫癜的诊治现状与进展

血栓性血小板减少性紫癜(TTP)主要是以微血管病性溶血性贫血、血小板聚集消耗性减少,以及微血栓形成造成器官损害(如肾脏、中枢神经系统等)为特征的一种血栓性微血管病(TMA)。该病最早由Moschowitz在1924年描述,多年来经典的五联征一直作为其诊断特征。ADAMTS13(VWF-金属蛋白裂解酶)及抗ADAMTS13自身抗体的发现和研究,使得人们对TTP发生的病理生理机制的认识大大提高,并促使TTP新药(如重组人ADAMTS13等)的研发和应用。但是对于TTP的诊治,在国内尚存在以下问题:临床少见且病死率很高;由于多系统症状多科室收住,临床医师认识不足易于误诊;血小板严重减少,过度担心血浆置换的并发症,贻误早期最佳治疗等。为了进一步提高对TTP的认识,更新部分治疗理念(血浆置换的适应证及并发症,抗CD20单克隆抗体的应用等),以及了解TTP新药的研发与临床试验等,我们对TTP的诊治现状与进展介绍如下。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.