模拟雄性大鼠老龄骨质疏松力学性质实验研究

研究了正常与老龄骨质疏松(雄性)大鼠骨的力学性质.选用280～360g、5～6个月龄Wistar雄性大鼠40只,随机分为正常对照组20只,骨质疏松模型组20只.对模型组大鼠于0周摘除睾丸,对照组与模型组大鼠饲养14周后,以腹主动脉放血法处死大鼠.取大鼠肱骨进行拉伸、压缩实验,取大鼠股骨进行弯曲、剪切实验,取大鼠胫骨进行扭转、冲击实验.大鼠肱骨拉伸、压缩最大载荷、最大应力、最大位移、最大应变及弹性模量,得出了正常对照组和模型组大鼠股骨三点弯曲最大载荷、最大弯矩、最大应力、弹性模量及剪切最大载荷、最大应力,得出了正常对照组和模型组大鼠胫骨扭转最大扭矩、扭转角、扭转剪应力、最大冲击功、冲击韧性指标,并对实验结果进行分析讨论.     

顶骨不同分区骨片材料力学参数 差异

目的 明确顶骨不同分区骨片材料力学参数差异及其与厚度的关系。方法 将左侧顶骨分为上顶、侧顶及后顶3个分区并截取各分区骨片,利用准静态三点弯曲实验对骨片的极限载荷、极限载荷作用下的形变、弯曲强度及弹性模量进行检测,分析不同分区顶骨的材料力学参数差异,并探讨骨骼厚度与上述参数的相关性。结果 上顶、侧顶及后顶的厚度依次为上顶>后顶>侧顶（F=21298,P<0.05）。极限载荷、弯曲强度及弹性模量在上顶（F=7.082）、侧顶（F=5.206）及后顶（F=77.748）组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。极限载荷依次为上顶>后顶>侧顶。弯曲强度与弹性模量均为侧顶>后顶>上顶。极限载荷作用下的形变在上顶与侧顶两组间比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。极限载荷与厚度呈正相关（r=0.683,P<0.05）,而弯曲强度（r=-0.467）及弹性模量（r=-0.646）均与厚度呈负相关（P<0.05）。结论 顶骨不同分区的材料力学参数及厚度均存在差异,极限载荷与厚度呈正相关,而弯曲强度与弹性模量均与厚度呈负相关。     

雌激素对性发育期雄性大鼠骨骼生长发育的影响

目的观察外源性雌激素对性发育期雄性大鼠骨骼生长发育的影响,为合理使用雌激素治疗青春期痤疮等疾病提供依据。方法22只1月龄健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为干预组和对照组,分别给予苯甲酸雌二醇和相同剂量溶剂皮下注射,隔日一次,给药2个月后测量身长、体重、股骨重量、长度、股骨中部横径和骨钙含量。结果干预组大鼠身长、体重、股骨重量、长度、股骨中部横径明显低于对照组(P<0.05),股骨的骨钙含量明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论在性发育期用雌激素会抑制男性骨骼的生长发育。     

大鼠胫骨骨折固定术后同侧股骨骨密度和生物力学性能的变化

目的探讨胫骨骨折后大鼠股骨骨密度及股骨生物力学性能变化及其与胫骨骨折愈合状况的关系。方法将40只3月龄雌性SD大鼠随机分为2组:手术组和对照组,每组20只。手术组实行右侧胫骨中段骨折内固定术。手术前和实行手术后第2、4、6、8、10、12周测量右侧股骨骨密度,第6周和第12周分别处死10只手术组和10只对照组大鼠,进行右侧胫骨和股骨生物力学性能的测量。结果术后6周,胫骨骨折的放射学愈合率为50%,机械愈合率为70%;术后12周胫骨骨折的放射学和机械愈合率均为100%。手术组股骨骨密度与对照组相比,术后2、4、6、8周降低(P<0.05),术后10、12周时与对照组差异无统计学意义。术后6周右侧胫骨和股骨的生物力学性能明显低于术后12周(P<0.05)。相关分析显示胫骨愈合情况与力学性能高度相关(P<0.01),胫骨力学性能与股骨骨密度和股骨力学性能高度相关(P<0.001)。结论胫骨骨折早期同侧股骨骨密度及生物力学性能下降,发生了废用性骨质疏松;但晚期随胫骨骨折愈合,股骨的骨密度和生物力学性能恢复正常。     

汪沟遗址仰韶文化居民的肢骨特征

目的 探讨新石器时代居民体质发育情况。方法 参照《人体测量方法》，对汪沟遗址出土的108例人骨标本的肱骨、胫骨和股骨主要测量项分别进行测量，用Excel 2019软件对肢骨指数、性别二态性和身高进行对比分析。结果 肱骨、股骨整体发育水平较同时期对比组强壮，较内蒙古地区对比组弱，股骨中部肌肉附着偏少；两性肱骨粗壮程度差异无统计学意义（t＝0.811 ，P>0.05），股骨粗壮程度差异无统计学意义（t＝0.63，P>0.05）；男性股骨最大长变异范围在40.6~49.4 cm，在对比组中处于中等偏低水平；男性平均身高为166.22 cm，变异范围在164.47~167.68 cm。女性平均身高为158.06 cm，变异范围在154.02~160.34 cm；两性身高差异性显著（t＝4.96，P<0.01）；汪沟组两性差异性指数为5.7%。结论 汪沟组男性肱骨、胫骨、股骨整体比女性强壮，男性上肢发育比女性强壮，下肢强壮程度的差异不大。我们推测汪沟组男性与女性生长过程中获得的营养相差不多。     

高G环境下大鼠胫骨的力学性能

背景:随着中国航天事业的发展,飞行员面临承受高G力学环境,这种环境会对飞行员骨骼造成严重影响。而胫骨作为最容易发生骨折的骨骼之一,目前对极端力学环境下胫骨生物力学研究较少。目的:通过高G离心加载装置制作动物模型,探究不同高G力学环境对大鼠生长发育和胫骨力学性能的影响。方法:取解放军军事医学科学院实验动物中心提供的雄性Wistar大鼠,通过高G离心加载装置设置悬臂以不同的转速和加速度运行模拟高G环境,并制作动物模型。每周称量大鼠体质量。取大鼠左侧胫骨进行三点弯曲实验,计算胫骨挠度、弹性模量、极限载荷;右侧胫骨进行蠕变实验,在胫骨中段皮质骨表面施加恒定应力并保持3600 s,观察其蠕变应变变化。实验已由天津理工大学动物伦理委员会批准。结果与结论:高G环境会影响大鼠正常生长发育,抑制体质量增长并降低了大鼠胫骨的力学性能,使胫骨的极限挠度分别下降了8.1%,12.2%,37.8%,51.4%;极限载荷分别下降了16%,9%,25.2%,29%。说明极端高G环境会对大鼠产生严重的负面作用。     

水平带状钢板治疗胫骨平台后外侧象限骨折的生物力学研究

目的　比较胫骨平台后外侧象限骨折不同内固定方式的力学稳定性效果。 方法　采用Synbone人工合成胫骨18个,切割构建孤立的胫骨平台后外侧象限骨折模型,随机分为3组,分别采用外侧水平带状钢板固定、外侧低切迹解剖锁定钢板固定、后侧直形重建钢板固定。将固定好的骨折模型置于万能水压材料测试机进行测试,分别进行静态加载、疲劳测试和极限加载,检测骨块的相对空间位移。 结果　以10 mm/min加载至总载荷1050 N,重复加载10000次后,带状钢板组骨折块的纵向位移(2.77±1.79) mm,外侧锁定钢板组的纵向位移为(2.69±1.14) mm;后方重建钢板组骨折块的纵向位移为(1.62±0.60) mm,组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。施加载荷到骨或内固定的结构破坏后,带状钢板组的极限支撑力为(2055±263) N,外侧锁定钢板组的为（1968±209）N,后方重建钢板组的极限支撑力为(2272±130) N,组间差异具有显著的统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论　治疗孤立的胫骨平台后外侧象限骨折,侧方带状钢板水平固定能取得满意的效果。     

慢加急性肝衰竭中IL-10的表达及其启动子甲基化状态的研究

目的 探讨慢加急性肝衰竭患者血清IL-10的表达及其甲基化状态的意义.方法 慢加急性肝衰竭组25例,慢乙肝组25例,正常对照组10例,ELISA法测定血清IL-10的水平,MSP方法检测IL-10启动子甲基化状态,三组间比较.结果 肝衰竭组、慢乙肝组较正常对照组血清IL-10水平明显升高,有统计学意义(P<0.05);肝衰竭组较慢乙肝组升高,无统计学意义(P>0.05).肝衰竭组IL-10水平与TBIL、MELD明显正相关(分别为r=0.566,r=0.443,P<0.05),与PTA呈明显负相关(r=-0.581,P<0.05),与ALT、HBV-DNA无明显相关性(分别为r=-0.022,r=0.033,P>0.05).肝衰竭组甲基化分布状态较慢乙肝组和正常对照组有统计学差异(P<0.05).结论 肝衰竭、慢乙肝患者IL-10水平明显升高.IL-10水平随肝衰竭的严重程度升高.IL-10启动子区甲基化可能是基因失活的重要机制.     

慢加急性肝衰竭中IL-10的表达及其启动子甲基化状态的研究

目的 探讨慢加急性肝衰竭患者血清IL-10的表达及其甲基化状态的意义.方法 慢加急性肝衰竭组25例,慢乙肝组25例,正常对照组10例,ELISA法测定血清IL-10的水平,MSP方法检测IL-10启动子甲基化状态,三组间比较.结果 肝衰竭组、慢乙肝组较正常对照组血清IL-10水平明显升高,有统计学意义(P<0.05);肝衰竭组较慢乙肝组升高,无统计学意义(P>0.05).肝衰竭组IL-10水平与TBIL、MELD明显正相关(分别为r=0.566,r=0.443,P<0.05),与PTA呈明显负相关(r=-0.581,P<0.05),与ALT、HBV-DNA无明显相关性(分别为r=-0.022,r=0.033,P>0.05).肝衰竭组甲基化分布状态较慢乙肝组和正常对照组有统计学差异(P<0.05).结论 肝衰竭、慢乙肝患者IL-10水平明显升高.IL-10水平随肝衰竭的严重程度升高.IL-10启动子区甲基化可能是基因失活的重要机制.     

新型脂联素受体T-cadherin在非酒精性脂肪性肝病大鼠中的表达

目的:探讨新型脂联素受体T-钙黏蛋白(T-cadherin)在非酒精性脂肪性肝病SD大鼠肝及血液中的表达及其与肝组织病理改变的关系。方法:将60只SD大鼠随机均分为2组:模型组(高脂饲料喂养)及正常组(普通饲料喂养)。分别于第0,6,8,12及16周各组处死6只SD大鼠。监测大鼠体质量和肝指数变化,利用肝组织病理切片观察肝脂肪沉积情况,进行NAFLD活动度积分(NAFLD activity score,NAS)。以RT-PCR法检测肝及血液T-cadherin mRNA表达及其动态变化,免疫组织化学检测肝T-cadherin蛋白表达及其动态变化。结果:模型组大鼠肝及血液中T-cadherinmRNA表达均逐步上升,在造模6周后即与正常组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。肝T-cadherinmRNA水平与肝指数(r=0.900,P<0.01)、肝NAS(r=0.933,P<0.01)均显著正相关。血液中存在可溶性的T-cadherin成分,其水平与肝指数(r=0.805,P<0.01)、肝NAS评分(r=0.889,P<0.01)亦呈正相关。模型组大鼠肝中T-cadherin蛋白表达逐步上升,在造模6周后即与正常组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。肝T-cadherin蛋白水平与肝指数(r=0.879,P<0.01)、肝脏NAS评分(r=0.912,P<0.01)均显著正相关。结论:非酒精性脂肪性肝病大鼠肝及血液中可溶性T-cadherin mRNA及蛋白的表达与肝脂肪性炎症程度呈正相关,提示T-cadherin与非酒精性脂肪性肝病的发病密切相关。     

Biomechanical changes in long limb bones of HAN-Wistar rats during postnatal development

Summary From a total of 648 male and 638 female HAN-Wistar rats the bones of 12 males and 12 females were examined at seven week intervals from the 35th to the 1129th day after birth. Biomechanical properties of the femora, tibiae and humeri were defined in a bending test using a tension testing machine. Load deflection diagrams in bending were produced, and the values of maximum bending load, bending breaking load, maximum deflection and ultimate deflection were correlated to age, body weight and bone length. The mean values of weight, bone length and biomechanical data are significantly higher in male rats. In both sexes biomechanical properties show a clear dependence on age. Up to the age of 330 days the tibia is more flexible than the femur or humerus. Values of partial correlation coefficients demonstrate that weight exerts more influence on the biomechanical properties of bones than age or bone length. With increasing weight, the loading capacity of bones rises in both sexes.This study was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

整周龄胎儿主要肢骨的生长发育

对胎龄为 12～ 32整周的 177例胎儿标本 (男 92例 ,女 85例 )的主要肢骨进行了解剖观察和分析。结果表明 :1四肢主要长骨的长度无左、右差别 (P>0 .0 5) ,无性别差异 (P>0 .0 5) ,并与顶臀长和体重成正相关 ;2四肢主要长骨随胎龄的增加而增长 ,但各周增长速度不一致 ;3胎儿期四肢主要长骨的软骨部分随胎龄的增加而增长 ,而相对比(软骨长 /全长 )却随胎龄的增加而下降 ;4在 12周时胎儿下肢主要长骨全长均已超过上肢相对应的主要长骨全长。骨化干长在 15周时股骨超过肱骨 ,在19周时胫骨超过尺骨 ,在 14周时腓骨超过桡骨 ,其胫骨与尺骨的生长模式最为近似。     

A radiographic study of the longitudinal growth of primary ossification centers in limb long bones of the human fetus

This paper describes an extensive study of the growth of ossification centers in limb long bones of the human fetus from 8 to 26 weeks of conceptual age. Longitudinal measurements were made of the femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, and ulna. Comparisons were made between bones on the left and right sides of the body and between the sexes. Standards are presented for the growth of these centers. They compare well with previous studies, any differences being accounted for by different methods of aging and measurement. A complicated picture of growth of the two sides of the fetal body is presented. Growth of the humerus, tibia, and fibula appears to be dominant on the left side of the body while growth in the femur is dominant on the right. At present, no explanation is available, but it is possible that factors such as manual dominance may be related. Evidence also is presented which suggests that the female fetus is in advance of the male in terms of ossification but only after 21 weeks gestation.     

Anatomy,histology and elemental profile of long bones and ribs of the Asian elephant (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Elephas maximus</Emphasis>)

This study evaluated the morphology and elemental composition of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) bones (humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula and rib). Computerized tomography was used to image the intraosseous structure, compact bones were processed using histological techniques, and elemental profiling of compact bone was conducted using X-ray fluorescence. There was no clear evidence of an open marrow cavity in any of the bones; rather, dense trabecular bone was found in the bone interior. Compact bone contained double osteons in the radius, tibia and fibula. The osteon structure was comparatively large and similar in all bones, although the lacuna area was greater (P < 0.05) in the femur and ulna. Another finding was that nutrient foramina were clearly present in the humerus, ulna, femur, tibia and rib. Twenty elements were identified in elephant compact bone. Of these, ten differed significantly across the seven bones: Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Zr, Ag, Cd, Sn and Sb. Of particular interest was the finding of a significantly larger proportion of Fe in the humerus, radius, fibula and ribs, all bones without an open medullary cavity, which is traditionally associated with bone marrow for blood cell production. In conclusion, elephant bones present special characteristics, some of which may be important to hematopoiesis and bone strength for supporting a heavy body weight.     

Differences in osteon structure histomorphometry between puppyhood and adult stages in the Golden Retriever

Osteon structure has been widely studied in mammals, but osteon structure in dogs has received relatively little attention, especially in terms of whether aging has any effect on osteon structure. The aim of this study was to compare the osteon structure of both flat (scapula and os coxae) and long bones (humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpus, femur and tibia) of male puppy and adult Golden Retrievers. We examined five parameters: Haversian canal diameter, Haversian canal area, osteon diameter, osteon area, and number of lacunae per osteon. Our results show that the values for Haversian canal diameter were significantly higher in the os coxae and tibia, but significantly lower in the femur of adult dogs as compared to those of puppies. The Haversian canal diameter of the other bones investigated did not show any significant differences between puppies and adult dogs. The Haversian canal area was significantly greater in the os coxae, radius and femur of adult dogs than in those of puppies. The osteon diameter and area of every bone examined were significantly smaller in puppies than in adult dogs. Lastly, the number of lacunae per osteon showed the same trend as osteon diameter and area. Plexiform bone could be found in three bones in puppies, i.e. the femur, humerus and tibia. Overall, the results of this study should provide basic knowledge on the microanatomy of cortical bone in dogs and on the possible influence age.     

大鼠脊髓损伤继发骨质疏松生物力学性质实验研究

研究了正常大鼠骨和脊髓损伤所致大鼠骨质疏松骨的生物力学性质。选用280g～320g4月～5月龄Wistar雄性大鼠70只，随机分为0周空白对照组10只，3周对照组10只，7周对照组10只，11周对照组10只，三周实验组10只，7周实验组10只，11周实验组10只，0周空白组于0周处死，解剖取大鼠股骨、胫骨、肱骨，以生理盐水浸温的纱布包裹，置-20℃冰箱内保存备用。对3周、7周、11周对照组大鼠以咬骨钳将其椎板咬开，不破坏硬膜和脊髓，进行饲养。对3周、7周、11周实验组大鼠人为造成脊髓损伤后饲养，复制骨质疏松模型。分别于3周、7周、11周处死对照组和实验组大鼠。取0周空白组和11周实验组胫骨制作脱钙切片进行骨组织形态观察。 取大鼠股骨进行弯曲实验，取肱骨进行拉伸实验，取胫骨进行冲击实验。取0周空白组、3周实验组、7周实验组、11周实验组大鼠股骨进行应力松弛、蠕变实验，得出了各组大鼠肱骨拉伸力学性能指标、各组大鼠股骨弯曲力学性能指标，各组大鼠胫骨冲击性能指标和大鼠股骨0周，3周、7周、11周对照组大鼠股骨应力松驰、蠕变数据及曲线。实验结果表明，模型组和对照组的各项力学性能指标显著低于0周空白组（P〈0．05）。对脊髓损伤导致大鼠骨质疏松对骨力学性能指标的影响进行分析讨论。     

脊髓损伤继发骨质疏松动物模型骨力学性质实验研究

目的 研究正常大鼠骨和脊髓损伤所致大鼠骨质疏松骨力学性质,为临床提供生物力学参数.方法 选用280～320 g,4～5月龄wistar雄性大鼠77只,随机分为0周空白对照组11只,3周对照组11只,7周对照组11只,11周对照组11只,三周实验组11只,7周实验组11只,11周实验组11只.0周空白组于0周处死,解剖取大鼠股骨、胫骨、肱骨,以生理盐水浸温的纱布包裹,置-20℃冰箱内保存备用.对3、7、11周对照组大鼠以咬骨钳将其椎板咬开,不破坏硬膜和脊髓,人为造成脊髓损伤后饲养,复制骨质疏松模型.分别于3、7、11周处死对照组和实验组大鼠.取大鼠股骨进行压缩实验,取肱骨进行剪切实验,取胫骨进行扭转实验.结果 得出了各组大鼠股骨压缩力学性能指标、肱骨剪切力学性能指标和胫骨扭转力学性能指标.结论 实验组和对照组的各项力学性能指标显著低于0周空白组(P＜0.05).     

高密地区青少年膝及踝部长骨干骺的融合

目的：探讨青少年干骺融合情况,为体质人类学和医学积累研究资料。方法：高密地区10-20岁汉族青少年1461人,分11个年龄段,拍摄双膝关节和双踝关节前后位x线片,分别进行股骨下端、胫腓骨上下端干骺融合情况的观测,调查女生月经初潮时间。结果：(1)男女股骨下端、胫腓骨上下端干骺融合时间均有提前,且女生比男生早。(2)月经初潮出现年龄为12．9岁,有提前趋势,初潮年龄与骨龄特别是股骨下端、胫骨下端和腓骨下端关系最为密切。结论：为临床诊断和治疗矮小症患者、适时制定青少年骨龄标准、选拔运动员特别是女运动员提供了可靠的资料。     

The effects of simulated increases in body weight for 30 and 60 days on bone robusticity of limb bones in rats

The purpose of this study was to subject groups of weanling male rats each to a specific 10% simulated increase in body weight, ranging from 1.1G-2.0G, using constant centrifugation. (In this paper, "G" is the acceleration due to gravity.) After 30 and 60 days, rats were killed and perfused with 10% buffered neutral formalin (B.N.F.). The humerus, radius, ulna, femur, and tibia were removed, cleared of all soft tissues, weighed, and the total length measured. Bone robusticity was calculated using the ponderal index: bone length/3 square root bone weight. Tukey's Multiple Range Test was used. The data suggest that the specific limb bone, G, and duration of centrifugation are each factors in the response of limb bones to simulated increases in body weight.