低频电针足三里对酒依赖大鼠饮酒行为的影响

目的:研究低频电针(2Hz)足三里对酒依赖大鼠饮酒行为的影响.方法:共24只SD大鼠(酒依赖模型组18只,对照组6只).采用6%(v/w)的酒精水溶液作为SD大鼠唯一的饮水来源共30天建立酒精躯体依赖模型,进一步将其分为戒断组、捆绑组、电针组各6只大鼠.分别对酒精依赖大鼠进行急性(电针一次)和慢性(电针六次)低频电针足三里处理,观察急慢性电针对大鼠饮酒量和酒精偏爱程度(酒精/水自由选择)的影响.结果:急性电针足三里处理大鼠饮酒量和酒精偏爱组间比较差异有显著性(F(2,15)=7.034,P=0.007;F(2,15)=4.810,P=0.024),电针组饮酒量和酒精偏爱较对照组(捆绑对照和非捆绑对照)均降低,其中三组饮酒量和酒精偏爱均值和标准差分别为(4.2±0.4,9.6±0.9,8.0±0.7)及(4.3±0.2,7.5±0.7,7.8±0.7);差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).慢性电针足三里处理后大鼠饮酒量和酒精偏爱程度与对照组(捆绑对照和非捆绑对照)比较均无显著性差异.结论:急性低频电针足三里能抑制酒精依赖大鼠的饮酒行为.     

四川解剖学杂志2006年总目次

论著丹参诱导骨髓基质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化及相关基因的表达……………陆长青王勇陈登榜等(1)黄芪诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经样细胞的研究………………………王勇陆长青王凡(5)针刺对金黄地鼠视交叉上核c-Fos表达的影响……………………………………赵连花蔡定均王蕾等(9)雷公藤多甙对佐剂性关节炎模型大鼠的作用……………………………………杨琴杨桂枝王蕾等(11)人背阔肌的亚部化研究……………………………………………………………杨方玖薛黔刘茂生(13)应用放射性微球技术检测激素性肌组织血流量的实验研究…………………     

针麻与蓝斑、缝际核内酶及递质的关系——定量的组织化学观察

选用192只成年、健康、雄性大白鼠分成电针组及对照组:电针组针刺手三里及环跳;对照组不加电针。测痛后,立即杀死动物,用组织化学的方法观察了蓝斑、缝际背核的儿茶酚胺、单胺氧化酶及乙醯胆碱酯酶的反应;并用显微光度计度进行了定量测定。针刺后大部分动物痛阈升高,但电针组蓝斑内儿茶酚胺及单胺氧化酶则未见有明显的增高。测定了针刺组及对照组蓝斑内 AChE 的量:与对照组比较,蓝斑以及其单细胞内 AChE量都有非常显著的增强;但少量针刺而痛阈未升高动物的蓝斑内 AChE 未见有明显变化。电针组缝际背核内 AChE 阳性细胞数比对照组有非常明显的增多。实验结果支持了我们的假设:针刺可以影响中枢神经系统某些重要核团内神经递质及生物酶参与机体某些功能调节及镇痛作用。     

c-Fos和FosB/△FosB蛋白在精神分裂症模型小鼠脑内表达的差异

为了观察MK-801引发的精神分裂症模型小鼠脑内c-Fos和FosB/△FosB表达的差异,本实验选用雄性昆明小鼠,随机分为溶剂对照组、MK-801组(建立精神分裂症动物模型),采用免疫组化的方法检测模型动物脑内c-Fos和FosB/△FosB的表达,同时用免疫荧光双标对c-Fos和FosB/△FosB阳性的细胞进行定性分析。结果显示:精神分裂症动物模型组c-Fos蛋白的表达明显较FosB/△FosB广泛,几乎遍布全脑,而FosB/△FosB主要集中于前脑;在丘脑中线核群、板内核群、前核群和腹侧核群及脑桥核主要为c-Fos的表达,FosB/△FosB表达极少;在伏隔核、嗅结节、尾壳核、齿状回等核团主要为FosB/△FosB的表达,c-Fos表达极少。上述结果表明,c-Fos和FosB/△FosB的表达虽有重叠之处,但显示出明显的区域和强度的差异,且FosB/△FosB高度表达的区域与已知的精神分裂症相关脑区吻合,因此FosB/△FosB可能更适用于精神分裂症发病机制的研究。     

Morris水迷宫训练后即早基因c-Fos及c-Jun在大鼠丘脑前核的表达

目的为探讨Morris水迷宫训练后丘脑前核内c-Fos和c-Jun的表达。方法 30只成年大鼠均分为正常组,假训练组和Morris水迷宫训练组,通过免疫组化和WesternBlot检测c-Fos和c-Jun的表达。结果 Morris水迷宫训练组丘脑前核c-Fos表达水平与假训练组和正常组比较明显增强(P<0.05),丘脑前背侧核显著强于前腹侧核(P<0.05)。训练组c-Jun表达水平与假训练组和正常组比较明显增强(P<0.05)。结论 c-Fos和c-Jun可能参与空间学习记忆过程。     

睡眠剥夺后GFAP在大鼠视交叉上核星形胶质细胞的表达

为探索大鼠视交叉上核星形胶质细胞对睡眠剥夺及睡眠恢复的反应,本研究采用水环境小平台法建立大鼠睡眠剥夺模型,12只大鼠随机分为睡眠剥夺24h组,睡眠剥夺24h后恢复睡眠3h组,大平台对照组和正常单独饲养组,每组3只。用免疫组化的方法检测神经胶质酸性蛋白(GFAP)在视交叉上核的表达变化。结果如下:睡眠剥夺后GFAP在视交叉上核表达明显增强,睡眠恢复后表达降低。以上结果提示:星形胶质细胞可能参与睡眠的调节。     

电针抑制脊髓内趋化因子CX3CL1表达减轻炎性痛的实验研究

目的:通过观察电针对完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)所致大鼠炎性痛急性期脊髓组织内趋化因子CX3CL1(Fractalkine,FKN)及其受体CX3CR1表达的影响,探讨FKN是否可能参与电针镇痛的相关机制。方法:清洁级雄性SD大鼠82只,分两批进行实验。第1批大鼠40只,随机分为4组(n=10):空白对照组(Control组),CFA模型组(CFA组),电针治疗组(EA组)和非穴位电针组(Sham组),其中CFA、EA和Sham组使用CFA足底注射造成炎性痛模型;造模后EA组给予电针刺激双侧"足三里"(30 min,2 Hz连续波,1~2 m A),而Sham组接受非穴位针刺处理;分别于造模前及造模后1~7 d观察并测量大鼠机械缩足反应阈值(paw withdrawal mechanical threshold,PWMT)及热缩足反应阈值(paw withdrawal thermal latency,PWTL),观察电针对CFA所致慢性痛的治疗作用。第2批大鼠42只,仍按上述分组方法随机分入7组(其中CFA、EA、Sham组取造模后1、3 d两个时间点,Control组取一个时间点),在相应时间点处死实验动物取腰段脊髓组织进行Western Blot检验,观察电针干预对FKN及CX3CR1表达的影响。结果:CFA造模致实验动物PWMT及PWTL显著下降(P0.01),提示电针处理部分拮抗了CFA的致痛作用(P0.05);Western Blot结果显示,电针处理能够降低CFA所致动物脊髓组织升高的FKN表达,在造模后3 d最为显著(P0.01),但其受体CX3CR1表达无显著性差异。结论:电针刺激大鼠"足三里"能够改善CFA所致炎性痛症状,其中抑制脊髓的FKN表达可能是电针镇痛的机制之一。     

针刺对AD模型大鼠海马凋亡相关蛋白Caspase-3的影响

目的:观察针刺对AD模型大鼠海马凋亡相关蛋白Caspase-3的影响。方法:SD大鼠20只,连续6w腹腔注射D-半乳糖(120mg·kg-1)和亚硝酸钠(45mg·kg-1)建立AD模型后随机分成模型组、针刺组(n=10),同时设立非模型组(n=10)。造模后第21d,针刺组大鼠予以针刺百会和肾俞穴治疗,而模型组大鼠不予以治疗。针刺治疗结束后大鼠立即处死,采用免疫组化法检测非模型组、模型组、针刺组大鼠海马Caspase-3表达。结果:免疫组化结果显示模型组大鼠海马Caspase-3表达明显增加,与对照组比较有显著差异(P0.01);而针刺组Caspase-3的表达明显减少,与模型组比较(P0.01)。结论:针刺可抑制大鼠海马Caspase-3表达。     

树、大鼠、豚鼠视交叉上核加压素免疫阳性神经元分布的差异性比较

目的 :观察加压素免疫阳性 (VP IR)神经元在树下丘脑视交叉上核中的分布并与其在大鼠豚鼠视交叉上核中的分布进行比较 ,探讨VP IR神经元分布的种属差异性。方法 :树、大鼠、豚鼠内固定后恒冷箱冰冻连续切片 ,免疫组织化学PAP法染色。结果 :三种动物的视交叉上核形状不同 ,VP IR神经元在三种动物视交叉上核中的分布位置、数量和密度不同 ,此外 ,在豚鼠两侧视交叉上核间以及第三脑室底部与视交叉正中背侧之间 ,还观察到一些散在分布的VP IR神经元 ,而树和大鼠相应区域却未见有VP IR神经元分布。结论 :VP IR神经元在视交叉上核中的分布有较大的种属差异性     

面神经损伤的针刺效应与面神经核胆碱乙酰转移酶的关系

目的:揭示针刺促进损伤面神经再生修复的机制。方法:大耳白兔分为假手术组、模型组、西药组、传统针刺组、电针刺激组,每组又分为术后4个时间点,应用神经卡压法造成面神经损伤模型,观察各组家兔面神经核中胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)的变化。结果:术后细胞核核仁偏位,术后2、3、4周时模型组胞体肿胀,截面积均明显大于假手术组、西药组、传统针刺组、电针刺激组,尼氏体明显减少,随治疗时间延长,西药组、传统针刺组、电针刺激组均有不同程度的尼氏体增多,其中电针刺激组增多较明显。电针刺激组ChAT于各时间点均明显好于其他对照组,西药组、传统针刺组、电针刺激组均有随治疗时间延长ChAT表达增多的趋势,且有显著性差异。结论:穴位针刺可提高家兔面神经核中ChAT的表达,并对损伤面神经修复有促进作用。     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.