996例门诊心理咨询者心理测验结果分析

目的 了解综合性医院心理咨询就诊者的心理测验特点及影响因素。方法 对门诊心理咨询的初诊者进行心理测验和分析。结果 发现大多为城市女性居民，青壮年，工人，高中以下者。绝大多数属于医学问题（91．8％），其中以神经症为多（59．6％）；较常见症状为抑郁（3．18分）、焦虑（2．35分）和强迫（2．33分）；以N型人格及E内向人格占多数。结论 门诊心理咨询者中多数有医学问题，心理测验是心理咨询者中的重要手段。     

复发性口腔溃疡心理社会因素研究

本文运用艾森克个性问卷、社会生活变化事件调查表和心身疾病心理──社会因素调查表等测量工具，对复发性口腔溃疡的心理──社会因素进行了研究。经过随机取样、个别测验、分组统计之后．结果表明，复发性口腔溃疡患者具有明显的社会性、世故性等人格特征，同时有精神质、社经质倾向，而且大部分患者有不同程度的睡眠障碍。揭示此类患者为人际关系敏感型，容易导致个体的心理应激状态，这是复发性口腔溃疡的一个重要诱发因素。     

树木人格测验在医务人员人格测评中的应用

目的分析医务人员艾森克人格问卷及树木人格投射测验的绘画特征,为医务人员心理干预提供依据。方法使用艾森克人格问卷和树木人格投射测验对北京市三级、二级医院302名医务人员实施测量,进行常模比较和相关分析。结果与华北地区常模相比,医务人员表现出低纯朴性(男:t=4.12,P<0.01;女:t=9.36,P<0.01),高精神质(女:t=2.18,P<0.05)的人格特征;医务人员在树木人格投射测验的树冠、茂盛度、树枝等9类指标中表现出攻击性特征且与P量表分呈显著正相关(r=0.40,P<0.01);P分量表高分者与低分者攻击性差异显著(t=23.62,P<0.01)。结论树木人格测验在医务人员人格测评中有较高的应用价值,医务人员具有高精神质人格特征,在树木投射测验中表现出高攻击性等特征。     

计算机心理动态测验方法研究

随着社会的发展 ,各行各业对心理测量工具的需求也越来越大。例如 :学校心理健康诊断 ,企业或政府等单位的应聘测试、岗位配置以及心理咨询等等。但是目前较为流行的智能测验 (例如 :比奈 -西蒙测验 ,韦氏测验 )和人格测验 (例如 :明尼苏达多相人格问卷 ,卡特尔 16种人格因素问卷 )都没有使受测者的心理活动处于动态 (激烈变化的状态 ) ,因此不能反映心理活动的全部特征。同时 ,这些测试并非对所有人都公平 ,它有利于受过较多正规学校教育的个体 ,而不利于较少接受学校教育的阶层、贫民和少数民族中的个体[1] 。内田克莱佩林心理测验 (以下…     

SHTP测验

ＳＨＴＰ测验浙江省精神卫生研究所谢丽亚关于人格测验，大致可分为投射法与问卷法两大类。投射法不象问卷法那样易于掩饰或伪装，也不存在因对题意不理解或对自身不了解等原因而使答卷失真的弊端，能在被测者对测验目的无所觉察的情况下，唤起其内心世界或人格过程的各种...     

家庭暴力施暴者的社会心理多因素Logestic回归分析

目的：探讨家庭男性躯体施暴者的社会心理学因素，为进一步干预家庭暴力提供帮助。方法：采用病例对照研究．对156例社区家庭男性躯体施暴者和44例正常对照组用社会人口学指标、社会支持量表、父母养育方式培表、儿童期虐待问卷、艾森克人格问卷、反衬：会人格症状问卷、症状自评量表、应付方式问卷、家庭功能问卷进行评定．对多种因素进行Logestic同归分析。结果：Logestic回归分析依次进入方程的是婚后夫妻关系，父亲惩罚、严厉的养育方式．嗜烟、反社会人格障碍症状、外向型人格、主观的社会支持、情感介入和退避的应付方式。结论：父亲惩罚、严厉的养育方式，嗜烟，外向性格，社会支持和情感介入6个变量是家庭躯体暴力男性施暴者最显著的预测指标。     

大学生心理障碍的人格特征及临床分析

目的探讨具有心理障碍的大学生的人格特征及临床特点。方法对52名有心理障碍的大学生采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、艾森克人格问卷简式量表（EPQ）进行测试。结果有心理障碍的大学生SCL-90各因子与常模比较均有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。N、P与总症状指数、HAMA、HAMD评分呈正相关，E、L与之呈负相关，多种原因能造成心理障碍：焦虑、抑郁是主要的临床症状。结论心理障碍的产生具有一定的人格特征，应进行早期的心理干预，必要时临床治疗。     

职业过劳测验的编制

目的:编制职业过劳测验.方法:将职业过劳测验、艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版、明尼苏达工作满意度问卷-短式修订版、一般自我效能感量表对162名销售人员进行测量.结果:职业过劳测验包含精疲力竭和焦虑两个因素,它们与人格、工作满意度、自我效能感和销售业绩排名之间存在复杂的关系.结论:职业过劳测验信度、效度较好,适用于实际测量.     

更年期综合征妇女心理健康状况与个性特征相关分析

目的：了解更年期综合征妇女心理健康状况、个性特征及其关系。方法：应用症状自评量表(SCL—90)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)进行评定。结果：症状自评量表躯体化、强迫、抑郁、焦虑因子分较国内常模明显增高，差异显著。艾森克人格问卷N分与SCL—90各因子分呈显著正相关。结论：在广泛提高更年期妇女保健意识、提高其心理健康水平的同时，应加强心理咨询与指导。     

新警察心理测试结果分析

目的了解新警察的心理健康水平状况。方法采用明尼苏达个性调查表（MMPI）和卡氏16种人格因素问卷（16PF），90项症状自评量表（SCL-90）及访谈进行调查。结果未发现新警察有精神病理性症状，提示，新警察的心理健康水平良好，但心理准备不足．结论在新警察的招聘工作中应关注其心理健康状况并对他们进行心理指导。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.