右锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术改进的解剖依据和临床验证

目的为改进右锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术的操作方法提供解剖学基础 , 并通过临床应用加以验证.方法20具成人标本,按改进穿刺点定位的具体操作步骤,解剖观察右锁骨下静脉的行程、毗邻,测量与该静脉有关的数据;并用该法行右锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术2 180例.结果穿刺点至右锁骨下静脉、右锁骨下动脉和静脉角的距离分别为(3.5±0.6)cm, (2.9±0.6)cm 和 (5.7 ±0.9)cm, 锁骨表面至第一肋表面的深度为(2.3±0.4)cm, 锁骨下缘与锁骨下静脉的角度为 37.5°±11.6°.统计了按此置管术施行的临床资料2 180例,穿刺成功率为98.85% (2155 例 );穿刺失败率为1.15% (25 例),并分析了失败的原因.结论改进的右锁骨下静脉穿刺术具有成功率高的特点,值得推广应用.     

锁骨下静脉的解剖特点与上腔静脉置管路径的研究

目的　研究锁骨下静脉走向 ,探讨经此路径行上腔静脉置管的最佳方法 ,并分析相关并发症的原因。方法　对6 8例锁骨下静脉穿刺上腔静脉置管的临床病例进行造影透视、摄片 ,统计最适宜的置管长度 ,比较改良穿刺技术与旧Seldinger技术的效果及与相关并发症的关系。结果　锁骨下静脉穿刺上腔静脉置管的长度右侧为 (8.5 +d)cm(d为穿刺点至锁骨头上缘距离 ) ,左侧为 (11.5 +d)cm。原Seldinger技术一次置管成功率为 75 0 % ,改进后为 92 .5 % ;原操作方法置管操作时间为(43 3± 10 9)min ,改良后为 (2 8 6± 10 3)min ;原方法并发症发生率 39 2 9% ,改进后为 10 0 % ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　置管长短主要取决于穿刺点距锁骨头上缘的距离 ;改良穿刺技术是一种安全、有效的中心静脉置管方法 ,选择右侧路径比左侧更安全     

经股静脉行肝内门-体静脉分流插管术的回归方程及临床意义

目的　为临床经股静脉肝内门 体静脉分流插管术提供解剖学依据。方法　在 4 5具成人尸体上观测了双侧股静脉穿刺点至肝中静脉的长度 ,与胸骨颈静脉切迹到耻骨联合上缘的距离作相关回归分析。结果　从左侧股静脉穿刺点至肝中静脉的长度为 (3 9 83± 3 87)cm ,直线回归方程为 ^y =3 0 9± 0 71x;P <0 0 2 5 ;从右侧股静脉穿刺点至肝中静脉的长度为(3 8 4 9± 3 60 )cm ,直线回归方程为 ^y =3 0 3± 0 67x ;P <0 0 1;左、右侧股静脉与髂外、髂总静脉的夹角分别为 163 2 2°± 5 5 7°和 166 0 0°± 5 10° ,左、右侧髂外、髂总静脉与下腔静脉的夹角分别为 14 6 4 4°± 9 0 7°和 15 8 0 0°± 5 2 3°。结论　经右侧股静脉插管较左侧更为有利 ,可根据方程计算出从股静脉穿刺点到肝中静脉的长度     

椎动脉颅外部的解剖学研究及其临床应用

目的 为临床椎动脉重建术提供解剖学依据。方法 20具40侧经防腐处理的成人尸体标本观察椎动脉发出方位,颅外部各段的走行及分支情况,测量各段起点的外径、长度。结果 推动脉大部分直接从锁骨下动脉上壁发出,并直行上升,第1段起点的外径左侧为4.35±0.78mm,右侧为3.97±0.56mm,长度左侧为40.1±5.8mm,右侧为39.6±9.3mm,第2段起点的外径左侧为3.56±0.87mm,右侧为3.07±0.52mm,长度左侧为59.1±7.8mm,右侧为60.6±7.3mm,第3段起点的外径左侧为3.06±0.76mm,右侧为2.81±0.66mm,长度左侧为39.2±2.8mm,右侧为40.6±3.3mm。结论 椎动脉颅外部各段测量结果对临床椎动脉重建术有重要应用价值。     

上腔静脉及其主要属支的观测

在69具成人(男49女20)防腐尸体上,对锁骨下静脉、头臂静脉及上腔静脉的长度、外径以及两侧头臂静脉间夹角作了测量,同时观察了颈内静脉、锁骨下静脉的瓣膜,结果如下:1.颈内静脉:长度(自二腹肌下缘至静脉角)左侧为97.4±13.4(61.0-129.0)mm,右侧为98.9±15.1(59.0-133.0)mm;下1/3段外径:左侧为7.8±2.8(3.0-16.0)mm,右侧为8.3±2.6(3.0-13.0)mm;瓣膜:左侧下1/3段有双瓣4例,     

新生儿锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术的应用解剖

目的为新生儿锁骨下静脉穿刺提供应用解剖学基础。方法对15具30侧新生儿尸体的锁骨下静脉及相关结构进行解剖观测。结果锁骨下静脉属支腋静脉与锁骨中线交点距锁骨中点下缘(6.2±1.7)mm;锁骨下静脉与锁骨下缘交点指数为39.0±4.5,提示交点在锁骨中内1/3交点稍偏外侧。静脉角位于锁骨上缘距胸锁关节外侧(10.0±2.4)mm处。上述三点相连,即为新生儿锁骨下静脉的体表投影。结论沿锁骨下静脉体表投影穿刺进针可获较高的穿刺成功率,穿刺应首选右侧,穿刺插管长度不超过5.8cm(右)或4.7cm(左)。     

上颌神经阻滞麻醉的应用解剖学基础

目的　为临床口腔颌面外科提供解剖学依据。方法　观察 3 0例干性颅骨标本的翼腭窝及其通道的形态、大小 ,并进行相关数据的测量。结果　 (1)上颌神经阻滞点至颧弓下缘中点的距离 ,左侧为41 0 4± 2 43mm ,右侧为 41 63± 2 19mm ;(2 )圆孔至腭大孔的距离 ,左侧为 3 1 98± 2 2 4mm ,右侧为 3 1 73± 4 2 9mm ;(3 )硬腭至腭大孔的距离 ,左侧为 3 46± 1 12mm ,右侧为 3 54± 1 12mm ;(4)硬腭后缘可作为进针的解剖学标志。结论　本研究可为经颧弓下缘中点和经翼腭管上颌神经阻滞入路提供重要的解剖学参数。     

第1-4对肋间静脉的应用解剖

在32具成人尸体上解剖观察了第14对肋间静脉间的组合型式、交通支、上、下端的汇入处及瓣膜发现第一肋间静脉经肋骨小头下向上可汇入椎静脉、头臂静脉、锁骨下静脉,其中以椎静脉为主(右侧40.63%左侧37.5%),汇入处外径右侧2.03±0.76mm,左侧2.13±0.91mm。第1-4对肋间静脉间的组合型式也相当复杂。右侧以第二与第三肋间静脉共干江入夺静脉弓较多,占28.13%,汇入处外径4.36±2.12mm。左侧以第二,第三和第四肋间静脉共干汇入奇静脉或副半奇静脉较多,占37.5%,汇入处外径2.56±1.71mm。同侧第1-4肋间静脉之间的纵行交通支左侧有19支(占59.4%),右侧有10支(占31.3%),主要是第一与第二肋间静脉之间的交通支。静脉内瓣膜较少(右侧19处,左侧11处)。     

晚期喉癌介入治疗的应用解剖

目的为喉部肿瘤介入治疗提供血管形态学资料.方法 解剖观察成年尸体标本16 例(32侧),分别测量了股动脉至甲状腺上、下动脉开口处的距离,甲状腺上、下动脉的开口处外径等.结果股动脉至左侧甲状腺上动脉的距离为(62.6±7.8 )cm,右侧为(61.3±7.2) cm;至左侧甲状腺下动脉为(52.5±6.9)cm,右侧为(51.1±5.8)cm.甲状腺上、下动脉的外径分别为(2.1±0.6)mm和(2.3±1.2)mm.结论喉部动脉血供主要来自甲状腺上、下动脉分别发出的喉上、下动脉支供应.本项研究为临床介入治疗喉部肿瘤提供了动脉形态学依据.     

远外侧经枕髁手术入路防止椎动脉损伤的应用解剖

目的:为远外侧经枕髁入路手术保护椎动提供较详细的解剖资料。方法:应用20具(40侧)成人尸头湿标本进行显微解剖研究。结果:寰椎横突、第2颈神经前支、肩胛提肌、椎动脉周围静脉丛、头外侧直肌为确认第2、3段椎动脉的重要标志。寰、枢椎横突孔间距左侧为(15.3±1.6)mm,右侧(15.8±2.2)mm;枕骨大孔后缘中点距椎动脉入硬脑膜口处左侧(21.6±2.0)mm,右侧(21.5±2.0)mm;椎动脉于寰椎后弓上方向后呈弓形弯曲,其外侧跨度左侧(17.9±3.2)mm,右侧(17.7±3.2)mm;内侧跨度左侧(9.8±2.5)mm,右侧(9.8±2.2)mm;向后距椎板高左侧(7.4±2.3)mm,右侧(6.3±3.3)mm。结论:熟悉椎动脉第2、3、4段的毗邻关系及解剖标志,对保护椎动脉、安全地施行远外侧经枕髁入路手术至关重要。     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

类赖氨酰氧化酶2与肿瘤转移和发生

类赖氨酰氧化酶2(lysyl oxidase-like 2,LOXL2)是赖氨酰氧化酶(lysyl oxidase,LOX)基因家族的成员之一,其表达产物能促进胶原沉积.LOXL2的过表达能促进纤维化,并与肿瘤侵袭、转移及不良预后有关.目前大部分学者认为LOXL2是一种转移促进基因,也有实验支持其是一种肿瘤抑制基因.研究发现LOXL2可以通过激活Snail/Ecadherin通路或Src/FAK通路促进转移.LOXL2有望作为肿瘤生物标志物,用于预后判断,成为一个新的治疗靶点.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Muscle strength and myoelectric activity in prepubertal and adult males and females

The purpose of this investigation was to compare children and adults of both genders with respect to torque-velocity, electromyogram (EMG)-velocity and torque-EMG relationships during maximal voluntary knee extensor muscle actions. Four groups of ten subjects each were studied comprising 11-year-old girls and boys and female and male physical education students (22–35 years). Maximal voluntary eccentric (lengthening) and concentric (shortening) actions of the knee extensors were performed at the constant velocities of 45, 90 and 180° · s^–1. Average values for torque and EMG activity, recorded by surface electrodes from the quadriceps muscle, were taken for the mid 40° of the 80° range of motion. The overall shapes of the torque- and EMG-velocity relationships were similar for all four groups, showing effects of velocity under concentric (torque decrease and EMG increase) but not under eccentric conditions. Eccentric torques were always greater than velocity-matched concentric ones, whereas the eccentric EMG values were lower than the concentric ones at corresponding velocities. Torque output per unit EMG activity was clearly higher for eccentric than for concentric conditions and the difference was of similar magnitude for all groups. Thus, the torque-EMG-velocity relationships would appear to have been largely independent of gender and to be fully developed at a prepubertal age.