西部高校大学生乐观与心理健康:应激的调节作用

目的:探讨西部高校大学生的乐观、心理健康与应激的作用机制。方法:采用自编的大学生乐观量表、抑郁-焦虑-应激自评量表简版、生活满意度量表与积极情绪量表为研究工具,对西部4所高校的1027名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:1应激对乐观倾向和悲观倾向与抑郁之间的关系具有显著的调节作用(β=-0.138,P0.01;β=0.199,P0.001),但对自我效能乐观的调节作用不显著(P0.05);2应激对悲观倾向与焦虑之间的关系具有显著的调节作用(β=0.088,P0.01),但对乐观倾向和自我效能乐观的调节作用不显著(P0.05);3应激在自我效能乐观和生活满意度关系间起到显著的调节作用(β=0.503,P0.01),但对乐观倾向和悲观倾向的调节作用不显著(P0.05);4应激在悲观倾向和积极情绪关系间起到显著的调节作用(β=0.137,P0.05),但对乐观倾向和自我效能乐观的调节作用不显著(P0.05)。结论:西部高校大学生乐观与心理健康有着密切的相关,而应激可以发挥有效的调节作用。     

乐观-悲观量表中文版在大学生中的信效度研究

目的:分析乐观-悲观量表中文版在我国大学生中的适用性。方法:540名大学生完成了乐观-悲观量表中文版。结果:中文版乐观-悲观量表全量表、乐观和悲观维度的Cronbach’sα系数分别为0.819、0.791和0.751,四周后重测信度为0.724、0.681和0.573,条目间平均相关系数为0.115、0.175和0.15,组内相关系数为0.721、0.630和0.493。乐观、悲观维度与全量表总分相关系数分别为0.825和-0.806,乐观与悲观维度为-0.330。总分、乐观和悲观维度与抑郁焦虑、生活满意度、正负性情绪、应对方式分均呈显著性相关。验证性因素分析的各个拟合指数均基本符合测量学要求。中国大学生悲观分显著高于美国大学生样本,而乐观分则无显著性差异。结论:中文版乐观-悲观量表具有较好的信度和效度,可在我国大学生中试用。     

认知倾向在大学生压力与负性情绪关系中的中介作用

目的:探讨认知倾向在大学生压力与负性情绪之间的中介作用.方法:采用压力感问卷、流调中心用抑郁问卷(CES-D)、状态焦虑问卷(STAI)和认知倾向问卷对391名大学生进行测查.结果:(1)压力与负性情绪关系密切,但存在明显的个体差异;(2)无论压力情境如何,持有乐观认知倾向的个体比持有悲观认知倾向的个体较少体验到抑郁、焦虑.其中,在较高压力情境下悲观倾向组的抑郁、焦虑体验最多,而在较低压力情境下乐观倾向组的抑郁、焦虑体验最少;(3)回归分析表明,认知倾向在压力与负性情绪的关系中发挥了显著的调节作用;(4)在较低压力情境下,认知倾向在负性情绪的性别差异中起着重要的调节作用.结论:认知倾向作为一种内在资源,在大学生压力与负性情绪关系中发挥着重要的中介作用.预防和矫治负性情绪,应重视帮助个体建构积极乐观的认知倾向.     

大学生乐观人格特质与自尊的关系

目的探讨大学生乐观人格特质与自尊的关系。方法采用气质性乐观问卷与自尊量表对某高校大学生进行了问卷调查。结果①大学生自尊在父亲受教育程度(F=2.508,P<0.05)与母亲受教育程度上(F=2.648,P<0.05)存在显著性差异;②大学生效能感(r=0.525,P<0.01)、乐观维度(r=0.541,P<0.01)以及乐观总分(r=0.625,P<0.01)与自尊显著正相关;失败(r=-0.468,P<0.01)、悲观维度(r=-0.349,P<0.01)与自尊显著负相关;③大学生乐观人格特质对自尊具有显著的预测作用。结论大学生乐观人格特质对自尊具有显著的影响。     

贫困大学生抑郁症状与认知倾向、D型人格的相关分析

目的 了解贫因大学生抑郁情绪的发生率以及相关影响因素.方法 采用自编一般情况调查表、D型人格量表(DS-14),认知倾向问卷(CAOT)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)对天津某高校217名在校贫困大学生进行调查.结果 ①贫困大学生的押郁发生率35.9%,②抑郁组贫困生乐观因子分低于对照组,悲观因子分高于对照组,差异均具有显著性(P<0.01),且抑郁程度与乐观因子呈显著负相关;抑郁组贫困生D型人格消极情感、社交抑制分高于对照组,差异均具有显著性(P<0.01),且抑郁程度与消极情感、社会抑制因子呈显著正相关(P<0.01);③抑郁组贫困女生消极情感、社交抑制得分高于贫困男生,差异具有显著性(P<0.01).结论 贫困大学生抑郁症状可能与认知倾向、D型人格等因素相关.     

大学生的归因方式及灵活性与心理健康

目的:探讨大学生的归因方式及灵活性与心理健康的关系,为大学生心理健康教育提供依据。方法:采用方便取样,选取山东省某大学279名在读大学生,运用自评抑郁量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、正性负性情绪量表(PANAS)、乐观量表(LOT-R)及归因方式问卷(ASQ)对心理健康状况、归因方式及灵活性进行调查。结果:不同性别大学生在ASQ的正性事件普遍维度和负性事件的内外维度上以及归因灵活性得分上差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),男生得分均高于女生。正性事件内外维度及归因灵活性得分与SDS、SAS及PANAS负性情绪得分均呈负相关(r=-0.42～-0.14,P0.05或0.01),与PANAS正性情绪和LOT-R得分均呈正相关(r=0.20～0.31,P0.01);负性事件内外维度得分与SDS、SAS及PANAS负性情绪得分呈正相关(r=0.38、0.26、0.33,均P0.01),与PANAS正性情绪和LOT-R得分呈负相关(r=-0.17、-0.29,均P0.01)。回归分析表明,正性事件内外维度与抑郁相关(β=-1.42,P0.05),归因灵活性与抑郁、焦虑、负性情绪、正性情绪及乐观度相关(β=-6.12、-5.49、-1.84、2.49、1.67;P0.05或0.01),负性事件内外维度与抑郁、焦虑、负性情绪、正性情绪及乐观度相关(β=4.72、3.09、2.63、-1.45、-1.17;P0.01)。结论:倾向于把正性事件归因为外在的和暂时的、把负性事件的原因归结为内在的、持续的和普遍的个体会体验到较高的抑郁和焦虑情绪;倾向于把正性事件的原因归结为内在的和持久的、把负性事件归因为外在的和暂时的个体会体验到较高的正性情绪,有着较高的乐观水平;归因灵活性得分低的个体抑郁、焦虑情绪较高,正性情绪、乐观度水平较低。     

大学生人格特质与手机成瘾的关系:情绪体验的中介作用

目的:考察大学生手机成瘾与人格特质、情绪体验之间的关系。方法:采用艾森克人格问卷简式量表、正负情绪量表与手机成瘾倾向量表对359名大学生进行调查。结果:大学生手机成瘾在性别,专业及生源地等方面均不存在显著差异(P0.05)。神经质人格与负性情绪、手机成瘾呈显著正相关。负性情绪在神经质人格与手机成瘾的关系中起部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应的29.88%。结论:负性情绪在神经质人格与手机成瘾的关系中起部分中介作用。     

中日大学生气质性乐观与生活满意度:情绪和应对效能的中介作用

目的:探讨情绪、应对效能对中、日大学生气质性乐观和生活满意度的中介作用。方法:采用问卷法,调查了493名中日大学生。结果:①中日大学生在气质性乐观倾向、生活满意度、应对效能及积极情绪各个维度上存在显著差异;②生活满意度与乐观、积极情绪、应对效能正相关,与悲观倾向和消极情绪显著负相关;③应对效能和情绪类型在中国大学生的乐观倾向和生活满意度间起部分中介作用,应对效能中的胜任力和认知水平,在悲观倾向和生活满意度间起完全中介作用;认知水平、自信程度和情绪类型,在日本大学生乐观倾向和生活满意度间起部分中介作用。结论:中日大学生的情绪类型和应对效能在在气质性乐观和生活满意度之间的中介作用是不同的。     

大学生乐观倾向特点与父母教养方式的关系研究

目的探讨大学生乐观倾向特点与其父母教养方式的关系。方法采用生活定向自陈量表修订版(LOT-R)和父母教养方式评价量表(EM BU)对346名年龄在18~22岁的大学生进行调查。结果大学生的乐观特点分别与父母的情感温暖呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与父母惩罚和拒绝否认呈显著负相关(P<0.01);高乐观的大学生与低乐观的大学生分别在父母教养的情感温暖、惩罚、拒绝否认等维度上差异显著(t=-2.89,-2.27,2.53,-2.56,-3.75;P<0.05~0.001)。结论大学生的乐观倾向特点受父母教养方式的影响,合适的父母教养方式有助于大学生乐观人格特质的形成。     

有创伤史大学生的儿童期创伤和分裂人格特质与安全感的关系

目的:在有儿童期虐待史的大学生人群中,探讨儿童期虐待、分裂人格特质及安全感三者之间的关系。方法:以湖南中医药大学大一新生为对象,使用儿童期创伤问卷简化版、安全感量表、Chapman分裂型人格倾向量表,分发1115份问卷,回收有效问卷1088份,其中258人存在儿童期创伤史。结果:相关分析结果显示,安全感量表的人际安全感得分与分裂人格特质得分、儿童期创伤量表的情感虐待、情感忽视和躯体忽视呈显著的负相关(r=-0.184～-0.557,P0.05)。安全感量表的确定控制感得分与分裂人格特质得分、儿童期创伤量表的情感虐待和情感忽视呈显著的负相关(r=-0.219～-0.541,P0.05)。进一步分析发现,儿童期情感忽视在分裂人格特质和安全感之间起中介作用。结论:儿童期情感忽视和分裂人格特质负向影响安全感形成。儿童期情感忽视在分裂人格特质和安全感之间起中介作用。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

État de l’art : nouveaux anticoagulants et transfusion

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are indicated for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. As any anticoagulant, they are associated with a bleeding risk. Management of DOAC-induced bleeding is challenging. Idarucizumab, antidote for dabigatran, is currently available and is part of the therapeutic strategy, whereas antidotes for anti-Xa agents are under development. Activated or non-activated prothrombin concentrates are proposed, although their efficacy to reverse DOAC is uncertain. We propose an update on DOAC-associated bleeding management, integrating the availability of idarucizumab and the critical place of DOAC concentration measurements.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.