髂腰韧带CT三维显示及其在腰椎节段定位中的作用

目的:研究髂腰韧带能否在CT上显示以及髂腰韧带在腰椎节段定位中的作用。方法:128例腰椎患者进行了CT容积扫描检查,采用横断、矢状、冠状多平面重建图像分析髂腰韧带的结构特点。128例患者中有11例为移行椎患者,均经X线片证实。结果:117例腰骶正常节段的患者髂腰韧带均起自L5横突。83%的髂腰韧带前、后束之间间隔脂肪组织,前、后束可分辨,横断位上前束较扁,向外侧走行止于髂棘后1/3内侧缘,后束较短而厚,向外后侧走行止于髂后上棘内侧骨面,冠状位上髂腰韧带前、后束均呈类三角形改变,尖端指向髂棘,底边与L5横突相连,矢状位上髂腰韧带前束呈薄条带状或小点状,后束呈宽厚条带状或结节状。17%的髂腰韧带前、后束之间缺乏脂肪组织,前、后束不能分辨,横断位上韧带呈宽厚条带状或扇形向外后方行走,止于髂棘,冠状位上韧带呈类三角形改变,矢状位上韧带呈结节状或不规则条带状改变。以髂腰韧带作为L5椎体水平的定位标记,11例移行椎均准确定位。结论:CT三维多平面重建可准确显示髂腰韧带的形态和走行特点。髂腰韧带起自L5横突,根据这一特点能对腰椎节段进行准确的定位,特别是在合并有腰骶部移行椎的患者。     

影像学分析髂腰韧带与L_5/S_1椎间盘突出及L_5滑脱的力学强度关系

背景:国外与国内研究报道的髂腰韧带形态学特点有很大争议,有关国人髂腰韧带解剖学结构和生物力学特性的报道并不多见,尚未见全面详尽的统计资料。目的:探讨国人L5/S1椎间盘突出及L5滑脱与髂腰韧带的关系。方法:纳入2013年苏州大学附属第一医院正常体检者28例、L5/S1椎间盘突出患者26例及L5滑脱患者26例,正常组男9例、女19例;单纯L5/S1椎间盘突出组男14例、女12例;单纯L5滑脱组男7例、女19例;其中峡部崩裂性滑脱13例、退变性滑脱13例;Ⅰ度滑脱24例、Ⅱ度滑脱2例。在腰椎正位片上测量并计算出各病例L5横突的相对宽度(RT值),并进行对比分析。结果与结论:正常组、单纯L5/S1椎间盘突出组、单纯L5滑脱组年龄、性别差异无显著性意义。正常组RT值大于单纯L5/S1椎间盘突出组、单纯L5滑脱组(P均=0.000);单纯L5/S1椎间盘突出组大于单纯L5滑脱组(P=0.000)。男性、女性患者RT值差异无显著性意义;患者左侧、右侧RT值差异无显著性意义;在L5滑脱的病例中,退变性滑脱患者RT值小于峡部裂性滑脱患者(P=0.004)。提示正常人髂腰韧带强度高于L5/S1椎间盘突出及L5滑脱患者,L5/S1椎间盘突出患者高于L5滑脱患者;峡部裂性滑脱患者髂腰韧带强度高于退变性滑脱患者。髂腰韧带力学强度可能与L5/S1椎间盘突出及L5滑脱病变有关。     

腰5峡部裂合并不同椎间节段退行变与髂腰韧带的关系

目的：探讨第5腰椎峡部裂合并不同椎间节段退行变与髂腰韧带的相关性。方法：分析L5峡部裂患者的临床资料，随机抽取病例分为两组：16例合并L4-5椎间盘突出、16例合并L5滑脱，对照比较两组病例间的L5横突的相对宽度（RT值）。结果：L5峡部裂合并L4-5椎间盘突出组比合并L5滑脱组的RT值高，两者差别有统计学意义。结论：L5峡部裂合并L4-5椎间盘突出的髂腰韧带强度比合并L5脊椎滑脱高。L5峡部裂合并不同节段椎间盘突出或合并滑脱的病因可能除了与峡部裂引起脊椎失稳及椎间盘退变有关外，还与髂腰韧带力学强度有关。     

腰4、5退变性滑脱的相关解剖学和形态学参数的对比研究

目的观察成人退变性腰椎滑脱患者形态学参数和解剖学特征,探讨L4、L5退变性滑脱的差异性。方法回顾性分析124例退变性腰椎滑脱患者,男20例,女104例;年龄46~70岁(平均49.3岁);其中L4退变性滑脱103例,L5退变性滑脱21例;以75例年龄43~69岁(平均47.7岁)匹配的正常成人为对照组,男24例,女51例。在站立位全脊柱X线片上测量形态学参数:骨盆入射角(Pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(Pelvic tilt,PT)、骶骨倾斜角(Sacral slope,SS)、腰椎前凸角(Lumbar lordosis,LL)、胸椎后凸角(Thoracic kyphotic,TK)和矢状面平衡(Sagittal vertical axis,SVA);解剖学参数:髂骨高度(Iliac crest height,ICH)、骶骨平台角(Sacral table angle,STA)、L4和L5椎体指数(Lumbar index,LI)、L4和L5椎体相对横突长度(Transverse process length,TPL)和横突宽度(Transverse process width,TPW)。采用独立样本检验比较滑脱组与对照组及滑脱组内L4退变组、L5退变组之间的差异。结果滑脱组脊柱骨盆参数PI、PT、SS、LL和SVA为(57.9±10.3)°、(18.4±7.4)°、(39.9±8.3)°、(54.7±10.9)°和(28.6±18.2)mm,明显正常高于对照组的(43.7±11.6)°、(13.7±6.9)°、(30.2±8.2)°、(48.3±10.1)°和(13.1±19.9)mm(0.05)。滑脱组解剖学参数L4TPW、L5TPW、L4LI、L5LI和STA分别为(0.17±0.06)、(0.16±0.04)、(0.84±0.09)、(0.83±0.07)和(89.7±4.8)°,显著低于对照组为(0.25±0.09)、(0.23±0.07)、(0.94±0.06)、(0.92±0.08)和(98.8±3.5)°(0.05),滑脱组L4TPL和L5TPL较正常对照组无显著差异(0.05)。滑脱组内,L4DS组和L5DS组ICH分别为(0.67±1.1)和(-1.1±0.98),L4退变组组ICH值显著高于L5退变组(0.05),其它脊柱骨盆参数和解剖学参数均未见显著差异(0.05)。结论腰椎DS发生可能与矢状面形态和腰骶部解剖学特征有关,而DS发生的节段与髂骨高度有关,较高的髂骨则保护了L5使得L4发生滑脱风险增高。     

n-HA/PA66椎体增强器和椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折的生物力学效果对比

目的对比研究n-HA/PA66椎体增强器和椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性骨折椎体的生物力学效果,并为临床上选择n-HA/PA66椎体增强器的入路方式和数量提供理论依据。方法在正常椎体T11～L3有限元模型的基础上,建立4种增强器-椎体T11～L3有限元模型(横突入路A、横突入路B、腰大肌入路A和腰大肌入路B)、两种删除椎体横突间韧带的对照组模型,以及两种骨水泥-椎体T11～L3有限元模型(1.8、3.6 mL骨水泥)。在9种有限元模型上均施加500 N垂直荷载和7 N·m不同方向力矩,计算分析模型在垂直、前屈、后伸、侧弯和扭转工况下的应力和位移,并基于计算结果探究两种不同骨质疏松性椎体骨折治疗方法对椎体的生物力学影响。结果在相同荷载工况下,注入骨水泥后椎体的应力较植入增强器后椎体的应力增加更大,且位移减量更小。4种增强器-椎体T11～L3有限元模型中,采用腰大肌入路A方式(即经腰大肌单侧植入1枚增强器)植入增强器使得椎体应力增加最小。结论为了降低应力增加而引起再次骨折的风险,同时增强骨折椎体的刚度,建议临床医生应优先采用经腰大肌单侧植入1枚增强器来治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折。     

旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣转位腰骶椎植骨的应用解剖

目的 :为带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣转位腰骶段椎体植骨融合术提供应用解剖学基础。方法 :在3 0具共 60侧灌注红色乳胶的成年尸体上 ,解剖观察旋髂深动脉的起始、走行、分支、分布范围及其毗邻结构 ,测量有关数据 ;摹拟转位情况、测量旋髂深动脉的起点至S1椎体中部、L5～S1椎间、L5椎体中部的距离 ,并用量角器测量旋髂深动脉主干向内转位的角度。结果 :旋髂深动脉起于髂外动脉者占 63 .3 % ,起于股动脉者占 3 6.7%。起点外径 ( 2 .6± 0 .4)mm ,腹壁肌支外径 ( 1.4± 0 .4)mm ,旋髂深动脉的主干延续为髂嵴支 ,外径 ( 1.8± 0 .4)mm ,沿途发出许多小的分支进入髂嵴 ,以最后一个分支作为终点测量其蒂长为( 10 .7± 0 .7)cm ,旋髂深动脉起点至L5椎体中部距离为 ( 11.2± 0 .7)cm ,至L5～S1椎间距离为 ( 10 .1±0 .5 )cm ,至S1椎体中部距离为 ( 9.7± 0 .6)cm ,向内旋转角度为 ( 63 .5± 3 .5 )°。结论 :带旋髂深动脉蒂髂骨瓣转位腰骶段椎体植骨融合具有可行性。     

腰骶段多裂肌的形态特点及功能意义

目的通过对腰骶段多裂肌进行应用解剖研究,为临床减少腰椎后路手术对脊柱功能影响提供参考资料。方法对25具尸体多裂肌的起、止点、肌束的构成、与周围组织结构的关系、多裂肌短腱与止点及其与棘突和棘间韧带的关系进行解剖测量。结果多裂肌浅层起于骶髂长韧带,有一部分起于髂后上棘内侧,深层起于骶骨椎板、骶髂短韧带。L1～5多裂肌短腱的长度分别为:(15.10±2.43)、(15.68±2.79)、(14.82±2.77)、(14.16±3.62)和(11.58±2.46)mm。L1～5多裂肌短腱的宽度分别为:(4.72±0.99)、(5.42±1.14)、(5.86±0.99)、(5.90±1.06)和(4.68±0.62)mm。结论多裂肌主要参与脊柱背伸运动,维持脊柱腰段前凸的存在,是脊柱动力性稳定的重要因素。     

推拿手法对腰椎间盘突出症腰椎结构三维位移的影响

目的通过观察推拿手法对腰突症患者腰椎三维空间位移的影响,探讨推拿手法治疗腰突症"骨错缝"的干预机制。方法选取10名腰突症患者,分为理筋手法组(5例,简称理筋组)和理筋手法加调整手法组(5例,简称理调组)进行治疗;正常志愿者5例为理筋手法(简称正常组)。应用ITK重建软件重建腰椎椎体并进行有限元分析,比较3组手法干预前后腰椎椎体三维位移变化情况。结果 3组腰突症患者推拿手法治疗后L1～5各椎体的空间位置发生了一定改变。理调组L3在X轴角位移为(1.77±0.46)°;L4在X、Y轴角位移分别为(1.78±0.53)°、(1.89±0.75)°,显著大于理筋组和正常组(P<0.05);理调组L1～5在X轴三维角位移分别为(1.50±0.47)°、(1.55±0.57)°、(1.77±0.46)°、(1.78±0.53)°、(1.61±0.39)°,均显著大于正常组(P<0.05);理调组L3在Y轴三维位移为(2.87±0.74)mm,L4在X轴三维位移为(1.68±0.64)mm,显著大于理筋组和正常组(P<0.05);理调组L1、L4、L5在X轴三维位移分别为(1.28±0.21)、(1.68±0.64)、(1.30±0.51)mm,L1～3在Y轴三维位移分别为(1.92±0.42)、(2.25±0.61)、(2.87±0.74)mm,均显著大于正常组(P<0.05)。理筋手法组L1～5各节段三维角位移和位移与正常组相比,均呈现大于正常组的趋势。结论理调手法比理筋手法更能调整失稳或退变节段的空间位置,使腰椎椎体产生水平及旋转移位,而非上下移位,对纠正腰椎"骨错缝"产生重要作用。理筋手法对腰突症患者腰椎结构有一定的影响,但不显著。     

二椎体与三椎体复位固定治疗峡部裂性L5/S1滑脱症的近期疗效对比

目的 比较二椎体与三椎体复位固定治疗峡部裂性L5/S1滑脱症的近期疗效。方法 回顾性分析本科2015年2月～2018年2月行腰后路减压、椎间植骨融合内固定术(PLIF)治疗的峡部裂性L5/S1滑脱症患者67例,其中二椎体固定组36例,三椎体固定组31例。比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量及术中C臂透视次数;采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评价患者的生活质量;测量术前及末次随访时腰椎-骨盆矢状面参数,包括腰椎前凸角(LL)、骶骨倾斜角(SS)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骨盆投射角(PI)和滑脱距离(SD),并计算滑脱率(SP)和滑脱复位率(RR)。结果 三椎体固定组手术时间、术中出血量及术中C臂透视次数均明显大于二椎体固定组(0.05)。二椎体固定组随访时间(11.17±6.11)个月,三椎体固定组随访时间(12.19±7.01)个月,差异无统计学意义(0.05)。末次随访时,两组患者VAS评分及ODI评分均较术前明显改善,三椎体固定组VAS评分及ODI评分改良率优于二椎体固定组,差异具有统计学意义(0.05)。末次随访时,三椎体固定组术后滑脱复位率高于二椎体固定组,且腰椎-骨盆矢状面参数LL、SS及PT矫正率同样高于二椎体固定组,差异具有统计学意义(0.05)。二椎体固定组和三椎体固定组分别有6例、9例发生并发症,差异无统计学意义(2=1.466,=0.226)。结论 二椎体与三椎体复位固定治疗峡部裂性L5/S1滑脱症均能取得满意的临床疗效;三椎体复位固定更有利于滑脱椎体的复位及腰椎-骨盆矢状面参数的改善,但手术时间长,创伤大。     

脊柱腰骶段前路内固定术操作空间的解剖测量

目的通过观测腰骶段腹侧血管的解剖数据,确定手术操作空间,保障前路内固定术的可行性及安全性。方法随机选取32例成年人腹部血管CTA影像学资料,观察其腰骶椎腹侧血管的走行、交汇特点,测量交汇点至L5椎体下终板的距离、髂血管在L5椎体下终板的水平间距、L5/S1椎间盘横径,计算出手术操作空间的大小,并进行初步分型。结果腰骶椎腹侧手术操作空间主要由左髂总静脉与右髂总动脉构成(87.4%)。在本研究中,A型人群占87.4%,L5下终板位置血管间隙(3.8±1.1)cm,操作空间(5.2±1.2)cm2,L5/S1椎间盘显示比例73.2%;B型人群占6.3%,L5下终板位置血管间隙(4.2±0.5)cm,操作空间(7.1±0.2)cm2,L5/S1椎间盘显示比例81.0%;C型人群占6.3%,L5下终板位置血管间隙(1.0±0.7)cm,操作空间(1.3±0.7)cm2,L5/S1椎间盘显示比例31.2%。A、B、C型解剖参数比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论普通人群中大多数腰骶椎腹侧具备足够手术操作空间,可进行前路内固定融合术,但是术前须进行影像学的筛查。     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.