基于数字化三维重建的跟骨关节内骨折分型的初步应用

目的　探讨数字化虚拟可视技术在跟骨关节内骨折分型的可行性与价值。 方法　17例跟骨关节内骨折患者CT扫描数据集导入相应软件,重建跟骨骨折三维可视模型。2名高年资骨科医师,在规定时间内完成对每例跟骨骨折的三维数字化分型和sander分型评估,使用Kapppa值计算相关度,比较两种分型的可信度差别。 结果　重建了15个跟骨骨折的数字化三维可视模型,准确地反映了跟骨骨折的解剖部位、骨折移位的方向和程度,数字分型的可信度Kapppa值为0.795(0.691~0.874),属于可信程度,　sander分型的Kapppa值为0.641（0.591~0.701）,属于基本可信程度。 结论　基于数字化三维重建的跟骨骨折的分型直观明了,具有较高的可信度、为临床诊治方式的选择提供了更为精准的影像学依据。     

术前三维CT血管成像评估肠系膜下动脉解剖特征

目的 通过三维CT血管成像（CTA）评估分析直肠癌患者肠系膜下动脉（IMA）分型及解剖特点,为直肠癌手术血管处理提供参考。 方法 回顾分析2018年1月至2019年12月华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院接受IMA CTA检查的直肠癌患者临床及影像学资料。通过三维CT血管成像重建IMA图像。对IMA进行分类并测量统计肠系膜下血管各解剖参数。 结果 266例研究对象中男性187例,女性79例。111例（41.7%）左结肠动脉（LCA）从主干独立发出,112例（42.1%）LCA和乙状结肠动脉（SA）共干发出,33例（12.4%）LCA、SA及直肠上动脉（SRA）共干,10例（3.8%）缺乏LCA。全组IMA主干长度（LIMA）为（39.1±10.1）mm、IMA根部至髂血管分叉距离（DIMA）为（44.1±7.4）mm、IMA根部与肠系膜下静脉（IMV）水平距离为（24.6±8.9）mm、IMA分支点与IMV水平距离为（13.0±5.3）mm。LCA走行包括：122例（47.6%）高位型,88例（34.4%）中位型,46例（18.0%）低位型。65例（25.4%）LCA紧贴IMV内侧,136例（53.1%）LCA紧贴IMV外侧,55例（21.5%）LCA外侧远离IMV。 结论 术前利用三维CT血管成像可准确评估IMA分型及肠系膜下血管的形态走行关系,为直肠癌手术中血管处理提供指导。     

镍钛聚髌器结合可吸收线缝扎治疗髌骨粉碎性骨折

背景：镍钛聚髌器结合可吸收线缝扎置入内固定治疗髌骨粉碎性骨折,可避免骨折块移位情况。 目的：探讨镍钛聚髌器结合可吸收线缝扎置入治疗髌骨粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。 方法：纳入53例患者,根据AO分型：B3型8例,C2、C3型45例。其中男37例,女16例：年龄17~72岁,平均36.8岁。观察可吸收线缝扎结合镍钛聚髌器治疗髌骨粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。 结果与结论：53例中失访15例,38例患者骨折愈合时间2~4个月,无内固定物松动、断裂及再骨折发生,置入后发生切口表浅感染3例,膝关节滑膜炎2例,原有骨性关节炎一过性加重1例。按Lysholm＆Gillquist 膝关节评分标准,优30例,良6例,可2例,优良率94.7%。提示,镍钛聚髌器具有“动力性张力带作用”可以复位及固定髌骨骨折,结合可吸收线缝扎治疗髌骨粉碎性骨折具有较好的生物力学性能,能使骨折块紧密接触,固定可靠。     

第三骨折块周径和移位程度与髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折愈合的关系

背景:髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折后第三骨折块切开复位的指征存在较大的争议,部分学者认为有限切开复位能实现解剖复位,有利于骨折愈合;但亦有部分学者认为不切开复位第三骨折块仍有较高的骨折愈合率。目的:探讨髓内钉治疗合并第三骨折块的股骨干骨折术后,第三骨折块周径大小及移位程度在骨折愈合中的作用。方法:采用回顾性队列研究的方法,对2016年2月至2021年12月期间徐州医科大学附属连云港医院收治的142例股骨干骨折伴有第三骨折块患者的病历资料进行了分析,参考骨折处骨干周径,按第三骨折块的周径从小到大将骨折块分为3型:1型71例,2型52例,3型19例。参考骨折处骨干直径,按第三骨折块的移位程度从小到大分为3度:Ⅰ度95例,Ⅱ度31例,Ⅲ度16例。所有患者均行股骨骨折闭合复位髓内针内固定治疗,术中均未对移位的第三骨折块进行干预。术后进行随访,比较各组患者骨折愈合率、愈合时间及术后第9个月的改良胫骨放射愈合评分(mRUST),评估第三骨折块周径和移位程度对骨折愈合的影响。结果与结论:①共有142例患者获得12个月以上随访,平均随访时间为(14.7±4.1)个月,总体愈合率为73.4%;②第三骨折块Ⅰ度移位时,周径分型的3个亚组间的愈合率、愈合时间以及第9个月改良胫骨放射愈合评分差异无显著性意义;③第三骨折块Ⅱ,Ⅲ度移位时,周径分型3个亚组间的愈合率分和愈合时间差异无显著性意义;1型组的第9个月改良胫骨放射愈合评分高于2,3型组(P=0.017);④Logistic回归分析表明,第三骨折块移位较大、周径较大与较低的骨折愈合率相关(P<0.05);⑤结果表明,髓内钉治疗伴有第三骨折块的股骨干骨折,骨折块移位至Ⅰ度移位时,周径大小对于骨折愈合的影响较小,术中无需干预;骨折块移位至Ⅱ,Ⅲ度时,当周径大小为1型时,不干预骨折块亦可获得较高的改良胫骨放射愈合评分;周径大小为2,3型时,明显影响骨折愈合,需术中干预骨折块以减少移位距离,降低骨不连发生率;提示第三骨折块的移位程度比周径对骨折愈合的影响大。     

微型接骨板内固定结合自体松质骨移植治疗距骨颈粉碎性骨折

目的探讨切开复位微型接骨板内固定结合自体松质骨移植治疗距骨颈粉碎性骨折的手术方法及疗效。方法2010年1月~2012年1月,对我院收治的15例闭合性距骨颈粉碎性骨折患者,根据Hawkins分型：Ⅱ型11例,Ⅲ型4例。术前常规行CT三维重建明确骨折类型和粉碎程度,择期行切开复位微型接骨板内固定加自体松质骨移植术。术后定期复查X片及CT观察骨折愈合情况,并记录相关并发症,采用Hawkins评分标准评估疗效。结果本组14例获得随访,随访时间12~24m,,平均16.4m。术后外侧切口边缘部分坏死1例,经局部清创换药后治愈,无并发感染,骨折均在8~12w内获得愈合,平均愈合时间11.3w,无畸形愈合发生,距骨体部分坏死1例（Ⅲ型）,轻度创伤性关节炎3例（Ⅱ型1例,Ⅲ型2例）,末次随访时未发现内固定松动断裂。Hawkins评分：优7例（Ⅱ型）,良5例（Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型1例）,可2例（Ⅲ型）。结论采用切开复位微型接骨板内固定结合自体松质骨移植治疗距骨颈粉碎性骨折,术中可获得满意复位,牢靠的内固定可有效维持骨折复位,自体松质骨移植可促进骨折愈合,是治疗距骨颈粉碎性骨折的有效方法。     

三维CT在面中部骨折中的应用

目的 探讨三维CT成像技术在面中部骨折中的应用价值。方法 回顾分析36例面中部骨折患者螺旋CT扫描和三维成像资料。结果 ①36例面中部骨折患者：多发性复合性骨折27例，其中较典型的LefortⅠ型3例，Ⅱ型5例，Ⅲ型2例；不典型面中部复合性骨折10例；颧骨、颧弓骨折3例；髁状突骨折3例；喙突骨折1例；②36例患者中31例手术治疗，5例保守治疗，所有手术病例都证实了术前三维CT诊断。结论 三维CT成像可使颌面部复杂性骨折的移位情况近似模型般再现，有益于选择最合适的手术方案。     

螺旋CT三维重建技术在粉碎性跟骨骨折诊疗中的应用价值

目的探讨CT三维重建对粉碎性跟骨骨折治疗方法选择的临床应用价值。方法对2002年3月～2006年6月48例52足粉碎性跟骨骨折患者的临床资料进行分析,本组48例（52足）中男38例,女10例;年龄24—58岁,平均36．2岁。单侧44例,双侧4例。其中坠落伤30例,车祸伤15例,其他伤3例。所有患者术前均摄跟骨侧位、轴位片及螺旋CT三维重建。骨折按Sanders骨折分型：Ⅲ型32足,Ⅳ型20足。根据骨折块大小及移位等情况,给予一期植骨,用可塑形跟骨钛板进行开放复位内固定手术治疗。结果跟骨CT三维重建能够明确骨折块大小、距下关节面损伤、骨折线方向等。结论三维CT扫描重建对粉碎性跟骨骨折临床治疗方法的选择具有重要指导意义。对于复杂的粉碎性跟骨骨折,应将三维CT扫描重建作为术前常规检查,用以指导选择合适的手术切口和内固定方法。     

颅内镰状窦的MRV重建影像解剖研究

目的 探讨正常人颅内大脑镰镰状窦的发生率及影像解剖特征。 方法 分析177例（男81例,女96例）大脑镰及硬脑膜静脉窦完整的健康受试者的三维增强磁共振血管成像（3D CE-MRV）资料,并结合容积重建（VRT）成像观察镰状窦。 结果 在43例受试者的大脑镰内发现镰状窦存在,其中37例位于大脑镰中后1/3交界处。6例位于大脑镰后1/3区。根据两端连接静脉结构情况,将镰状窦分为Ⅰ型（起自大脑镰内,注入下矢状窦、Galen静脉或直窦）、Ⅱ型（起自大脑镰内,注入上矢状窦后部）和Ⅲ型（相连上矢状窦与下矢状窦、Galen静脉或直窦）。Ⅰ型镰状窦包括团块形、三角形、长条形及不规则形。Ⅱ型镰状窦包括直条形和弯条形。Ⅲ型镰状窦包括长条形、宽带形、人字形。其中人字形常由Ⅰ型镰状窦和Ⅱ型镰状窦融合形成。共发现11例I型镰状窦,21例Ⅱ型镰状窦,14例Ⅲ型镰状窦。其中4例I型镰状窦与Ⅱ型镰状窦并存,6例Ⅱ型镰状窦与Ⅲ型镰状窦并存,5例同时并存2个Ⅱ型镰状窦,4例同时并存3个Ⅱ型镰状窦。 结论 3D CE-MRV结合VRT技术是观测镰状窦的良好方法,镰状窦并不罕见,形态多样。     

聚酯编织线结合带锁扣线缆治疗严重髌骨粉碎性骨折

背景:以往采用张力带钢丝或钢丝环扎、镍钛聚髌器结合可吸收线、双环10号丝线环扎并分体式髌骨爪及记忆合金聚髌器治疗髌骨粉碎骨折时,难以达到髌骨骨折的坚强固定。目的:探讨聚酯编织线缝扎结合带锁扣线缆环扎治疗严重髌骨粉碎性骨折的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2007年1月至2012年10月采用聚酯编织线缝扎结合带锁扣线缆环扎治疗的57例髌骨粉碎性骨折患者临床资料。根据AO分型,B3型9例,C2型22例,C3型26例。手术中确定髌骨满意复位后,先用粗聚酯编织线间断缝合两侧股四头肌扩张部,间断缝合骨膜及髌前组织,应用带锁扣线缆环扎固定,视骨折块稳定情况,用粗聚酯编织线在髌前组织行"8"字张力带固定。术后根据Bostman髌骨骨折临床评估标准评估疗效。结果与结论:46例获得4-18个月随访,骨折愈合时间3-5个月;伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染发生,骨折全部愈合,无钛缆松脱和皮肤刺激等并发症。按Bostman髌骨骨折疗效评分标准,优33例,良10例,可3例,优良率为93.5%。表明聚酯编织线缝扎结合带锁扣线缆环扎治疗严重髌骨粉碎性骨折能使骨折块紧密接触,固定可靠,可行早期功能锻炼。     

CT三维重建评价椎弓根螺钉位置分级的可信度分析

背景：近年来已逐步采用CT来评价椎弓根螺钉位置,但是对应用CT三维重建评价椎弓根螺钉位置的可信度报道较少。 目的：探讨应用CT三维重建评价椎弓根螺钉位置分级的可信度。 方法：收集了27例椎弓根螺钉置入患者,置入后1周内行CT扫描,由2位专业骨科主治医师随机观察CT二维和三维影像资料,根据Rao分级方法对螺钉位置进行分级,利用一致性检验来评价观察者间信度和观察者自身信度。 结果与结论：27例患者共置入椎弓根螺钉116枚。利用二维CT图像资料,对螺钉位置分级的判定观察者间信度和观察者自身信度均为高度一致,Kappa系数分别为0.656和0.631。利用三维重建CT图像资料,对螺钉位置分级的判定观察者间信度和观察者自身信度均为最强,Kappa系数分别为0.833和0.863。说明CT三维重建在评价椎弓根螺钉位置的可信度较高,具有一定的临床应用价值。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

臂丛分支的CT定位研究及在Bristow-Latarjet术式的临床意义

目的　研究臂丛分支在肩胛下肌前方的CT定位,提高Bristow-Latarjet术式临床操作时安全范围的认知。 方法　福尔马林固定的上肢标本16侧（男10,女6）。解剖和使用显影线标记16侧肩的臂丛分支（肌皮神经、腋神经、桡神经）在肩胛下肌前方的位置、行程,CT水平位上测量肩关节内旋45°、中立位、外旋45° 3个体位2~5点位置肌皮神经到关节盂的距离及成角规律,所得数据经统计学处理。 结果　⑴臂丛在肩胛下肌前方,由内往外神经的排列分别是腋神经、桡神经、肌皮神经。⑵CT水平位上测量肌皮神经在3个体位的数据,组间比较：角度上比较,2~5点位置的内旋位与中立位、与外旋位比较具有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;距离上比较：2点位置的外旋位与中立位、与内旋位比较具有统计学意义（均P<0.05）,中立位与内旋位比较无统计学差异（P=0.15）;3~5点位置的内旋位与中立位、与外旋位比较具有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。5点位置的外旋位与中立位比较无统计学差异（P=0.07）。组内比较：内旋位2点位置的角度分别与3~5点位置比较,均有统计学差异（均P<0.05）,3~5点位置的两两比较,均无统计学差异（均为P>0.05）。 Pearson分析：盂的高度HL与内旋位2点位置的角度呈负相关,与3点位置的角度呈正相关,与内旋位2点位置的距离呈负相关,与3~5点位置的距离呈正相关。 结论　肩关节内旋45°时肌皮神经的安全范围显著大于中立位及外旋45°,建议内旋位操作。     

Effects of the adducted or abducted position of the arm on the course of the musculocutaneous nerve during anterior approaches to the shoulder

Nerve injury is a common complication during anterior shoulder surgery. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the musculocutaneous nerve (MN) anatomically and to clarify the relationship of the MN to the glenoid labrum and coracoid process in different arm positions. The study was carried out on 40 shoulders of 20 adult cadavers fixed in 10% formaldehyde. The minimum distance of the MN at the entrance point of the nerve into the coracobrachialis to the anteromedial aspect of the coracoid tip and the distance between the MN and the top, middle, and inferior points of the glenoid labrum were measured. All measurements were performed with a digital caliper while the arm was in a neutral position, 45 degrees and 90 degrees of abduction, 90 degrees of abduction-internal rotation and 90 degrees of abduction-external rotation to evaluate whether arm position effects the results statistically or not. The results demonstrated that the position of the arm significantly changes the distance between the coracoid process (CP) and the MN or its cord. The change in distance between the glenoid labrum and the MN or its cord was also statistically significant. The distance between the CP and MN was greatest when the arm was abducted to 45 degrees (mean 3.4 cm) and least when the arm was positioned to 90 degrees of abduction-internal rotation (mean 2.0 cm). While the distance between the MN and the coracoid process was least at 90 degrees of abduction and internal rotation, the distance between the MN and glenoid labrum was lest with 90 degrees of abduction and external rotation. The distance between the glenoid labrum and MN was greatest with 45 degrees of abduction. The results of this study might be of use in avoiding the MN especially during Bristlow operations and certain rotator cuff procedures. Transferring the coracoid process during Bristow operations or placing arthroscopic portals when the arm is abducted to 45 degrees appears to be the safest position in terms of MN injury. Based on our results, when the arm needs to be abducted to 90 degrees during operation, externally rotating it may decrease the tension on the brachial plexus thus increasing the distance between the MN and the portals or retractors.     

Chronic brachial plexopathies and upper extremity proprioception and strength

Brachial plexopathies, where traction or compressive forces disrupt motor and sensory nerve conduction, are the most common nerve injuries in collision sports. Athletes frequently do not report these episodes, however, predisposing the brachial plexus to recurrent trauma. The purpose of this study was to identify how multiple injuries to the brachial plexus affects shoulder strength and proprioception. Ten male intercollegiate football players with at least three unilateral episodes of brachial plexopathies were tested an average of 10 weeks after the most recent episode. The uninvolved shoulder was used as the control. Isometric peak torque was assessed for shoulder abduction, external rotation, and elbow flexion. Proprioception was measured under two conditions: threshold to detection of passive motion and reproduction of passive positioning. Dependent t tests revealed significant mean differences (p < .05) between the involved and uninvolved extremity for abduction peak torque, overall mean peak torque, and one out of four conditions of threshold to detection of passive motion conditions. This was in the neutral position moving into external rotation. In addition, subjects with greater numbers of episodes exhibited larger strength deficits. The results of this study emphasize the need for timely re-evaluation of athletes with chronic brachial plexopathies.     

关节镜下不同修补术治疗肩袖损伤的临床效果

目的　比较关节镜下全关节镜肩袖修补术与小切口肩袖修补术治疗肩袖损伤的临床效果。 方法　选取2015年2月至2017年12月本院收治的56例肩袖损伤患者,分为观察组（27例）与对照组（29例）,观察组行关节镜下全关节镜肩袖修补术治疗,对照组给予关节镜辅助下小切口肩袖修补术治疗。比较两组患者的疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）、美国肘外科医师（ASES）及美国加州大学洛杉矶分校（UCLA）肩关节功能评分、肩关节活动度、肩关节肌力分级等情况。 结果　治疗后,观察组VAS（1.14±0.28）分、ASES（91±5）分、UCLA（34.8±2.7）分,优于对照组的VAS（1.36±0.43）分、ASES（88±5）分、UCLA（32.5±3.1）分,差异有统计学意义,t=2.250、2.544、2.956,均P<0.05;治疗后,观察组内旋（67±6）°、外旋（65±8）°、外展（138±14）°,高于对照组内旋（64±5）°、外旋（62±6）°、外展（133±12）°,t=2.040、2.027、2.064,均P<0.05;治疗后,观察组内旋（4.62±0.64）级、外旋（4.81±0.62）级、外展（4.87±0.56）级,优于对照组内旋（4.26±0.67）级、外旋（4.47±0.60）级、外展（4.51±0.62）级,t=2.053、2.085、2.274,均P<0.05。 结论　关节镜下全关节镜肩袖修补术治疗肩袖损伤的临床疗效更显著,术后恢复快,推广应用价值高。     

腋路臂丛3种神经定位方法阻滞效果的比较

目的　采用随机对照的方法对变体位、变角度两点法、传统一点法、神经刺激器法这3种定位方法应用于腋路臂丛阻滞的效果进行比较。 方法　75例拟行前臂和手部手术的病人被随机分为变体位、变角度两点法定位组（VTP组）;传统的腋动脉旁一点法定位组（TOP组）;周围神经刺激器定位组（PNS组）,每组25例。局麻药皆用0.375%盐酸罗哌卡因45 ml进行腋路臂丛阻滞,阻滞后观察对肘部远端5支神经支配区域的感觉和运动阻滞效果,比较3组在臂丛阻滞成功率、时效等方面的差异。 结果　VTP组、PNS组的阻滞成功率高于TOP组(96%、100%对72%, P<0.01);VTP组和PNS组的麻醉起效时间（T2）短于TOP组(P<0.01);VTP组手术等待时间(T3)短于TOP组和PNS组(P<0.05);PNS组操作时间(T1)长于TOP组、VTP组(P<0.05)。 结论　变体位、变角度两点法腋路臂丛阻滞是一种良好的阻滞方法,弥补了传统一点法的不足,能给手和前臂手术提供快捷、简单、有效又相对经济的麻醉。     

Semiquantifying of fascicles of the C7 spinal nerve in the upper and lower subscapular nerves innervating the subscapularis and its clinical inference in Erb's palsy

To elucidate anatomic basis of susceptibility for contracture of the subscapularis muscle in Erb's palsy of the brachial plexus, we semiquantitatively studied the spinal nerve origins of the subscapular nerves innervating the subscapularis, with special reference to the contribution of C7 innervation to the subscapularis. Thirty‐three sides of formalin‐fixed upper extremities were dissected to obtain the intact brachial plexus. After immersed in 10% acetic acid for 2 weeks, the upper and lower subscapular nerves innervating the whole subscapularis, were dissected retrogradely to verify their spinal nerve origins. The cross‐sectional area by C7 innervation and that by the upper trunk innervation was calculated respectively to obtain the constituent percentage of different components in the upper and lower subscapular nerves. In the upper subscapular nerve, fascicles of C7 accounted for 0% (interquartile range, 0–1.1%) of cross‐sectional area and those of the upper trunk, 100% (98.9–100%). In the lower subscapular nerve, fascicles of C7 accounted for 40.5% (23.5–47.5%) and those of the upper trunk, 59.5% (52.5–76.5%). In total, 18.6% (13.3–27.3%) of fascicles in the subscapular nerves innervating the subscapularis originated from C7, while 81.4% (72.7–86.7%) of those came from the upper trunk. It is confirmed that innervation of the subscapularis originates from more spinal cord segments than that of infraspinatus and teres minor, and this may be the main reason for which in Erb's palsy, functional recovery of the subscapularis is often faster than that of lateral rotators of the shoulder, resulting in medial rotation contracture of the shoulder. Clin. Anat., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Innervation of the scapular muscles and its morphological significance in man

The origin, course and distribution of the nerves supplying the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor, deltoid, teres major and latissimus dorsi were examined in 40 human body-halves. All the nerves supplying these 7 muscles derive from the brachial plexus between the upper trunk and the posterior cord. Within the plexus the nerves originate in the following order: the suprascapular nerve in the most cranial and ventral position followed caudally and dorsally the superior subscapular nerve, the axillary nerve, the inferior subscapular nerve and the thoracodorsal nerve. The superior subscapular nerve tends to innervate the upper and middle (thoracic) portions of the subscapularis. Both the axillary and inferior subscapular nerves tend to innervate the lower (axillary) portion of the subscapularis as well as the teres minor and deltoid, and the teres major, respectively. The subscapularis can be regarded as the compound muscle deriving from the components supplied by these nerves, 4 segmental nerves from C5 to C8 innervate the 7 muscles: C5, and (C6) innervate the supraspinatus; C5, and C6 the infraspinatus, the thoracic portion of the subscapularis, and the teres minor; C5, C6, and (C7) the deltoid; (C5), C6, and (C7) the axillary portion of the subscapularis; (C5), C6, and C7 the teres major; and (C6), C7, and C8 the latissimus dorsi. The relationships between the nerves and muscles suggest that these 7 muscles morphologically belong to the same group, the second group of the dorsal musculature attached to the shoulder girdle and limb. The probable process of formation of these muscles from the cervical myotoms is proposed.     

健康志愿者肩关节肱二头肌长头肌腱位置、方向及形态学的MRI测量

背景：以往的研究中仅对肱二头肌长头肌腱在肱二头肌腱沟入口偏离度进行定性描述,未进行定量测量。 目的：通过分析健康志愿者肩关节中立位、外旋位和内旋位MRI之轴位图像上肱二头肌长头肌腱位置、方向及形态学改变,探讨肱二头肌长头肌腱 MRI形态学特征以利临床评价肱二头肌长头肌腱。 方法：纳入35名无症状志愿者,在肩关节中立位、外旋位、内旋位进行MR扫描。2名评价者对MR图像进行评价,排除标准为具有肩袖、喙肱韧带、上盂肱韧带、滑车韧带病灶或退行性改变者。一名测量者在轴位3D WATSc序列的上、中、下3个测量层面上对肱二头肌长头肌腱位置、方向及形态进行测量。 结果与结论：健康志愿者肩关节中立位、外旋位和内旋位MR轴位图像上肱二头肌长头肌腱改变结果：①肱二头肌长头肌腱位置：中立位肱二头肌长头肌腱在内外方向的偏离度最大。②肱二头肌长头肌腱方向：肱二头肌长头肌腱的方向角度均为锐角,在中、下测量层面上,肩关节3个体位的肱二头肌长头肌腱角度之间的差异具有显著性意义。③形态：在下测量层面上,肩关节3个体位肱二头肌长头肌腱形态的改变具有显著性意义。结果显示健康志愿者肱二头肌长头肌腱位置、方向、形态与肩关节旋转体位具有潜在关联。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程全文链接：     

肱骨头缺损程度与肩关节稳定性影响的研究

目的　探讨肱骨头缺损对肩关节稳定性影响的程度。 方法　8例16侧肩关节的肱骨头后方缺损程度分别设成全部肱骨头的1/8、2/8、3/8、4/8,各4侧标本。检测指标分别为45°和90°外展、40°内旋、中立位、40°外旋等5个指标。检测个缺损的肱骨头由小到大各个角度的外展、内外旋同时作用的结果。肱骨头在各个合力作用下缓慢向前外侧推动,直到脱位。记录肱骨头所移动的距离（distance of 　dislocation,DD）,并作为基本分析数据。 结果 外展角度比较,DD无显著性差异。但外旋40°与中立为和40°内旋比较,有显著性差异。在3/8缺损组,外旋40°外展90°时,DD明显减小。4/8组,外展90°与中立位时,DD均明显减小。而内旋40°者,各组DD未见明显减小。 结论 肱骨头缺损3/8时,当肩关节外展外旋时,肩关节稳定性下降;而当肱骨头缺损4/8时,肩关节中立位和外旋位均会发生关节不稳。     

A rare variation of posterior cord brachial plexus branching coexisting with the intercalated ectopic muscle

During a dissection of the brachial plexus we found a rare variation of left posterior cord branching coexisting with an unusual intercalated ectopic muscle. This muscle originated from the shoulder joint capsule at the lesser tubercle on insertion of the subscapularis then pierced between the brachial plexus, enclosed by two roots of the radial nerve, and inserted into the upper part of the latissimus dorsi muscle. The variant posterior cord divided into two roots; a thin lateral and thick medial root. The lateral root gave off the thoracodorsal nerve that penetrated and also innervated the ectopic muscle. The medial root gave off five nerve branches; two upper subscapular, one lower subscapular, one axillary and one terminal branch. A terminal branch fused with the lateral root to form a loop enclosing the ectopic muscle then continued as the radial nerve. This type of variation may be useful to interpret unexplained clinical signs and symptoms and provided additional knowledge to surgeons who perform brachial plexus surgery.