CT三维重建辅助达芬奇机器人解剖性肺段切除术的临床应用

目的 探讨CT三维重建技术辅助达芬奇机器人解剖性肺段切除的可行性及临床效果。方法 回顾性分析。纳入2017年5月-2018年9月上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院胸外科接受达芬奇机器人肺段切除术的肺结节患者47例, 其中男16例、女31例,年龄(53.15±12.19)岁,均在术前依据CT影像资料完成肺三维重建,肺部结节最大径为(8.04±2.96)mm。术者依据重建影像设计并进行解剖性肺段切除术,收集分析患者一般临床特征及围手术期资料。结果 术前CT三维重建可清晰显示肺部动、静脉和支气管的空间位置关系,可准确显示肺结节的位置和肺段边界。所有患者均根据术前CT三维重建影像设计并完成达芬奇机器人解剖性肺段切除术,其中40例肺段切除术和7例肺亚段切除术;手术中解剖观察与术前CT三维重建对比,患者肺血管、支气管位置及分支的显示均吻合,手术均顺利完成,无中转开胸。手术时间(129.68±43.14)min,术中出血(104.36±76.31)mL,术后胸腔引流量(748.30±444.63)mL,术后拔管时间(2.89±1.73)d,术后住院时间(4.38±1.78)d,术后并发症发生率为8.5%(4/47)。术后病理结果显示:恶性肿瘤42例,良性病变5例。42例恶性肿瘤患者切缘均为阴性,淋巴结清扫个数为(7.29±5.62)枚,淋巴结清扫站数为(5.09±1.75)站。术后随访3个月,无一例患者肿瘤复发或死亡。结论 CT三维重建辅助达芬奇机器人解剖性肺段切除术是安全有效的。     

CT三维重建技术在解剖性肺段切除中的应用

目的 探讨CT三维重建技术在解剖性肺段切除中的应用价值.方法 2020年3月至2021年3月期间共有36例肺结节患者在江门市中心医院行胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除术.术前患者均行胸部增强CT,通过CT三维重建软件mimics进行支气管、血管三维成像,显示肺段的解剖结构,决定术中需解剖和切断的肺段动脉、静脉、支气管,制定手术方案.术中根据三维重建解剖暴露目标肺段的动脉、静脉、支气管,验证三维重建的准确性.结果 所有患者均顺利完成手术;术中情况和术前规划基本相符;本组手术时间(87.7±27.9)min,手术出血量(53.3±11.2)ml,术后引流量(563.6±116.3)ml,胸管留置时间(2.9±1.4)d,术后住院时间(5.1±1.3)d,术后均未出现严重并发症及手术死亡.结论 术前CT三维重建技术能清楚显示肺段的解剖结构,对精准肺段切除有其应用价值.     

三维CT支气管血管重建技术在胸腔镜肺段切除术治疗早期肺癌中的应用

目的:观察三维CT支气管血管重建技术（3D-CTBA）在胸腔镜肺段切除术治疗早期肺癌中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析60例早期非小细胞肺癌患者的临床资料,均行胸腔镜肺段切除术+淋巴结清扫（或采样）,其中30例采用3D-CTBA技术（三维重建组）,另外30例术前常规进行二维CT检查（CT组）,记录两组手术指标、住院总费用、术后恢复情况、并发症发生率及术后6个月复发情况。结果:三维重建组术中出血量显著少于CT组（P<0.05）,手术时间显著短于CT组（P<0.05）,切缘宽度显著大于CT组（P<0.05）;三维重建组术后胸管留置时间、住院时间显著短于CT组（P<0.05）,胸管引流量、住院总费用显著少于CT组（P<0.05）;三维重建组并发症总发生率显著低于CT组（P<0.05）;随访6个月,发现两组均无复发病例。结论:3D-CTBA技术应用于早期肺癌患者胸腔镜肺段切除术,可有效提高手术安全性,获得更好手术切除效果,同时减少术后并发症,更利于患者快速康复,降低住院费用。 【关键词】三维;支气管血管重建;肺癌;胸腔镜;肺段切除术     

CT三维重建肺血管支气管辅助单孔胸腔镜肺叶切除术的学习曲线分析

目的 探讨CT三维重建肺叶血管、支气管影像解剖辅助单孔胸腔镜 (U-VATS) 肺叶切除术治疗可切除肺癌的学习曲线。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月-2019年1月在徐州市中心医院由同一治疗组开展的59例经肋间U-VATS肺叶切除治疗的肺癌患者资料。其中男32例,女27例;年龄34～81(62.8±9.5)岁。依据手术的时间顺序分为A组(15例)、B组(15例)、C组(15例) 和D组 (14例)。术前应用OsiriX软件将患者薄层CT数据进行支气管、肺血管三维成像 (3D-CTBA),观察拟切除肺叶的动脉、静脉与支气管的分支数量、走行情况,并模拟肺叶切除。根据术前模拟的切除计划,行U-VATS肺叶切除与肺门、纵隔系统性淋巴结清扫术。分析患者手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫范围、胸腔引流管留置时间与总引流量、并发症发生率、术后第14天疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)与术后住院时间等参数。依据手术时间与术中出血量绘制学习曲线,并应用累积求和法(CUSUM)分析跨越学习曲线需要的最低手术操作例数。结果 3D-CTBA显示,本组59例中,12例 (20.3%) 有肺动、静脉分支与支气管走行变异。1例支气管动脉损伤、出血,无中转开胸或死亡病例。各组术中出血、淋巴结清扫站数和个数、更改术式的比例、并发症率、胸腔引流管留置时间、术后住院时间等差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。A、B、C、D 4组手术时间分别为(130.7±17.7)min、(103.7±11.1)min、(87.7±5.9)min、(88.9±6.3)min,住院时间分别为(4.5±3.0)d、(3.8±2.2)d、(2.5±1.0)d、(2.5±0.8)d;4组间比较差异均有统计学意义(F=45.807、3.530,P值均＜0.05),其中C、D组患者手术时间明显少于A、B组(P值均＜0.05),而C、D组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。全组患者均获随访,随访时间6～30个月,平均22个月。随访期间患者无肿瘤复发或转移。以手术时间、术中出血量为指标绘制学习曲线,散点图拟合模型方程:Ŷ_手术时间=127.7+0.8X-0.1X²+1.4e^-3X³,R²=0.705;Ŷ_出血量=84.6 - 2.5logX,R²=0.019。CUSUM拟合模型方程:Ŷ_{手术时间cusum}=37.2+2.3X-0.2X²+2.8e^-3X³,R²=0.701;Ŷ_{出血量cusum}=19.3-2.8X+9.5e^-2X²-9.1e^-4X³,R²=0.090。学习曲线评价结果提示,经过约30例的临床实践后,出血量趋于稳定,手术时间达到低点且趋于稳定。结论 3D-CTBA辅助U-VATS肺叶切除术的学习曲线约30例。利用3D-CTBA精准的术前切除模拟,可能有助于降低血管损伤风险,缩短手术时间,帮助培训医师缩短学习曲线。     

左肺上叶静脉解剖分型MSCT评价及临床应用

目的　应用多层螺旋CT（MSCT）对健康人左肺上叶肺静脉解剖及引流模式分型,为解剖性肺段切除术提供帮助。 方法　收集200例肺无异常胸部CT影像资料,通过容积重建（volume reconstruction,VR）获得静脉解剖及引流模式图,统计各静脉分型出现率;重建5 mm轴位最大密度投影（maximum density projection,MIP）图,辨识对应各分型。 结果 左肺上叶静脉根据共干情况不同可分为：V1+2型,V2+3型,及V1+2a V2+3bc型,其出现率分别为69%（138/200）、17.5%（35/200）、13.5%（27/200）。其特点为：V1+2为V1与V2共干,其各自发出属支相互无联系;V2+3型中V2与V3共干,V1与V2+3分别汇入左上肺静脉干;V1+2a V2+3bc型,此型主要是V2变异较大。左肺上叶舌段静脉V4、V5共干时,其属支各自无联系,V4存在与V3b共干的情况,并各自具有不同的引流特点。 结论 左肺上叶因舌段的存在,其静脉分型更为复杂,MSCT所得静脉解剖及引流模式图结合5 mm轴位MIP图可清楚显示肺静脉解剖分型,作为其解剖识别常规手段。     

胸腔镜肺叶切除和肺段切除治疗ⅠA期非小细胞肺癌的疗效比较

目的 比较胸腔镜肺叶切除和肺段切除在ⅠA期非小细胞肺癌患者中的治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析2012年5月~2014年5月在我院行胸腔镜手术的76例ⅠA期NSCLC患者资料,按手术方式分为两组,观察组50例行肺叶切除术,对照组26例行肺段切除术。比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、留置引流管时间、住院天数、并发症发生率、随访3年后复发率及死亡率。结果 观察组手术时间为（118.26±30.76）min,短于对照组的（155.51±21.91）min,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组患者术中出血量、留置引流管时间、住院天数、并发症发生率、随访3年后复发率和死亡率比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 ⅠA期NSCLC患者中肺段切除和肺叶切除治疗效果相似,而且肺段切除术能够保留更多的肺功能,有利于患者恢复。     

经腹路径腹腔镜解剖性逆行肾上腺切除术的临床研究

目的　介绍改进的经腹路径腹腔镜解剖性逆行肾上腺切除术的手术技巧和临床经验。 方法　回顾性分析2009年1月至2013年1月间行经腹路径腹腔镜解剖性逆行肾上腺切除术47例患者的临床资料, 并与同期采用后腹腔镜肾上腺手术36例的临床结果进行比较。 结果　经腹路径腹腔镜解剖性逆行肾上腺切除组均取得成功。与后腹腔镜组相比,此术式可明显缩短手术时间（45.6±23.4 min vs.115.5±18.2 min）;减少术中出血量（25.3±10.6 ml vs.110.6±30.3 ml）。组间比较差异有显著性意义（P＜0.001）。无术后并发症发生（0 vs.13.8%）。 结论　经腹路径腹腔镜解剖性逆行肾上腺切除术分离组织范围小,定位、切除肾上腺快捷,术中出血少,是肾上腺良性病变可靠、安全的腹腔镜手术方式。     

XSZ-G系列电视胸腔镜下解剖性肺段切除在IB期非小细胞肺癌患者中的临床效果及对肺功能的影响

目的:探讨XSZ-G系列电视胸腔镜下解剖性肺段切除术在IB期非小细胞肺癌患者中的临床效果及对肺功能的影响。 方法:取2015年5月~2017年6月收治的IB期非小细胞肺癌患者70例,随机数字法分为对照组和观察组。对照组采用全胸腔镜肺叶切除术,观察组采用XSZ-G系列电视胸腔镜下解剖性肺段切除术,采用德国powerCube肺功能仪对患者治疗前、后肺功能水平进行测定,比较两组临床疗效及对肺功能的影响。 结果:两组淋巴结清扫数无统计学差异（P>0.05）;观察组术中出血量、手术时间、术后引流时间及术后住院时间均少（短）于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组治疗后肺1 s用力呼气量、FEV1占预计值百分比、最大呼气流量及FEV1/FVC水平均高于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组术后并发症发生率为11.43%,与对照组的20.00%比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论:IB期非小细胞肺癌患者采用XSZ-G系列电视胸腔镜下解剖性肺段切除术治疗效果理想,有助于提高肺功能水平,值得推广应用。     

肺内血管的影像解剖学在肺段切除术的临床应用

目的 对肺内血管予以三维重建后探讨其解剖结构的走形变异对肺段切除术术式的影响,为临床肺段切除术提供影像解剖学基础。 方法 随机抽取中南大学湘雅医院2019～2020年100例肺部增强CT未见明显异常的成年人样本,分别予以三维重建后进行肺血管主干及分支走行的全方位观察。 结果 左肺动脉主干变异率为1%;尖后段、前段动脉变异率为18%,舌段动脉变异率为10%,背段动脉无变异,基底段动脉变异率为1%。右肺动脉主干变异率为1%,尖后段、前段动脉变异率为17%,舌段动脉变异率为22%,背段动脉无变异,基底段动脉变异率为13%。左肺静脉主干变异率为3%,尖后段、前段静脉变异率为20%,舌段静脉变异率为16%,背段静脉变异率1%,基底段静脉变异率为19%;右肺静脉主干无变异,尖后段、前段静脉变异率为25%,内侧段、外侧段静脉变异率为16%,背段静脉变异率1%,基底段静脉变异率为28%。 结论 肺内血管解剖结构复杂多样,尤以尖后段与前段、各基底段的组合较为多样化,内侧段与外侧段不符解剖位置关系,背段走形较为固定。影像三维重建技术能准确清晰地反映肺内血管走行,为临床影像学定位诊断及肺段切除术前评估血管解剖提供了影像学资料。     

全胸腔镜与开胸手术治疗孤立性肺小结节的对比分析

目的 探讨全胸腔镜与开胸手术治疗孤立性肺小结节的疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院2014年1月~2016年6月手术治疗的100例孤立性肺小结节患者,按照手术方式分为开胸组和VATS组,各50例。开胸组采用传统开胸手术治疗,VATS组采用全胸腔镜手术治疗。比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血、术后当日引流量、术后拔引流管时间、镇痛时间和住院时间。结果 两组患者生存率、病理性质比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。与开胸组比较,VATS组手术时间短 [（114.3±29.5）min vs（151.2±47.3）min],术中出血少[（41.5±12.9）ml vs（145.1±65.8）ml],术后当日引流量少[（150.2±46.3）ml vs（220.1±55.4）ml],镇痛时间短[（2.2±1.3）d vs（7.5±1.6）d],术后拔引流管时间短[（2.2±1.3）d vs（5.8±2.6）d],术后住院时间短[（8.1±2.1）d vs（14.1±1.8）d],差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。术后发生肺部感染、肺不张、心律失常VATS组分别为1例、1例、0例,开胸组为3例、2例、1例,两组差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 全胸腔镜手术治疗孤立性肺小结节比开胸手术创伤小、术中出血少、手术时间短、疼痛轻、术后恢复快、并发症少,适合在临床基层医院开展应用。     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Studien zur humoralen Regulation des erythropoetischen Proliferationsspeichers beim Menschen

Zusammenfassung Die Beeinflussung der Erythroblasten-Proliferation durch das Mikromilieu wurde in vitro mittels Auswertung durch Differential- und Mitosezählungen und Signifikanzberechnung vieler Versuchsreihen auch unter verschiedenen pathologischen Bedingungen getestet.Sowohl die Mitosehäufigkeit wie die Ausreifung waren positiv mit dem Erythropoetingehalt des Medium korreliert. Der Effekt wurde durch Folsäure, Ätiocholanolon und cAMP verstärkt. Cobalt stimulierte ebenso wie Testosteron und Methenolon in vitro unabhängig von der Erythropoetinkonzentration im Medium die Erythroblastenproliferation. Ein vermindertes Eisenangebot störte die endgültige Ausreifung der Erythroblasten zu Retikulozyten und bewirkte dadurch eine Ineffektivität der Erythorpoese. Anhaltspunkte für ein Erythrozyten-Chalon oder einen Erythropoetinhemmkörper ließen sich aus unserem Versuchsansatz nicht gewinnen, weil er die Transformation der pluripotenten in die erythropoetin-sensible Stammzelle nicht einschließt. Als Nebenbefund ergab sich eine Stimulation des granulozytopoetischen Proliferationsspeichers durch Serumzusatz zum Medium von Patienten nach akutem Blutverlust und bei Polycythämia vera.Unterstützt durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

HLA study in Amerindian Bolivia La Paz Aymaras

Aymara people has been a relatively homogeneous group since Spanish Conquest by 1,532 CE, even if previously represented a group of various cultural defined populations who gave rise to them. They were and are established in Andean Altiplano around Titikaka Lake (Bolivia, Peru), Argentina and Chile neighborhood, speak Aymara language and have been maintained after Europeans arrival at a lower social status than Quechua (Inca) speaking people. However, both Aymara and Quechua populations acknowledge Titikaka Lake as center of their origins; both languages are also related. Specific high frequencies of HLA-A*02, -A*24 and -A*68, HLA-B*35, -B*39 and -B*48, HLA-DRB1*08:02, -DRB1*09:01, and -DRB1*14:02, and HLA-DQB1*04:02, -DQB1*03:02 and -DQB1*03:01 alleles are found in Aymaras and HLA class II haplotypes common to Andean Amerindians (DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02 and DRB1*04:03-DQB1*03:02), like Quechua, Aymara, Uros, Lamas and Mapuche are also found in Easter and other Pacific Islands. Giant human head stone statues at Tiwanaku (Titikaka Lake, Bolivia) are also found at Easter Island. Thus, it is possible a gene and cultural flow between Andean Amerindians and Easter and other Pacific Islands, as it was demonstrated by Thor Heyerdahl in his Kon-Tiki expedition which reached Pacific Islands sailing from El Callao Harbour (Lima, Peru).     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Lipid composition of metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis and lipid changes during growth

A lipid analysis was performed on developing metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis removed from the livers of rats at times varying from 3 to 35 weeks post infection. Lipid accounted for 7–21% of the dry weight of the parasites. The highest proportions were found at the earlier stages. The distribution was as follows; neutral lipid 27–45%; glycolipid 5–11%; and phospholipid 50–61%. The major neutral lipid was cholesterol, and minor neutral lipids were sterol esters, triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides. Hydrocarbons were present throughout development, but in the highest amounts at the earlier stages. Five different glycolipids were found, all of which were identified as glycosphingolipids. An increase in the proportion of more complex glycolipids was noted as parasites grew older. Ten different phospholipids were identified, with the major components being phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. Other phospholipids were: lysophosphatides, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingomyelin, and an unknown phospholipid component. Changes in the relative amounts of the two major phospholipids were found when the early and late stages were compared. Two lipids found throughout development were identified as glycosylated dolichol phosphates, and they comprised between 1 and 3% of the total phospholipid fraction. Nineteen fatty acids were detected, and the fatty acid distribution for each lipid class at each stage was determined. Seven major fatty acids were common to each. These were: hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, docosanoic, and docosahexaenoic.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Simple Serological Assays for Detecting Rice Tungro Viruses

An attempt was made to produce sensitive and specific polyclonal antisera against the viruses causing rice tungro disease, and to assess their potential for use in simple diagnostic tests. Using a multiple, sequential injection procedure, seven batches of polyclonal antisera against rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) were produced. These were characterized for their sensitivity and specificity using ring-interface precipitin test and double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA. Thirty-one weeks after the first immunization, antiserum batch B6b for RTBV showed the highest ring interface titer (DEP = 1:1920). For RTSV, batches S3, S4b and S5b all had similar titres (DEP = 1:640). In DAS-ELISA, however, significant differences among purified antisera (IgG) batches were observed only at IgG dilution of 10^-3. At that dilution, IgGB4b showed the greatest sensitivity, while IgGS3 showed greatest sensitivity for RTSV. When all IgG batches were tested against 11 tungro field isolates (dual RTBV-RTSV infections) at sample dilution of 1:10, IgGB4b and IgGB6b for RTBV and IgGS3 and IgGS6b for RTSV performed equally well. However, after cross adsorption with healthy plant extracts in a specially prepared healthy plant-Sepharose affinity column, only IgGB6b could be used specifically to detect RTBV in a simple tissue-print assay.     

Is it worthy to take full-course immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis? About efficacy biomarker of allergen immunotherapy

Nowadays, people pay more attention to biomarkers that can predict clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. As the only recognized aetiological treatment, the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been proved by many studies. However, treatment success depends on compliance and persistence greatly, which can be impaired by the lengthy duration of AIT and socioeconomic status of patients. Besides, ineffectiveness is another factor that accounts for non-adherence. If the clinical efficacy can be predicted in the early stage of immunotherapy, it can help patients choose appropriate treatment plans, increase patient compliance and optimize the allocation of medical resources. This paper mainly focuses on five candidate biomarkers, the sIgE/tIgE ratio before treatment, serum inhibitory activity for IgE, decreased basophil activation, upregulation of Tregs and tolerogenic DCs, reviews the time when potential biomarkers can predict or monitor the efficacy of AIT, discusses the reason why these indicators could serve as efficacy biomarkers and interactions among potential biomarkers.     

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development in Xenopus laevis embryos: a pharmacological survey screen

Neurotransmitters are not only involved in brain function but are also important signaling molecules for many diverse cell types. Neurotransmitters are widely conserved, from evolutionarily ancient organisms lacking nervous systems through man. Here, results are reported from a loss‐ and gain‐of‐function survey, using pharmacological modulators of several neurotransmitter pathways to examine possible roles for these pathways in normal embryogenesis. Applying reagents targeting the glutamatergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic pathways to embryos of Xenopus laevis from gastrulation to organogenesis stages, we observed and quantified numerous malformations, including craniofacial defects, hyperpigmentation, muscle mispatterning and miscoiling of the gut. These data implicate several key neurotransmitters in new embryonic patterning roles, reveal novel earlier stages for processes involved in eye development, suggest new targets for subsequent molecular‐genetic investigation, and highlight the necessity for in‐depth toxicology studies of psychoactive compounds to which human embryos might be exposed during pregnancy.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.