应用MSC.Dytran模拟水射流切割猪肝脏组织的仿真研究

医用水刀具有高度的组织选择性和保护性,其选择性和保护性切割等优点,被引入了医学领域并应用于临床,取得了良好的效果.应用MSC.Dytran模拟了水射流切割猪肝脏组织的瞬态过程,仿真结果表明:对于不同的软组织,存在一个合适的水射流压力对其进行准确的切割,而且不会对附近的其他组织或器官造成损伤.     

能量型手术刀的种类及其研究进展

能量型手术刀（ESI）是运用电能、声能和光能等能量形式作用于组织,实现消融和切割组织的手术设备。高频电刀价格低廉应用广泛,但手术中会产生烟雾且伤口难愈合;超声刀切割效果好、伤口易愈合,但凝血能力有限;激光手术刀切割凝血效果好,需要使用新技术克服组织对激光波长选择性吸收。对能量型手术刀的种类及临床应用进行综述。     

超声手术刀组织切割的实验研究

用国产超声手术刀，在大白兔活体上进行切割实验．并与普通手术刀和高频电刀进行了比较．结果显示超声手术刀的组织切割速度和切缘整齐情况不及普通手术刀，但有一定的止血功能，组织损伤不如高额电刀大，也不引起肌肉收缩，无组织烧焦气味；术后切缘愈合良好．认为超声手术刀更适合于肝、脾等实质性组织的切割．如在操作柄、刀具、仪器性能等方面能进一步改进，应用效果会更好。     

考虑软组织形变的实时无参考超声图像综合评估方法EI北大核心CSCD

超声引导的经皮介入治疗已在临床中得到了广泛应用。针对机器人辅助的超声引导治疗中探头接触力引起软组织形变的问题,提出一种考虑软组织形变的实时无参考超声图像综合评估方法。所提方法在超声图像亮度和锐度评估的基础上,融合组织或腺体的聚集特性设计了一种多维度的超声图像评价指标。为了验证所提方法的有效性,分别采集前列腺体模、内置囊肿的体模、猪肝脏组织,以及内置囊肿的猪肝脏组织4种不同模型的超声图像进行实验测试与分析,并基于斯皮尔曼秩相关系数分析了主客观评价的相关性。实验结果表明单幅图像的平均评估时间为68.8 ms,满足实时应用的需要。本文所提方法实现了机器人辅助治疗中实时超声图像的有效评估,并且评估结果与主观评价具有良好的一致性。     

肝脏的三维可视化及切除术模拟研究

从CT断层数据提取出肝体、动脉、静脉、门静脉和肿瘤,采用轮廓拼接技术重建出肝脏和内部管道,然后利用交互式切割工具对其进行模拟手术切割,开发出一个基于PC的肝脏可视化与模拟切割系统。系统以V isual C++为开发工具,结合可视化类库VTK,用户可通过图形界面调节不透明值并观察肝脏及其内部管道的空间结构,同时实现交互式调节切割平面以模拟肝脏肿瘤切除术。切割面的动态调节与模拟肝切除术的效果图表明针对具体病人的CT数据进行重建可以直观地展示其三维结构,通过切割的模拟有利于术前规划和选择恰当的手术方位以减少对肝实质和血管的伤害。     

普鲁卡因在肝缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的肝缺血/再灌流损伤的程度直接影响到肝脏手术的预后,因而寻找一种能减轻肝缺血/再灌流损伤的方法。方法肝门阻断45min,通过对大鼠在活体显微镜下不同时间点肝血窦血流速度及血管管径变化的观察及肝组织的病理切片检查,观察普鲁卡因对大鼠肝脏血管支配神经的控制。结果肝门结扎前用2％普鲁卡因封闭,白细胞的浸润程度明显减轻,血流速度得到改善。结论普鲁卡因对控制改善肝缺血/再灌流损伤起积极作用。     

一种LDL选择性吸附剂的制备及其血液相容性研究

目的制备一种对低密度脂蛋白(LDL)的选择性吸附效率高且血液相容性良好的LDL选择性医用吸附材料.方法以聚阴离子物质肝素为配基,并将之共价固定到载体聚乙烯醇的表面上制得一种低密度脂蛋白LDL选择性医用吸附材料.在体外循环实验中,1份该吸附材料与4份人高脂混合血浆(2份人高脂血浆 2份弱碱性缓冲稀释液相混合而得)动/静态接触半小时以上后,测定其对LDL的吸附率.此外对该吸附材料进行了溶血性能、凝血性能及血小板黏附性能考察.结果在体外循环实验中测得该材料对LDL的选择性吸附效率达到60%左右,具有较高的选择吸附性能,且本吸附材料溶血率＜5%,对血小板几乎无粘附,表明本吸附材料具有良好的血液相容性.结论该材料对LDL具有良好的特异性吸附性能且血液相容性良好,可望开发为一种低密度脂蛋白的血液净化医用吸附材料.     

基于无网格的软组织切割模型的研究进展

具备支持实时交互能力的软组织切割模型对于虚拟手术仿真系统具有至关重要的意义。传统的软组织切割模型多基于网格建立,将软组织切割过程建模为手术刀具与软组织几何模型之间的网格切割计算,并在此基础上建立和求解生物力学方程以描述切割过程。由于网格切割计算代价高且软组织切割过程中涉及到复杂的生物力学问题,很难实现实时交互,严重影响了虚拟手术仿真效果。与此相反,基于无网格的软组织切割模型打破了网格限制,在触觉/视觉逼真度和实时性方面都具有很大优势。文中从力反馈和视觉反馈的渲染质量和速度等方面,就基于无网格的软组织切割模型的研究现状进行了概述,对存在的问题进行了分析和总结,并对未来的发展方向进行展望。     

有限元分析评估尾部悬吊大鼠股骨力学性能的研究

研究三维有限元分析对于尾部悬吊大鼠骨骼力学性能的评估能力。基于10根尾部悬吊大鼠股骨的CT图象序列,三维重建股骨的几何模型并转换为有限元网格,根据CT值与骨骼材料特性关系设置各向同性和正交各向异性材料特性,施加三点弯曲实验的边界条件进行有限元分析,用最大等效Von Mises应力和总体应变能的结果与骨密度进行回归分析。结果表明,正交各向异性模型与骨密度在最大等效Von Mises应力（R=0.907,P〈0.001）和总体应变能（R=0.827,P〈0.01）两种情况下均具有良好线性关系。因此,基于CT数据的三维有限元分析可以精确描述骨骼的力学性能,能够用于评估大鼠尾部悬吊实验结果。     

猪动脉血管的力学性能分析

目的分析不同部位动脉血管力学性能的差异,以及不同测试方法对实验结果的影响。方法根据动脉血管自身的形状特点设计独特的夹具,分别对猪胸主动脉和颈总动脉进行管状轴向/径向和片状轴向/环向方向的单轴拉伸测试,并对其力学非线性开展数据拟合分析。结果动脉血管在管状状态下拉伸获得的力学性能要强于片状状态下的拉伸结果,数值结果的差异还会随着血管管径的变小而愈加显著。结论实验结果提供了更加全面可靠的血管力学参数,为血管有限元模型和本构关系的构建提供有利数据支撑,指导组织工程血管移植物的设计制造,同时也有利于研究分析某些血管疾病潜在的病理生理,为疾病的临床治疗呈现更好的治疗效果。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

État de l’art : nouveaux anticoagulants et transfusion

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are indicated for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. As any anticoagulant, they are associated with a bleeding risk. Management of DOAC-induced bleeding is challenging. Idarucizumab, antidote for dabigatran, is currently available and is part of the therapeutic strategy, whereas antidotes for anti-Xa agents are under development. Activated or non-activated prothrombin concentrates are proposed, although their efficacy to reverse DOAC is uncertain. We propose an update on DOAC-associated bleeding management, integrating the availability of idarucizumab and the critical place of DOAC concentration measurements.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.