腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的　探讨腓肠神经伴行血管为蒂逆行岛状皮瓣临床应用。方法　以腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣治疗小腿远端、踝部、足跟及足背部外伤性软组织缺损、瘢痕、溃疡共2 6例。皮瓣切取面积(8cm×5cm)～(14cm×9cm )。结果　经1～2年随访,2 6例皮瓣成活及外形良好。结论　腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣血供可靠,切取简单安全,不损伤主要血管,是修复小腿下段、踝部、足部软组织缺损较好的方法。     

腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣顺行转位修复小腿上段软组织缺损。逆行转住修复小腿中下段及足部软组织缺损的临床应用效果、探讨皮瓣转位面积及血管蒂部的处理方案。方法 在小腿后侧以腓肠神经体表投影为轴心线，设计及切取腓肠神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣，顺行转位修复小腿上段软组织缺损6例，逆行转位修复小腿中下段及足部软组织缺损51例。结果 54例皮瓣完全成活,3例皮瓣远端部分坏死，皮下组织成活，经植皮愈合，经随访皮瓣外观、质地、功能良好。结论 腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣血供可靠，操作简单，可以修复胫前区、踝部及足部跖骨中段近侧软组织缺损。     

远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用体会

目的探究远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用要点。方法对20例因小腿下段、踝周及足部皮肤缺损而采用远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复的病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果20例中有3例出现远端边缘坏死，其余全部成活，皮瓣质地优良，外观及功能满意。结论本皮瓣成活率高，操作简便，不牺牲主干血管，是修复小腿胫前、踝周及足部软组织缺损的理想方法。应用时不切断蒂部皮肤并采用明道转移。     

远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣与肌皮瓣的临床应用与改进

目的:报道应用远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣,肌皮瓣修复小腿下段及足踝部软组织缺损的可行性安全性和临床效果。方法:对42例以远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管(肌)皮瓣修复小腿下段及足踝部不同原因所致软组织缺损病例进行总结分析。本组男36例,女6例;年龄最大75岁、最小6岁;皮瓣最大面积17.0cm×15.0cm,最小6.0cm×5.0cm,其中12例皮瓣面积在10.0cm×10.0cm以上;6例设计为肌皮瓣(腓肠肌外侧头),肌瓣最大为10.0cm×7.0cm×2.0cm,最小为6.0cm×5.0cm×1.0cm。结果:所有病例术后皆出现不同程度的皮瓣肿胀,暗道较明道者明显。2例大皮瓣经行小隐静脉远端结扎仍出现肿胀、色暗,皮瓣近侧1/3坏死。皮瓣边缘坏死3例,换药治愈。部分坏死需行植皮者3例。36例术后伤口I期愈合,骨外露软件组织缺损覆盖修复满意,6例II期愈合,其中糖尿病,地中海贫血各一例。结论:(1)远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣转位修复小腿下1/3及足踝部缺损创面,极有临床实用价值;(2)设计切取腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复小腿及足踝填充感染创腔是可行的;(3)但对其皮瓣及所携带的肌瓣究竟切取多大面积是安全的、肌瓣的血运机理以及远端蒂筋膜皮瓣中小隐静脉干是否结扎,何处结扎等问题仍有待进一步研究。     

皮神经营养血管蒂皮瓣修复小腿及足部软组缺损

目的探讨和总结下肢皮神经营养血管蒂皮瓣在修复下肢软组织缺损创面中的临床应用效果。方法采用下肢皮神经营养血管蒂皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损34例患者（35例皮瓣）,其中腓肠神经营养血管蒂皮瓣17例,腓肠外侧皮神经营养血管蒂皮瓣5例,腓浅神经营养血管蒂皮瓣3例,小腿内侧隐神经营养血管蒂皮瓣7例,足背内侧隐神经终末支营养血管蒂皮瓣3例。结果术后有2例皮瓣出现远端部分小面积坏死（分别为1.0cm×0.5cm,0.8cm×0.6cm）,其余皮瓣全部成活,在3个月~2年的随访中,皮瓣质地良好,下肢行走功能恢复良好,但皮瓣的感觉功能重建效果欠佳。结论下肢皮神经营养血管蒂皮瓣切取方便,皮瓣成活率较高,非常适用于肢体远端,尤其是下肢皮肤软组织缺损的修复,具有较高的临床使用价值。     

腓肠神经伴行营养血管皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损36例

1999年1月至2005年12月我们共收治各种原因引起的足部软组织部分缺损89例，分别采用了大隐静脉蒂岛状皮瓣、腓肠神经伴行营养血管蒂皮瓣、足底内侧血管蒂皮瓣、足底外侧血管蒂皮瓣、踝后双桥式皮瓣、植皮修复等不同的方法，其中应用腓肠神经伴行营养血管皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损36例，33例获得成功，3例失败。我们希望通过对36例腓肠神经伴行营养血管皮瓣移植修复足部软组织缺损成败原因的分析，吸取经验和教训，提高腓肠神经伴行营养血管皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损的成功率。[第一段]     

腓肠神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损

目的 探讨腓肠神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣治疗足部皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 根据足部皮肤软组织缺损的形状、面积设计腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣,旋转点最低在外踝尖上5cm,修复15例创面.结果 术后15例皮瓣全部成活,其中1例皮瓣远端小片皮肤坏死,经换药后愈合.结论 腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣成活率高,感觉恢复好,皮肤质量较好,切取简便,创伤小,效果好,是修复足部较大面积皮肤软组织缺损的一种理想皮瓣.     

远端蒂腓肠神经筋膜肌皮瓣的血管解剖与临床应用

目的:介绍远端蒂腓肠神经筋膜肌皮瓣的血管解剖学基础与临床应用经验。方法:解剖6个小腿灌注标本,重点观察腓肠神经血管轴与腓肠肌内外侧头肌支和肌皮穿支之间的交通吻合。结果:在腓肠神经穿出深筋膜前(筋膜下段),腓肠神经血管轴与两侧的腓肠肌肌支间各有2～4个吻合。在穿出深筋膜后(筋膜上段),与两侧的腓肠肌肌皮穿支间各有2～3个吻合。在腓肠肌腱腹交界(约为小腿中点)的近侧2～4cm内,恒定有1～3支肌皮穿支血管与腓肠神经血管轴相交通。据此,临床上设计切取以腓动脉最远侧肌间隔穿支血管供血的腓肠神经筋膜蒂腓肠肌皮瓣,修复3例伴有死腔和骨髓炎感染的小腿下1/3段和足踝创面,筋膜皮瓣面积10～12cm×5～6cm,其深层的肌肉6～8cm×4～6cm,皮瓣完全成活。结论:远端蒂腓肠神经筋膜肌皮瓣,血供可靠,转移方便,是修复小腿下段和足踝部伴有死腔或骨髓炎创面的好方法。     

逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复外踝皮肤缺损的临床应用分析

目的探讨逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复外踝部皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果。方法 2008年11月至2011年11月,潍坊市益都中心医院手足外科应用逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复外踝部皮肤软组织缺损27例,软组织缺损面积2cm×4cm～9cm×14cm。结果随访4～24个月,皮瓣全部成活25例,皮瓣切取面积3cm×4cm～10cm×15cm,其中皮瓣边缘部分坏死2例,皮瓣外观满意。结论逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣手术操作简便,易于切取,不需要牺牲小腿主要血管,适合修复足踝小面积的软组织缺损。     

穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复外踝部皮肤缺损

目的　报道利用穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复对外踝部皮肤软组织缺损。 方法 利用便携式多普勒超声仪,在创缘周围探测腓动脉发出的穿支,以其中最合适的穿支为旋转点及血管蒂,沿腓浅神经轴线切取穿支蒂皮瓣逆向转位修复外踝部伴有肌腱及骨外露的创面。 结果　本组9例,男6例,女3例;年龄20～45岁,平均32岁;皮肤软组织缺损面积为3 cm×5 cm～7 cm×11 cm;皮瓣切取面积为4 cm×6 cm～8 cm×12 cm。皮瓣存活良好,颜色正常,修复效果好。平均随访两个月,患者步态正常,无疼痛,但其中2例患者抱怨小腿外侧区及足背有麻木感。 结论　穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣设计灵活,切取方便,血供可靠,适于修复外踝部的皮肤软组织缺损创面,是一种皮神经营养血管皮瓣与穿支蒂皮瓣相结合的优良皮瓣。     

大鼠异体神经移植后再生神经生物力学性质研究

用Ｗｉｓｔａｒ鼠作为实验模型,切下１ｃｍ坐骨神经,再用同系Ｗｉｓｔａｒ鼠坐骨神经异体桥接,修复坐骨神经的缺损,术后２４周对Ｗｉｓｔａｒ鼠的手术侧与正常侧用指标抗张强度与弹性模量（ε＝１０％）进行测试,辅以电镜,光镜观察。     

Masseteric nerve: A possible donor for facial nerve anastomosis?

In the medical treatment of facial nerve paralysis a large number of different techniques have been developed to restore the function of the facial nerve. These include (a) the ipsilateral nerve grafting (e.g., partial hypoglossal-facial, spinal accessory-facial, partial glossopharyngeal-facial), (b) crossfacial nerve grafting and (c) temporal muscle flaps or even free muscle transfers. None of these techniques uses the masseteric nerve as a graft for reconstruction of the facial nerve. This preliminary report deals with the anatomical basis, which could lead to a new technique. The masseteric nerve leaves the infratemporal fossa through the mandibular notch, accompanied by the masseteric artery. At this level the nerve consists in nine of 36 cases studied of only one branch (25.0%), in 17 cases of two branches (47.0%), in nine cases of three (25.0%), and in the remaining case of four branches (2.8%). There are three main reasons for considering the masseteric nerve as a possible donor for at least the orbicular branch of the facial nerve: (1) The approach to the mandibular notch is quite simple; (2) since the nerve consists of two or more branches in 75.0% of the cases, severe dysfunction of the masseter muscle should not occur; (3) if there is complete denervation of the masseter muscle, its function may be taken over by the temporalis muscle. Clin. Anat. 11:396–400, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

bFGF对同种异体神经移植后周围神经再生的影响

目的 :探讨bFGF对同种异体神经移植后周围神经再生的影响。方法 :将反复冻融的大鼠神经移植于另一大鼠的坐骨神经 ,实验组注射bFGF 1 0 0u/d共 1 0d ,对照组注射生理盐水 1 0d。术后大鼠存活 1 2周 ,光镜下用体视学方法测试再生神经纤维的面数密度 (NA)、面积密度 (AA)、横切面面积 (AE)、脊髓前角运动细胞和脊神经节细胞的体密度 (VV)、数密度 (NV)。结果 :两组均可见再生神经纤维长入异体移植神经并向远段延伸。实验组再生神经纤维的NA、AA、脊髓前角运动细胞和脊神经节细胞的VV、NV 与对照组的比较 ,有显著性差异。结论 :bFGF能促进周围神经再生 ,对脊髓前角运动细胞和脊神经节细胞的存活有保护作用。     

Intramuscular Martin-Gruber anastomosis

The incidence and morphology of the intramuscular Martin-Gruber anastomosis are presented based on the study of 118 human cadavers (55 male, 63 female). The Martin-Gruber anastomosis was found in 25 (21.2%) of the 118 cadavers. It occurred in 11 (20%) of the 55 male cadavers (4 bilateral, 7 unilateral; 5 left and 2 right) and in 14 (22.2%) of the 63 female cadavers (2 bilateral, 12 unilateral; 8 left and 4 right). Therefore, the Martin-Gruber anastomosis was found in 31 (13.1%) of the 236 upper limbs. According to a recent classification (Rodríguez-Niedenführ et al., 2000), pattern I was found in 29 cases (93.5%), corresponding to Type A in 13 (41.9%), Type B in 3 (9.7%) and Type C in 13 (41.9%), whereas pattern II was found in 2 cases (6.5%), both being a duplication of Type IC. Intramuscular Martin-Gruber anastomosis was a single anastomosis that originated in all cases from the anterior interosseous nerve (pattern IC) and then passed through a muscle bundle of the flexor digitorum profundus and behind the ulnar artery to join the ulnar nerve as a single connecting branch. It did not send branches to the flexor digitorum profundus. This intramuscular course was observed in 3 of the 13 cases of Type C anastomosis (23.1%) or 3 cases out of 31 Martin-Gruber anastomoses (10%).     

Sural-tibial nerve communications in humans

We investigated the occurrence of a communication between the sural and tibial nerves in 49 legs of 28 Japanese cadavers. In front of the calcanean tendon, we found the communication in 7 legs (14.3%) or in 5 cadavers (18.9%). The sural nerve gave rise to a number of medial and lateral branches, including the lateral calcanean branch at the lateral side of the ankle. The communicating branch with the tibial nerve arose from the first medial branch and pierced the deep fascia of the leg. In 4 cases, the U-shaped communication was formed between the sural and tibial nerves, and in 3 cases, the Y-shaped communication. Electrophysiologi-cal evidence of an anomalous motor function of the sural nerve has been reported recently. We consider that the U-shaped communication between the sural and tibial nerves gives a morphological basis to the motor function of the sural nerve.     

Martin-Gruber anastomosis revisited

Based on a study of 70 human cadavers (31 male, 39 female) and on cases described previously, we propose a new classification of the Martin-Gruber anastomosis, a neural connection between the median and ulnar nerves in the forearm. The anastomosis was found in 16 (22.9%) cadavers, being bilateral in three (18.7%) and unilateral in 13 (81.3%), five right and eight left. It occurred in eight (25.8%) of the 31 male cadavers and in eight (20.5%) of the 39 females. Therefore, the anastomosis was found in 19 (13.6%) of the 140 forearms. In Pattern I (89.5%) the anastomosis was made by only one branch, whereas in Pattern II (10.5%) it was made by two. The individual branches were classified as Types a, b, and c based on the nature of their origin from the median nerve. Type a (47.3%) arose from the branch to the superficial forearm flexor muscles, Type b (10.6%) from the common trunk, and Type c (31.6%) from the anterior interosseous nerve. Pattern II was a duplication of Type c (10.5%). The anastomotic branch took an oblique or arched course before joining the ulnar nerve, undivided in 15 cases, but divided into two branches in four cases. The anastomosis passed in front of the ulnar artery in four cases, behind it in six, and in nine cases it was related to the anterior ulnar recurrent artery.     

The normal and variant clinical anatomy of the sensory supply of the orbit

Orbital and retro‐orbital pain are relatively common clinical conditions that are associated with such disorders as trigeminal, lacrimal, and ciliary neuralgia, cluster headaches, paroxysmal hemicrania, inflammatory orbital pseudotumor, trochleitis, and herpetic neuralgia ophthalmicus, thus making the nerves supplying the orbit of great clinical importance. Surprisingly, how pain from this region reaches conscious levels is enigmatic. Classically, it has been assumed that pain reaches the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (V₁) and travels to the descending spinal trigeminal nucleus. However, exactly where the receptors for orbital pain are located and how impulses reach V₁ is speculative. In this project, we reviewed all of the reported connections between the orbital nerves and V₁ in order to understand how pain from this region is transmitted to the brain. We found reported neural connections to exist between cranial nerve (CN) V₁ and CNs III, IV, and VI within the orbit, as well as direct neural branches to extra‐ocular muscles from the nasociliary, frontal, and supraorbital nerves. We also found reported neural connections to exist between the presumed carotid plexus and CN VI and CN V₁, CN VI and CN V₁ and V₂, and between CN V₁ and CN III, all within the cavernous sinus. Whether or not these connections are sympathetic or sensory or some combination of both connections remains unclear. An understanding of the variability and frequency of these neural connections could lead to safer surgical procedures of the orbit and effective treatments for patients with orbital pain. Clin. Anat. 27:169–175, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

神经生长因子对周围神经损伤后再生和修复的实验研究

手术切除５ｍｍ兔的尺神经，在两断端间连接肌桥并套装硅胶管，形成一个封闭腔，向腔内注入神经生长因子。间隔不同时间取尺神经桥接区、桥接区近段、远段、尺神经的脊髓投射节段和相应脊神经节，用光镜和电镜观察神经溃变和再生情况并作图像分析；用酶标示踪和电生理方法检测神经通路的重建状况。结果显示，周围神经离断后，肌束桥接并用硅胶管套装后注入外源性神经生长因子，可明显地促进离断神经的再生和修复。     

骨间前神经转位重建鱼际肌功能

前臂或腕部正中神经断裂,直接吻合后鱼际肌功能的恢复常常令人失望,为了解决这一难题,本文在120侧成人上肢解剖学研究的基础上,采用骨间前神经转位术修复鱼际肌支9侧,获得成功.     

红白肌纤维为肌桥缝接狗神经缺损的实验形态学研究

目的 :试图从作肌桥的肌肉条件 (红、白肌、长、短肌纤维和肌纤维排列等 )方面 ,能探讨出最适宜神经再生长条件的肌肉 ,作为临床应用的肌桥。方法 :根据文献肌纤维分型记载和本实验用SDH染色 ,确定的的红白肌纤维肌桥 ,再分别给狗股神经和正中神经缺损 3cm外缝接上 ,待术后 3 0 0d ,切取桥接神经部位 ,并将它分成神经近段、肌桥段、神经远段和远、近端缝合段五个部分。常规制成光电镜标本最后镜下观察和Luzex -F图像分析仪测定。结果 :红肌纤维为主的肌桥明显较白肌纤维为肌桥的再生效果好 (P <0 .0 5 )特别是缝匠肌尾侧部 (红肌纤维为主 )为肌桥更明显较其颅侧部 (白肌纤维为主 )的神经纤维再生数量多 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :并非机体肌肉为肌桥都有同样神经再生效果 ,缝匠肌尾侧部可能是一个适宜神经再生条件的肌肉。