基于多层Mumford-Shah向量模型的彩色视乳头图像杯盘重建、分割与度量

基于多层Mumford-Shah向量值图像分割、去噪与重建模型(HMSMv)和光滑样条曲线拟合技术,提出了一种用于计算机辅助青光眼诊断的视乳头图像视杯和视盘重建、分割与度量的新方法。首先,采用HMSMv分割和重建视杯和视盘;然后,基于重建的视乳头图像,结合青光眼视乳头图像杯、盘的先验知识,提取视杯和视盘特征矩形和边缘特征点;最后,采用光滑样条曲线拟合技术,重建被血管遮挡的视杯和视盘部分边缘,并计算杯盘比等病理特征参数值。不同青光眼病人的视乳头图像杯盘重建、分割与度量实验结果表明,该方法能克服噪声污染、血管遮挡、光照不均匀、对比度小、个体间差异大等视网膜图像分割中固有的困难,并有效重建、分割与度量青光眼彩色视乳头图像中的视杯和视盘。     

The in vivo 3D Optic Nerve Head Modeling Based on Human Multimodality Images

Introduction: The human optic nerve head(ONH) is vulnerable to the damage in glaucomatous high intraocular pressure (IOP). In order to analyze the human ONH head stress and deformation in high IOP, an in vivo three-dimensional (3D) ONH model was reconstructed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) images and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images. Materials and Methods: A human eye was scanned by MRI and OCT in serial imaging protocol. The sclera and ONH were segmented from the images, and 3D models were reconstructed by multimodality image registration. Through the morphological segmentation, part of lamina cribrosa (LC) was acquired and reconstructed in combination with the ONH and sclera. Results: The models of ONH and sclera were got, the part of LC was included in the model. In the analysis of FEM, the ONH was compressed and the cup/disk ratio was changed obviously in high glaucomatous IOP. Discussion: This study described a method to build a 3D in vivo ONH model by image processing. It can be used in biomechanical analysis, and provide the stress state of ONH for the research about the fundus damage of glaucoma.     

亚像素断层图像配准数据集的建立

目的针对数字化冰冻铣切断层图像的特点,探讨一种实用的高精度图像配准方法,建立基于数字化断层图像的亚像素级配准数据集。方法采用冰冻铣切技术获取成年男性头颈标本的冰冻连续断层图像,在M atlab软件中自动提取定标点图像特征,采用基于2点的刚体变换算法实现图像的自动配准。结果配准后图像定标点与基准配准点的误差小于1个像素,达到亚像素水平。结论采用外定标的图像配准算法可建立亚像素级的配准数据集,定位标记物的准确识别是获得亚像素级配准数据集的保证。     

一种眼底视盘图像的自动分割方法

本文研究了基于计算机图像处理技术的眼底视盘图像的自动分割方法。首先获取视盘图像的红基色图像,然后根据红基色图像中视盘的明显的边沿特征实现视盘的自动分割。一幅具体的眼底图像实验证明了本方法的可行性。     

Image Registration Based on Improved Mutual Information with Hybrid Optimizer

An improved image registration method is proposed based on mutual infor- mation with hybrid optimizer. Firstly, mutual information measure is combined with morphological gradient information. The essence of the gradient information is that locations a large gradient magnitude should be aligned, but also the orientation of the gradients at those locations should be similar. Secondly, a hybrid optimizer combined PSO with Powell algorithm is proposed to restrain local maxima of mutual information function and improve the registration accuracy to sub-pixel level. Lastly, muhlresolution data structure based on Mallat decomposition can not only improve the behavior of registration function, but also improve the speed of the algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that the new method can yield good registration result, superior to traditional optimizer with respect to smoothness and attraction basin as well as convergence speed.     

三维有限元模型力学分析可预测视乳头的形状变化

背景：视乳头形状变化的准确测量及预测是青光眼的早期诊断及病程预测的关键,因此高眼压下视乳头形状的测量与分析具有重要意义。 目的：建立视乳头三维有限元模型,并分析急性高眼压下视乳头形状及视网膜厚度的变化。 方法：利用前房灌注的方法建立急性高眼压动物模型,利用光相干断层扫描仪获得猫在正常眼压及5 320,    7 980,10 640,13 300,15 960 Pa眼压时的断层图片,测量视网膜特征点处厚度的变化;基于正常眼压猫眼视乳头的断层数据,利用MIMICS软件获得视网膜及脉络膜的三维结构,并进行组装获得视乳头三维模型;利用有限元软件ABAQUS分析高眼压状态下视乳头的形状变化及视网膜厚度变化,并与实验测试结果进行比较。 结果与结论：随着眼压的升高,发现视网膜厚度逐渐变薄,视乳头深度及视乳头宽度均逐渐增加,视乳头宽度与深度的比值也逐渐增加。提示急性高眼压导致视网膜变薄,视乳头宽度增大,视乳头深度增大。结果证明,利用光学相干断层扫描仪进行活体视乳头建模和分析是可行的,力学分析可预测视乳头的形状变化,对进一步确定青光眼的病理进程有一定的指导意义。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程全文链接：     

影像纠正在下颌骨CT切片三维重建中的应用

将切片图像准确地对齐 ,是连续切片三维重建的重要步骤 ,它直接影响着重建结果和参数计算的准确性 ,目前这个问题还没有很好的解决方法。本文以下颌骨 CT切片图像三维重建为例 ,在硬定位的基础上提出了基于仿射变换和广义霍夫变换的软定位方法 ,利用控制点 ,来进行定位处理 ,取得了较好的效果。实验结果表明 ,该方法定位精度高 ,重建图像失真度很小     

基于互信息的2D-3D医学图像配准

介绍一种基于互信息的2D-3D医学图像配准方法，将此方法用于X线透射图(由DRR模拟)与CT体数据的配准，对具体实现方法进行了探讨，用数据采样和灰度级压缩的方法对体数据进行预处理，通过改变平行光入射角度，计算不同方向的DRR图像，用互信息方法配准DRR图像，得到了较好的2D-3D图像配准效果。     

Experimental injury of the optic nerve with optic disc swelling.

An ultrastructural study utilizing horseradish peroxidase was performed to determine the mechanism and consequences of leakage of vascular protein following injury of the optic nerve. Unilateral optic nerve injuries were produced in four rhesus monkeys by making a cautery lesion on the retrobulbar portion of the optic nerve. Optic disc changes were followed with stereo fundus photography and fluorescein angiography. Three to 14 days after injury horseradish peroxidase was given intravenously and the tissue was prepared for electron microscopy, including serial sections of selected tissue blocks. Fundus photography and fluorescein angiography showed edema of the optic disc in two animals. There was leakage of horseradish peroxidase into the optic nerve head from the optic nerve lesion and the peripapillary choriocapillaris. Although the pathway of horseradish peroxidase leakage in the injured optic nerve was not entirely clear, serial sections indicated intraendothelial channels as one possible route. Alterations of the optic nerve head were confined to the axon segments anterior to the injury, and included aggregation of mitochondria, disruption of neurotubules, and swelling. These findings suggest that optic nerve injury produces damming of axoplasmic flow and that swelling of the optic nerve head is the result of axon enlargement.     

Phase retardation measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer by polarization-sensitive spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and scanning laser polarimetry

Phase retardation of in vivo human retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) is quantitatively measured by two methods--polarization-sensitive spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (PS-SD-OCT) and scanning laser polarimetry (SLP). An en face cumulative phase retardation map is calculated from the three-dimensional (3-D) phase retardation volume of healthy and glaucomatous eyes measured by PS-SD-OCT. It is shown that the phase retardation curves around the optic nerve head measured by PS-SD-OCT and SLP have similar values except near the retinal blood vessels. PS-SD-OCT can measure the cumulative phase retardation of RNFL as well as SLP, which will allow the evaluation of RNFL for glaucomatous eyes.     

Use of simulated annealing for optimization of alignment parameters in limited MRI acquisition volumes of the brain

Studies suggest that clinical outcomes are improved in repeat trigeminal neuralgia (TN) Gamma Knife radiosurgery if a different part of the nerve from the previous radiosurgery is treated. The MR images taken in the first and repeat radiosurgery need to be coregistered to map the first radiosurgery volume onto the second treatment planning image. We propose a fully automatic and robust three-dimensional (3-D) mutual information- (MI-) based registration method engineered by a simulated annealing (SA) optimization technique. Commonly, Powell's method and Downhill simplex (DS) method are most popular in optimizing the MI objective function in medical image registration applications. However, due to the nonconvex property of the MI function, robustness of those two methods is questionable, especially for our cases, where only 28 slices of MR T1 images were utilized. Our SA method obtained successful registration results for all the 41 patients recruited in this study. On the other hand, Powell's method and the DS method failed to provide satisfactory registration for 11 patients and 9 patients, respectively. The overlapping volume ratio (OVR) is defined to quantify the degree of the partial volume overlap between the first and second MR scan. Statistical results from a logistic regression procedure demonstrated that the probability of a success of Powell's method tends to decrease as OVR decreases. The rigid registration with Powell's or the DS method is not suitable for the TN radiosurgery application, where OVR is likely to be low. In summary, our experimental results demonstrated that the MI-based registration method with the SA optimization technique is a robust and reliable option when the number of slices in the imaging study is limited.     

利用边缘和表面特征实现脑图像CT-MR的自动配准

应用基于CT和MR图像等值特征表面的配准算法对多模医学图像进行了配准研究.在CT、MR图像中提取等值特征表面,进行图像的几何对准,并对结果进行初步评估,同时对该算法的稳健性,搜索最近点策略和插值策略进行了研究.结果表明:这种方法能够达到亚象素级的配准精度,是一种稳健、高精度、全自动的配准方法.     

Optic nerve damage in shaken baby syndrome: detection by beta-amyloid precursor protein immunohistochemistry

BACKGROUND: Rapid acceleration-deceleration of an infant's head during intentional shaking should in theory exert stretch or shear forces upon the optic nerves sufficient to cause axonal injury. beta-Amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) immunohistochemistry recently has been shown to be a highly effective method for identifying diffuse axonal injury in the brains of infants with shaken baby syndrome. In this study, we investigated the utility of beta-APP in identifying optic nerve damage in infants who have sustained fatal whiplash shaking. MATERIALS AND METHODS: beta-Amyloid precursor protein immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of eyes (including optic disc and distal optic nerve) from infants less than 1 year of age with shaken baby syndrome (5 cases), combined shaken baby syndrome/blunt head trauma (3 cases), and "pure" blunt head trauma (1 case). Nontraumatic control cases included infants who died of suffocation (1 case), sudden infant death syndrome (1 case), and positional asphyxia (1 case) and an enucleation from a child with a retinoblastoma (1 case). Matched hematoxylin-eosin-and neurofilament-stained sections were used for comparison. RESULTS: Three of the 5 shaken baby cases and all 3 combined shaken baby/blunt head trauma cases had optic nerve axonal injury identified by the presence of strongly beta-APP-immunoreactive beaded or swollen axonal segments. Axonal injury could not be detected in the corresponding hematoxylin-eosin-or neurofilament-stained sections. Optic nerve axonal injury was not seen in the case involving pure blunt head trauma or in the nontraumatic control cases. CONCLUSIONS: Optic nerve axonal injury is a prominent feature of intentional fatal whiplash head trauma in infants less than 1 year of age. beta-Amyloid protein precursor immunohistochemistry appears to be the most effective method for demonstrating axonal damage in the optic nerve.     

基于三次样条层间插值的多模态医学图像配准

我们从PET-CT多模态图像序列的特点出发,提出了一种全新的图像配准及融合方法,它采用三次样条插值法对PET-CT图像进行层间插值,然后再利用最大互信息法进行配准,最后应用改进的主成分分析(PCA)法融合PET-CT图像用以增强PET显像效果,从而得到满意的配准以及融合结果。用三次样条插值法进行层间插值并恢复层间缺失图像的信息,弥补了现有配准方法的不足,提高了配准精度,使融合后的图像更加接近实际的物理断层。该方法已经成功应用于三维适形放疗(3D-CRT)系统的开发中。     

基于图像非线性配准的MRI几何失真校正

采用图像非线性配准的方法,对MRI存在的几何失真进行校正,先选取与MRI具有共同解剖结构且基本无几何失真的CT图像,作为配准校正的目标基准图像,将MRI与CT图像进行刚体配准,然后采用人工选点的方法,寻找CT图像和MRI中的对应标记点集,用改进的弹体样条函数进行全局非线性配准.结果表明:弹体样条变换具有较强的非线性校正能力,较好地实现了二维MRI的几何失真校正.我们采用的变换模型有效可行,并可用于三维失真图像的校正.     

基于神经网络的双X射线影像2D-3D配准算法

针对基于迭代优化的传统2D-3D医学图像配准算法运行速度慢，难以达到实时配准的要求，本研究提出一种实时2D-3D配准方法。通过将空间刚体变换参数分解到两个平面上，将2D-3D配准简化为两个步骤，包含2D-2D近似刚体配准与单参数2D-3D刚体配准。同时利用深度卷积神经网络拟合患者X射线影像残差与其对应姿态差异间的非线性映射关系，从X-DRR图像对的残差回归出空间刚体变换参数。经由头颅CT数据训练后的网络，在0.04 s内完成了高精度的双X射线配准。本研究提出的配准方法满足了放疗过程中进行实时2D-3D配准工作的要求。     

基于B样条的弹性配准在放疗CT图像间配准的应用

目的:应用B样条弹性模型研究肿瘤患者放疗前CT图像与放疗后CT图像之间的弹性配准。方法:利用B样条自由弹性模型(free-form deformations,FFD),以灰度差平方和(Sum of Squared Differences,SSD)为相似性测度函数,通过基于多分辨率的B样条弹性配准方法对同一患者放疗前与放疗后的CT图像进行配准。结果:图像通过高斯滤波处理,应用B样条弹性模型,得到较为理想的弹性配准实验结果。结论:基于B样条的CT与CT图像弹性配准可以较好地建模放疗前与放疗后肿瘤区域的形变,为临床分析肿瘤的变化提供支持。     

CT-MRI automatic surface-based registration schemes combining global and local optimization techniques.

Medical image registration is commonly required in order to combine the complementary information provided by different medical imaging modalities. In this paper, a new automatic registration scheme is proposed to register 3-D CT-MR head images and is currently tested on a clinical environment. The proposed scheme, after the preprocessing and the outer surface extraction of the data, is based on the use the rigid transformation method, in conjunction with a combination of global and local optimization techniques. Analytically, the paper exploits the optimization efficiency of three widely used optimization techniques, in obtaining the parameters of the rigid transformation model: the Downhill Simplex Method, the Genetic Algorithms and the Simulated Annealing. These optimization techniques are further combined by the sequential application of the Powell optimization method in order to refine the registration and increase its accuracy. A comparative study involving these optimization techniques in conjunction with the rigid transformation, and two other methods, the ICP and the manual methods, is also presented, for a sufficient number of clinical CT-MR brain images. Finally, quantitative and qualitative results are also presented to validate the performance of these automatic surface-based registration schemes, in terms of consistency and accuracy. Throughout of this study, the automatic registration scheme comprising of the rigid transformation in conjunction with the Simulated Annealing method sequentially combined with the Powell method has been performed superior regarding all the other compared registration schemes.     

基于B样条的医学图像弹性配准

为解决医学图像上的形变和偏移,本研究采用基于B样条自由形变的配准方法.建立一个由控制点组成的网格,并将其套用在待配准图像上,得到初始控制网格参数.以梯度下降法为优化算法,以SSD测度为相似性测度,不断修正该参数,参数的改变将引起控制点最近邻4×4控制网格内所有的像素点发生移动,移动后的坐标位置由B样条拟合得到.以双线性插值为插值算法,计算出该位置的灰度值,该位置相对于配准后图像,等同于像素点移动前的位置映射到参考图像相对应的位置,当配准后图像与参考图像对应位置的灰度差异度达到最小时,就达到图像的最佳配准.实验结果表明,该算法配准结果满意,从而验证了本研究算法的有效性.     

The retinal axon's pathfinding to the optic disk

Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons travel in radial routes unerringly toward the optic disk, their first intermediate target in the center of the eye. The path of the RGC growth cone is restricted to a narrow zone subjacent to the endfeet of Müller glial cells and the vitreal basal lamina. The present survey indicates that RGC growth cones are guided by many molecular cues along their pathway which are recognized by receptors on their surface. Growth-promoting molecules on Müller glial endfeet and in the basal lamina assist growth cones in maintaining contact with these elements. The repellant character of deeper retinal laminae discourages them from escaping the RGC axon layer. Cell adhesion/recognition proteins enable growth cones to fasciculate with preformed axons in their vicinity. It is still unclear whether the optic disk emits long range guidance components which enable the growth cones to steer toward it. Recent evidence in fish indicates the existence of an axonal receptor (neurolin) for a guidance component of unknown identity. Receptor blockade causes RGC axons to course in aberrant routes before they reach the disk. At the disk, axons receive signals to exit the retina. Contact with netrin-1 at the optic disk/nerve head encourages growth cones to turn into the nerve. This response requires the axonal netrin receptor DCC, laminin-1, beta-integrin and most likely the UNC5H netrin receptors which convert the growth encouraging signal into a repulsive one which drives growth cones into the nerve.