三维适形及调强放疗摆位误差分析

目的：测定和分析三维适形及调强放疗的摆位误差，并依此计算CTV外扩PTV边界的大小。方法：对2007年5月～6月的162例患者的摆位误差进行测定。体位固定头颈部采用头模或头颈肩模，胸、腹部采用负压袋。每例患者第一次治疗前及以后的每周都在加速器上拍摄正、侧位等中心验证片各一张．与治疗计划系统中的DRR片比较．计算出摆位误差。CTV到PTV外扩边界的大小由公式2．5∑＋0.7σ计算得出，其中∑为系统误差。仃为随机误差。结果：由公式得出我科外扩PTV的理论边界分别为：头颈部X、Y、Z方向各为1．01mm．0．59mm．2．29mm．胸部各方向分别为2．77mm．2．16mm．3．41mm．腹部各方向分别为2．50mm．4．11mm．3．55mm。结论：通过对摆位误差的分析为我科外扩CTV边界提供了理论依据．确定了CTV到PTV外扩边界的大小,使得我科治疗计划的设计更为科学合理.     

乳腺癌根治术后放疗靶区外放边界的分析及验证

目的:回顾性分析乳腺癌根治术后放疗中的摆位误差,由此计算CTV外扩至PTV的外放边界,并通过模拟摆位误差验证此外放边界是否合适。方法:选取接受乳腺癌根治术后放疗的患者40例,其中左乳腺癌患者20例,右乳腺癌患者20例。根据治疗期间采集的CBCT图像确定摆位误差,计算出外扩边界。在TPS中模拟摆位误差,比较在此外扩边界下的剂量学差异。结果:全组患者左右、头脚、腹背方向的摆位误差分别为（2.09±2.48）、（2.57±2.52）和（2.88±2.54） mm;CTV外扩至PTV的边界分别为6.24、7.99、7.17 mm。在此外放边界下模拟摆位误差,CTV的各项剂量学指标无统计学差异,PTV的D95、D98、Dmax、Dmin有统计学差异,健侧乳腺Dmax、Dmean和脊髓Dmax有统计学差异,其他危及器官剂量学指标无统计学差异。在左右和腹背方向模拟摆位误差3 mm时,计划的γ通过率<95%。结论:摆位误差对PTV、脊髓、健侧乳腺的剂量影响较大。与头脚方向相比,剂量分布受左右和腹背方向摆位误差的影响更大。当摆位误差超过3 mm时需要对其进行修正。     

基于电子射野影像系统的鼻咽癌调强放疗摆位误差纠正及其应用

目的:通过电子射野影像系统(EPID)测量、分析鼻咽癌调强放射治疗的摆位误差,为计算临床靶区(CTV)到计划靶区(PTV)扩边值提供依据。方法:30例鼻咽癌患者从首次放疗摆位开始拍摄正位、侧位EPID图像,并与数字重建射线影像(DRR)图像进行融合。以DRR图像计划原点为0,EPID图像摆位原点和DRR原点在各方向差值为各方向摆位误差。若摆位误差超出容许范围,分析原因后进行纠正。治疗过程中每例病人每周进行一次摆位验证;根据CTV到PTV外放公式M_(PTV)=2.5Σ+0.7δ,分别计算患者在头脚、前后及左右方向CTV到PTV扩边值。结果:经过EPID纠正,患者在头脚、前后和左右方向的摆位误差绝对值分别减小至纠正前的59.5%、71.2%和73.6%,结果有统计学意义(P=0.000、0.000和0.000)。CTV到PTV前后、左右、头脚扩边值由纠正前的1.66、2.00、3.11 mm减少为纠正后的1.14、1.50、1.96 mm。结论:在鼻咽癌调强放射治疗中利用EPID可确保患者治疗的准确性,减少CTV到PTV扩边值,使靶区周围的正常组织和危及器官得到最大限度的保护。该结果对柳州市柳铁中心医院CTV到PTV扩边值有较好的参考价值,该研究方法可为不同放疗单位计算CTV到PTV扩边值提供参考。     

胸部肿瘤调强放疗中摆位误差的原因与控制

目的:测定胸部肿瘤在调强放射治疗中的摆位偏差,分析计划设计中从临床靶区到计划靶区的外扩边界。方法:随机抽取115名胸部肿瘤患者,在治疗时用电子射野影像装置拍摄射野片,将射野片和计划系统中的数字重建射野图像片进行误差比较。结果:在左右、头脚、腹背方向的摆位误差分别是(-0.46±0.24)cm,(-0.37±0.08)cm,(-0.42±0.19)cm,外扩边界分别是0.7 cm,0.45 cm,0.61 cm。结论:对于胸部调强放疗的患者,CTV到PTV的外放边界在左右方向需要2.5 mm,头脚方向和腹背方向需要2 mm。     

3DCT联合4DCBCT在中下叶肺癌SABR放疗靶区外放边界中的应用研究

目的:利用四维锥形束CT（4DCBCT）扫描获取放疗靶区摆位误差和呼吸运动误差,计算肿瘤立体定向消融放射治疗（SABR）中计划靶区体积（PTV）外放边界大小。方法:回顾性分析19例中下叶肺癌SABR治疗患者,治疗前4DCBCT扫描,共72次扫描图像。根据4DCBCT与定位CT的配准结果,评估放疗靶区分次间摆位和呼吸运动误差,确定PTV外放边界大小。结果:放疗靶区摆位误差在左右、上下、前后3个方向上分别为（0.11±0.29）、（0.02±0.58）、（0.05±0.26） cm,放疗靶区呼吸运动误差在3个方向上分别为（-0.06±0.34）、（0.09±0.68）、（0.06±0.23） cm,利用ICRU83#报告公式计算PTV外放边界,在3个方向上分别为1.13、2.15、0.90 cm。结论:4DCBCT可有效评估放疗靶区摆位和呼吸运动误差,并确定中下叶肺癌SABR治疗中PTV外放边界大小。利用本方法计算的外放边界比原来RTOG提出的外放标准更加精确,可个体化评估放疗靶区外放边界。     

一种新型热塑膜定位器在放疗体位固定中的摆位精度和剂量精度

目的：研究放疗热塑膜固定中有无热塑膜定位器的摆位时间差异、体位精度差异和剂量精度差异。方法：随机选取需应用热塑膜固定的放疗患者3例，每个病人有一半的治疗次数不使用定位器，有一半的治疗次数使用定位器。记录摆位时间、MVCT扫描匹配后的三维方向摆位误差、三维空间矢量位移误差和剂量精度误差，应用2.5∑+0.7σ来计算计划靶区（PTV）外扩边界。结果：无热塑膜定位器组和有热塑膜定位器组的误差在X轴方向分别为6.90(2.85,12.10)mm和2.60(1.45, 8.10)mm(P=0.007),Y轴方向分别为9.30(4.05, 16.15)mm和5.00(2.60, 9.50)mm(P=0.002),Z轴方向分别为3.40(2.05, 4.10)mm和1.90(1.30, 3.65)mm(P=0.017)。无热塑膜定位器组和有热塑膜定位器组在X、Y、Z轴的PTV外扩边界分别为9.15、14.62、2.15 mm和6.50、7.04、2.97 mm。结论：热塑膜定位器在热塑膜固定中的应用能够减少放疗患者三维空间摆位误差，并且减少PTV外扩边界。     

宫颈癌术后调强放疗摆位误差对靶区累积剂量偏差的影响

目的:千伏级锥形束 CT（CBCT）获取分次间宫颈癌术后调强放射治疗(IMRT)摆位误差,分析分次间摆位误差对靶区累积剂量偏差的影响。方法:选取61例宫颈癌术后行调强放疗的患者,全程916次CBCT获取摆位误差,将误差值输入治疗计划系统中,由分次间摆位误差剂量叠加得到累积摆位误差剂量,通过偏差公式与标准计划剂量计算偏差百分比。结果:摆位误差x、y、z方向的偏差和偏移等中心距离分别为0.04（-0.16, 0.25）、-0.05（-0.37, 0.28）、0.10（-0.06, 0.24）和0.55（0.38, 0.78） cm。临床靶区除CTV的HIsum-HIplan和CTV1 的Dsum_D50-Dplan_D50与HIsum-HIplan无统计学差异外,其他临床靶区的配对检验均有统计学差异。计划靶区除PGTVnd的Dsum_median-Dplan_median、Dsum_mean-Dplan_mean、Dsum_D50-Dplan_D50无统计学差异外,其他计划靶区均有统计学差异。累积摆位误差剂量与标准计划剂量分布对比呈现负偏态分布,峰度降低。GTVnd、CTV、CTV1、CTVn、CTV_all与PGTVnd、PTV、PTV1、PTVn、PTV_all剂量偏差均呈降低,计划靶区的累积剂量偏差比临床靶区偏差明显增大。Dmin偏差、D98偏差、D95偏差偏离最大,Dmax偏差、D5偏差、D2偏差变化次之,Dmedian偏差、Dmean偏差、D50偏差变化最小,反S型DVH曲线向左偏移,斜率增大。临床靶区HI偏差均上升。结论:宫颈癌术后调强放疗摆位误差对靶区累积剂量影响存在统计差异性,靶区累积剂量降低、均匀性变劣。宫颈癌术后调强放疗在每次治疗前需进行CBCT位置校准以保证靶区各结构剂量准确性。在放疗计划设计时考虑增加CBCT次数带来额外剂量的风险。     

鼻咽癌调强放疗中摆位误差对物理剂量学的影响

目的：测量头颈部肿瘤在放射治疗中的摆位误差，分析鼻咽癌（NPC）调强放射治疗（IMRT）中误差对靶区和危及器官物理剂量学的影响。方法：随机抽取76名头颈部肿瘤患者，通过比较数字重建图像（DRR）和射野图像，测量其摆位误差；从其他住院患者中随机抽取另外10名作调强治疗的鼻咽癌患者，在计划系统中模拟患者治疗时体位的三维误差，重新计算剂量分布，分析一系列相关的靶区和危及器官的剂量参数，明确摆位误差对物理剂量的影响。结果：头颈部肿瘤在左右、头脚、腹背方向的摆位误差分别是（-0．62±1．46）mm，（-0．41±1．54）mm，（-0．31±1．67）mm；鼻咽癌调强放疗中超过3mm的摆位误差对GTV的最小剂量和CTV个别剂量参数的影响有统计学意义，腹背方向的误差对脊髓和脑干受照剂量的影响有统计学意义。结论：对于鼻咽癌调强治疗的患者，摆位误差需要控制在3mm之内：在日常工作中用EPID做质量保证和质量控制工作很有必要。     

肿瘤快速旋转调强放疗摆位误差的测量与分析

目的:采用直线加速器机载的千伏级锥形束CT扫描技术对不同部位肿瘤患者的摆位误差进行探讨。方法:应用瓦里安RapidArc直线加速器治疗肿瘤患者180例,其中头颈部患者53例,胸部患者58例,盆腔患者69例。所有患者在首次放疗前行KV-CBCT扫描,以后每周扫描1次。将CBCT扫描图像和计划CT图像及其靶中心匹配,分析靶中心在x、y、z方向上的误差值及其误差分布情况,探讨我科CTV–PTV外放边界大小。结果:系统误差(均数)±随机误差(标准差)在平移误差Lateral左右(x)方向、Vertical背腹(y)方向、Longitudinal头脚(z)方向分别为头颈部x(0.55±0.79)mm,y(0.81±1.00)mm,z(1.21±1.12)mm;胸部x(1.13±1.26)mm,y(1.03±1.09)mm,z(2.12±2.15)mm;盆腔x(0.94±1.16)mm,y(0.87±1.08)mm,z(2.02±1.78)mm;绕y轴方向旋转(Rtn)误差分别为头颈部(0.39±0.48)°,胸部(0.47±0.54)°,盆腔(0.44±0.51)°。结论:CBCT可以减少分次治疗间的摆位误差,保证放疗摆位精度。     

利用CT模拟机重建图像分析鼻咽癌摆位重复性

目的：探讨我院鼻咽癌放疗病人的体位重复性及摆位误差,制定更为可靠的体位固定方式,为鼻咽癌靶区勾画中的临床靶区（CTV）的外扩具体提供参考。方法：用CT模拟机对我院17例行放射治疗的鼻咽癌病人扫描CT,每周扫描一次,总共扫描6次。利用CT重建后的定位相（SURVEW）测量头部x轴方向（框上缘）与y轴方向的最大值,对6次数值进行统计学分析。比较相邻两次间摆位是否存在差异。结果：17例鼻咽癌患者分次间的摆位误差在x轴的分次摆位误差部分有统计学差异（第一次/第二次：t=2.446,P=0.026;第三次/第四次：t=2.584,P=0.02）y轴的分次摆位误差亦部分有统计学差异（第二次/第三次：t=-2.2,P=0.043）。x、y轴的误差范围分别为（-5.1 mm,5.3 mm）和（-2.95 mm,4.45 mm）。在y轴（头脚）方向误差相对x轴（左右）方向较小。结论：鼻咽癌放射治疗病人在分次摆位时有必要校正摆位误差;患者左右、头脚方向存在误差,头脚方向误差范围较小。本研究结果可作为临床放疗计划肿瘤靶区外扩边界的参考,为进一步完善计划靶区（PTV）扩边范围提供参考。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.