髌骨外侧关节面截骨对全膝关节置换术后膝前痛的影响

目的 探讨髌骨外侧关节面截骨对全膝关节置换术(TKA)术后膝前痛的影响。方法 回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院2015年3月-2018年6月528例接受TKA患者的临床资料,其中男96例、女432例,年龄54~83(68.27±7.29)岁。术中行单纯髌骨周围骨赘清除274例(骨赘清除组),行髌骨外侧关节面截骨254例(关节面截骨组)。比较两组患者年龄、性别、BMI、手术时间及髋膝踝角等基线资料,比较术前与术后髌骨倾斜角、Blackburen-Peel(BP)指数、外侧髌骨角、髌股指数,以及术后6个月美国膝关节协会评分(KSS)、膝关节活动度及膝前痛的发生率。结果 两组患者基线资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。骨赘清除组和关节面截骨组比较,术前髌骨倾斜角、BP指数、外侧髌骨角及髌股指数的差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05),术后1个月髌骨倾斜角(15.00°±1.70°与13.88°±2.87°)、外侧髌股角(6.80°±4.94°与10.72°±4.37°)、髌股指数(2.02±0.43与1.56±0.46)差异均有统计学意义(t=5.324、9.672、11.995, P值均＜0.01)。术前与术后1个月两组患者BP指数组内比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);骨赘清除组术前与术后1个月髌骨倾斜角、外侧髌股角及髌股指数差异均有统计学意义(t=2.917、4.861、12.244, P值均＜0.05),关节面截骨组外侧髌骨角(8.02°±3.88°和10.72°±4.37°)差异有统计学意义(t=8.928, P＜0.05)。两组患者术后6个月KSS及膝关节活动度均较术前改善,差异有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05),但两组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。关节面截骨组患者术后6个月膝前痛的发生率为0.8%(2/254),低于骨赘清除组(5.5%,15/274),差异有统计学意义(χ²=7.995,P＜0.05)。结论 TKA术中髌骨外侧关节面截骨可以在影像学上有效减少髌骨的倾斜角度,改善膝关节术后功能,减少术后膝前痛的发生率。     

兔髌骨-髌腱结合部新骨形成与大小预测其愈合程度

目的探讨髌骨-髌腱结合部愈合中新骨形成量和力学指标之间的关系。方法15只雌性成年兔,在一侧后肢的髌骨远端1/3处横行截骨,切除远端1/3髌骨。将髌腱与髌骨断端连接。分别于术后第8和16周取材进行生物力学、组织学和新骨形成情况(X线摄片测量和骨密度测定)检测,进行对比研究。结果髌骨-髌腱结合部新骨面积、新骨长度及骨矿密度在第8和16周之间仍未达到显著性水平,但在第16周时的拉断载荷、极限拉应力和拉断能量均明显大于第8周;新骨面积与拉断载荷及极限拉应力呈显著性相关。结论新骨面积与拉断载荷及极限拉应力间显著相关,通过临床无创X线影像学对新骨面积的定量,可有效评估髌骨部分切除后髌骨-髌腱结合部愈合状况,为术后主动康复提供参考。     

股骨髌骨沟的解剖学定位及临床意义

目的：用三维放射图像和数字技术测量股骨的多种解剖学中心线来定位正常髌骨沟的位置。方法：在20根股骨干标本上确定并标记髌骨沟部位后，再进行冠状面、矢状面和水平面拍片，确定解剖轴、机械轴、经髁上轴和经内、外侧髁轴的位置。结果：这四条主要的轴线在冠状面和水平面上角度均值范围在11^。～16^。之间。在冠状面上，髌骨沟的准确定位几乎完全与经髁上轴线垂直，但变化范围很大。在测量的全部解剖轴线中，没有一条可作为确定髌骨沟确切位置的参考线。结论：(1)正常髌骨沟的解剖学定位比既往推测的具有更大的可变性。(2)股骨不适应这种可变性解释在膝关节置换术中与髌骨有关的并发症。     

股外侧肌腱与股骨外侧髁接触的解剖学观察及其临床意义

目的：探讨髌骨半脱位致髌骨外侧软骨面压力过高的形态学因素。方法：对５０侧膝关节标本股外侧肌腱内面及其与股骨外侧髁的接触进行了解剖学观察。结果：股外侧肌腱内面呈椭圆形或圆形光滑面。其周围有滑膜皱襞附着，其长２．１±０．９（１．０～５．４）ｃｍ，宽１．３±０．４（０．７～２．４）ｃｍ，与髌上囊以皱襞相隔。在屈曲９０°时与股骨外侧髁边缘相接触，接触处为光滑的骨软骨结构约１．０ｃｍ×０．８ｃｍ大小。摸拟髌骨半脱位时，整个股四头肌腱外移，股外侧肌腱内面与股骨外侧髁不能接触。结论：①在正常情况下股外侧肌腱内面与股骨外侧髁存在着接触，这可能是缓解髌骨外侧关节软骨面压力的正常接触；②当髌骨半脱位时，该接触减小或消失，可能是髌骨半脱位时外侧面压力增高的原因之一     

正常髌骨厚度的测量及临床意义探讨

目的制定髌骨置换术中更适合国人的髌骨截骨原则,为国人髌骨假体的设计提供形态学依据。方法对60例(120侧)国人尸体髌骨的厚度进行测量并予以统计学分析。结果国人髌骨厚度(23.12±0.16)mm。结论国人髌骨平均厚度要小于外国人髌骨的平均厚度且髌骨软骨关节面最低凹处的厚度常常只有13～14mm,在使用进口假体时若按国外的手术原则保留髌骨骨床15mm并不适合我国国情。要保证髌骨置换术中完全清除髌骨软骨面且术后保留髌骨原有的厚度,则术中保留髌骨骨床厚度为12mm较为理想,但置换后的髌骨力学性能和置换术后的远期效果仍需随访观察并做进一步研究。     

人工膝关节置换术中髌骨截骨厚度对髌股关节压力及髌骨应变影响的研究进展

目的 总结髌股关节力学特点及人工膝关节置换术(TKA)中髌骨截骨厚度变化对髌股关节压力及髌骨应变影响的研究进展。方法 在PubMed、Springer Link、FMJS、万方等数据库以“髌骨厚度、髌股关节应力、髌骨应变”为关键词,检索1985年1月—2015年1月国内外有关髌骨厚度变化与髌股关节力学关系的相关文献资料,并进行汇总分析。结果 TKA术中无论是否进行髌骨置换,髌骨厚度的变化均会导致髌股关节力学特点的变化,可能会加剧髌股关节假体间的磨损或增加髌骨内压力,从而导致假体磨损、松动或膝前痛的发生。髌骨厚度增加2～4 mm可能会增加髌股关节压力及手术失败的风险。截骨过多时,髌骨应变比截骨较少的髌骨要大,从而有更高的骨折风险,或导致髌股关节痛。结论 TKA术后髌骨应尽量保持术前厚度,以保持髌股关节力学特点的稳定,减少髌股关节压力和假体磨损。髌骨截骨厚度减少可以降低术后髌骨应变,从而降低了髌骨骨折及膝前痛的发生率。     

髌股关节紊乱行关节镜手术治疗对髌股关节生物力学改变的三维有限元分析

目的采用三维有限元方法分析关节镜下行外侧髌骨支持带松解、内侧髌骨支持带紧缩手术前后髌股关节应力分布的改变情况。方法建立髌股关节紊乱患者关节镜手术前后髌股关节三维模型,并计算分析在加载200 N载荷下模型在不同屈膝角度(30°、60°、90°、120°)时的髌股关节最大应力和应力分布。结果关节镜术后模型不同屈膝角度的髌股关节最大应力较术前明显减小;术前髌股关节应力集中在髌股外侧关节面,而术后髌股关节应力得到重新分配。结论关节镜下外侧髌骨支持带松解、内侧髌骨支持带紧缩手术后,髌股关节不同屈膝角度的应力得到改善,为关节镜手术方法可以有效恢复髌股关节内外侧关节面压力平衡提供客观理论依据。对于临床上存在力线异常的早期髌股关节紊乱患者,建议应尽早手术干预。     

髌股关节形态学与髌骨软化症之间相关性研究

目的　通过MRI进行髌股关节形态学参数测量,分析髌股关节形态与髌骨软化症之间的关联性。 方法　371例接受膝关节MRI检查的成人患者,诊断为髌骨软化症（chondromalacia patellae,CP）者纳入CP组（n=124）,排除CP者纳入对照组（n=247）,按性别分组计算CP患病率。通过MRI轴位片测量两组患者的外侧髌股角、滑车沟角、滑车沟深和外侧滑车倾斜角,根据软骨损伤的程度进一步将CP组分为CP（轻型）及CP（重型）两组。运用t检验对比CP组与对照组以及CP（轻型）组与CP（重型）组的各个参数组间差异。进一步运用χ2检验分析髌骨倾斜及滑车发育不良与CP的相关性。 结果　CP的患病率为33.42%（124/371）,女性为49.35%（76/154）,男性为22.12%（48/217）,女性高于男性（P <0.01）;CP组与对照组在外侧髌股角（P =0.00）,滑车沟角（P =0.00）,滑车沟深（P =0.00）及外侧滑车倾斜角（P =0.02）上均有显著性差异。CP（轻型）组与CP（重型）组在外侧髌股角、滑车沟角、滑车沟深、外侧滑车倾斜角上均未见统计学差异（均P >0.25）。无论是否考虑性别因素,髌骨倾斜与滑车发育不良均与CP存在显著相关性（P =0.00）。 结论　髌骨倾斜及滑车发育不良与CP显著相关,但与CP的严重程度无关。     

习惯性髌骨脱位合并髌骨骨软骨骨折的手术治疗

目的：探讨习惯性髌骨脱位合并髌骨骨软骨骨折的手术治疗方法。方法自2000年7月~2004年12月对18例习惯性髌骨脱位合并髌骨骨软骨骨折患者行手术治疗。结果本组18例按Insal 标准评价疗效,优良率89豫,术后无髌骨再脱位和半脱位,无严重并发症发生。结论采用外侧松解、内侧紧缩和股内侧肌止点外下移、髌韧带外侧半内移的综合手术治疗习惯性髌骨脱位,根据骨块的大小及损伤的时间处理髌骨骨软骨骨折,效果满意。     

经髋臼顶及耻骨上、下支骨盆三处截骨矫正髋臼发育不良的应用解剖

目的：探讨经髋臼顶、耻骨上、下支骨盆三处截骨术矫正髋臼发育不良的耻骨上支截骨角度和耻骨下支截骨长度,为临床截骨矫形,达到理想股骨头覆盖提供解剖学依据。方法：选取15具成人湿性骨盆标本（30侧髋关节）,随机分成A组、B组,每组15侧髋关节;再将其随机分为3个亚组,每组5侧髋关节。将髋臼CE角打磨成0。,制作髋臼发育不良模型,再按Salter截骨将髂骨截断。A、B两组分别在耻骨上支中点由内上向外下与矢状面成30。和45。截断,各亚组依次将耻骨下支在耻骨联合以远分别截去1．0cm、1．5cm、2．0cm骨块。截骨后将髋臼向前外及下方旋转,并用克氏针固定髂骨截骨端。测量A、B各亚组耻骨上支断端的接触面积,摄x线片,测量各亚组的cE角、Sharp角、臼头指数等几项数据。所得数据用SPSS13．0软件进行统计学处理。结果：A组各亚组耻骨上支的接触面积均小于B组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,A、B组内3个亚组间的cE角、Sharp角以及臼头指数值比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;A、B两组间的各亚组的cE角、Sharp角以及AHI值比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：经髋臼顶及耻骨上、下支骨盆三处截骨术中,在耻骨上支中点由内上向外下与矢状面成45。截骨条件下,耻骨下支截除2．0cm骨块,能够达到最佳的耻骨上支断端接触面积和实现股骨头满意覆盖的CE角、Sharp角及臼头指数值。     

Effects of patellar resurfacing on contact area and contact stress in total knee arthroplasty

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of patellar resurfacing on patellofemoral joint contact pressure and contact area in total knee arthroplasty. We tested seven fresh-frozen cadaveric knees using a custom knee jig which permits the simulation of physiologic quadriceps loading. Before patellar resurfacing, the mean peak contact pressure of medial and lateral patellofemoral joints was less than 10 MPa at knee flexion angles of 30 degrees, 60 degrees and 90 degrees, that of medial and lateral patellofemoral joints were 11.63 MPa and 11.42 MPa at a knee flexion angle of 120 degrees respectively, and the mean contact area of patellofemoral joint ranged from 70 to 150 mm2. After patellar resurfacing, the mean peak contact pressure of medial and lateral patellofemoral joints ranged from 50 to 100 Mpa (P<0.05), which exceeds the yield strength of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, and the mean contact area of patellofemoral joint reduced to 10-15 mm2 (P<0.05). The contact pressure of patellofemoral joint was lower than the yield strength of articular cartilage before patellar resurfacing. Our results indicate that the yield stress of UHMWPE is exceeded after patellar resurfacing.     

Accuracy of patellar resection in total knee replacement. A study using the medial pivot knee

A series of 80 patellae were randomly allocated to osteotomy by sawing or milling while implanting the medial pivot knee. Three landmarks were used to control the plane of the cut in the coronal plane. The lateral edge of the patellar tendon distally, and both medial and lateral edges of the quadriceps tendon proximally. A line drawn across the widest points if the patella (the patellar horizon) was used to analyse the slope of the cut (P angle) and the orientation of the patella relative to the trochlear groove both pre- and post-operatively (PF angle) on 45 degrees skyline views. No patellae were under resected. The mean thickness of the remnant was 16 mm (range 14-19).There was no difference between sawing and milling, but the former was technically preferable. No patellae were found to be subluxed. The mean P angle was 2 degrees (S.D. 3.2). The maximum P angle was 10 degrees , but in no cases did obliquity of cut with under resection of the medial patellar facet lead to lateral tilt of the patellar horizon. The mean post-operative PF angle was 2.3 degrees (S.D. 2.6). The majority of patellae retained a similar orientation to the patellar groove post-operatively. In three patients, the patella tilted laterally with respect to the groove. One resulted from under resection of the lateral patellar facet and two in which the slope of the cut was good, probably resulted from an error in femoral rotation. In all 80 knees, the patellar dome remained in full contact with the groove. Use of three fixed landmarks provides consistent patellar resection in terms of depth and slope. Errors in slope of up to 10 degrees do not cause patellar tilt but may lead to medial overload due to increasing thickness of the patella. Errors in femoral sizing and rotation are more potent causes of lateral tilt and overload.     

Predictors of patellar alignment during weight bearing: An examination of patellar height and trochlear geometry

BackgroundPatellar malalignment is thought to be an etiological factor with respect to the development of patellofemoral pain. Although previous studies have suggested that the geometry of the femoral trochlea and the height of the patella play an important role in determining patellar alignment, no investigation has systematically examined these relationships during weight bearing. The aim of this study was to determine whether patellar height and/or trochlear geometry predicts patellar alignment (lateral patellar displacement and lateral patellar tilt) during weight bearing.MethodsMR images of the patellofemoral joint were acquired from 36 participants during weight bearing (25% of body weight) at 4 knee flexion angles (0°, 20°, 40° and 60°). Using the axial images, patellar alignment (lateral displacement and tilt) and femoral trochlear geometry (sulcus angle and inclination of the lateral femoral trochlea) were measured. Patellar height (Insall–Salvati ratio) was measured on reconstructed sagittal plane images.ResultsStepwise regression analysis revealed that at 0° of knee flexion, the height of the patella was the best predictor of lateral patellar tilt while the lateral trochlea inclination angle was the best predictor of lateral patellar displacement. Lateral trochlear inclination was the best predictor of patellar lateral displacement and tilt at 20°, 40° and 60° of knee flexion.ConclusionSimilar to a previous study performed under non-weight bearing condition, our findings suggest that lateral trochlear inclination is an important determinant of patellar alignment in weight bearing.Level of EvidenceLevel III     

胫骨旋转对髌股关节应力分布的影响

目的探明胫骨旋转状态对髌股关节应力分布的影响。方法选取7个新鲜离体膝关节,在屈膝30°、60°、90°状态下,分别用压敏片测量胫骨中立位、内旋10°、20°、30°和外旋10°、20°、30°时的内、外侧髌股关节接触压力与峰值。结果外旋过程中,外侧髌股关节的接触压均值和接触压峰值呈非线性递增趋势,内侧呈非线性递减趋势;内旋过程中,外侧髌股关节的接触压均值和峰值逐渐减小,内侧则增加显著。上述变化在内旋20°到外旋20°的范围内较有规律。结论胫骨旋转畸形使髌股关节应力分布严重失衡,可能是引起髌股关节退变的重要因素。     

Distalising tibial tubercle osteotomy decreases patellar tendon force — A treatment rationale for recalcitrant patellar tendinopathy

BackgroundPatellar tendinopathy is an overuse condition affecting athletes, often with a high morbidity if left untreated. High-level evidence fails to support the use of surgery. A tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) has been suggested as a surgical option to improve patient outcomes. Our aim was to explore whether a distalising TTO will alter the patellar tendon to quadriceps tendon force ratio and the sagittal patellar tilt.MethodsSix cadaver limbs were placed in a custom jig with a mechanical testing machine applying cyclical loads of 200–500 N to the quadriceps tendon. The knee was fixed at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90° of flexion and a buckle transducer recorded the resultant patellar tendon force. Testing was performed with the native tibial tubercle position and with the tubercle distalised by 11 mm. Testing was also performed with the tubercle anteriorised by 10 mm at both of these tubercle positions, a total of four different testing positions.ResultsThere was a significant decrease in the patellar tendon to quadriceps tendon force ratio from 30–60° of knee flexion. There was a significant increase in the sagittal patellar tilt at 30° of knee flexion with distalisation.ConclusionThis biomechanical study shows that the patellar tendon to quadriceps tendon force ratio can be altered with a distalising tibial tubercle osteotomy. A tibial tubercle osteotomy may be a biomechanical treatment option for recalcitrant patellar tendinopathy by decreasing the load through the patellar tendon, allowing the athlete to maintain higher training volumes and loads.     

膝关节参数在膝前疼痛中的意义

背景：膝关节参数如合适角异常对于膝前疼痛有统计学意义已在CT测量下证实,但是没有在临床手术实践中证实。 目的：通过对膝前疼痛患者髌骨X射线轴位片上的合适角、髌股指数、外侧髌股角、倾斜角等参数的测量,分析这些参数对膝前疼痛的诊断价值。 方法：纳入不同程度髌股关节软骨损伤的膝前痛患者50例患者的50个膝关节,测量髌骨X射线轴位片上合适角、髌股指数、外侧髌股角、倾斜角参数,同时与50例无膝前痛仅存在半月板损伤的50个膝关节进行比较。 结果与结论：髌骨X射线轴位片的合适角及髌股指数、倾斜角对于膝前疼痛有显著性差异,外侧髌股角无显著性差异。髌骨X射线轴位片的合适角、髌股指数对由髌股关节紊乱导致的膝前疼痛患者有重要的诊断治疗价值,是对髌股关节紊乱具有临床意义的有效参数。     

外侧副韧带松弛的内翻膝患者在TKA术中的胫骨截骨量分析

目的　探讨合并外侧副韧带松弛的内翻膝患者的截骨量是否受影响。 方法　选取本院2016年至2018年行膝关节置换的内翻膝患者92例,其中25例合并外侧副韧带松弛的患者为观察组;其余患者为对照组。两组均采用等量截骨法进行截骨。术中测量股骨远端外髁、股骨后外髁、胫骨外侧平台截骨量,随访测量胫股解剖角（anatomic tibiofemoral angle,ATFA）、髌骨倾斜角（patellar tilt angle,PTA）、股骨后髁偏距（posterior condylar offset,PCO）。采用美国膝关节协会评分（AKS）、美国特种外科医院（HSS）评分以及关节活动度评价关节功能。 结果　两组股骨远端外髁截骨量差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,观察组术中胫骨外侧平台截骨量低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组患者术后6周、6个月及12个月ATFA、PTA、PCO、AKS评分、HSS评分及膝关节活动度无统计学差异（P>0.05）。 结论　合并外侧副韧带松弛的内翻膝患者的胫骨外侧平台截骨量较小。     

Retropatellar contact characteristics before and after total knee arthroplasty

PURPOSE: Qualitative analysis of the retropatellar contact characteristics after total knee arthroplasty. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Six cadaveric knees were investigated before and after implantation of a Genesis I knee prosthesis without and with patellar resurfacing in different positions. Joint contact characteristics were evaluated with Fuji Prescale film type 'Super Low' and analyzed qualitatively in nine quadrants. The pressure was determined from a 5-s loading duration in four different knee positions between 45 degrees and 120 degrees of flexion. The femoral component of the prosthesis was implanted in neutral as well as in internal and external rotation. A quadriceps force of 280 N with either a predominant medial or lateral pulling direction was applied. RESULTS: Without prosthesis the largest contact area is between 60 degrees and 90 degrees of flexion. A lateral muscle force direction as well as an external rotation increased the frequency of loading in the medial quadrants. After implantation of the prosthesis the central and superior quadrants were predominantly contacted irrespective of the flexion angle. No marked differences between the flexion angles were found. Implantation of the patellar resurfacing led to contact in the three central quadrants. CONCLUSION: Implantation of the endoprosthesis leads to increased contact in slight and extreme flexion angles. Especially the central areas are increasingly loaded. No predominant influence of the rotation of the femoral component or the direction of the muscle pull was found. An improved distribution of the contact area could not be demonstrated after patellar resurfacing.     

The effect of biplane medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy on patellofemoral joint indices

PurposeThis study was designed to examine the effect of biplane medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO) on patellofemoral indices and posterior tibial slope.Materials and methodsSixty-two knees (61 patients) underwent biplane MOWHTO for unicompartmental osteoarthritis of the knee. Patellar indices were measured by radiographic assessment postoperatively. The Merchant's views were used for patellar tilt and shift while standing lateral view radiographs were used for the patellar height analysis using the modified Blackburne-peel ratio (mBP). The patients were divided into two groups according to the change between the pre- and postoperative mechanical axis. Group A constituted the correction angle of equal more than 10°, and group B of less than 10°.ResultsGroup A demonstrated a significant change of mechanical axis and the tibial slope. Patellar indices including the patellar tilt, shift, and mBP did not show significant difference. Group B demonstrated the statistical significant difference in only the mechanical axis deviation. Patellar indices including the patellar tilt, shift, and mBP as well as the tibia slope did not show significant difference. When evaluated as a whole group, the mean shift in weight bearing line, patellar height (mBP), and tibial slope from preoperative to postoperative value was statistically significant. However, the patellar tilt and shift were not changed significantly.ConclusionsAfter biplane MOWHTO, patellar tilt and shift do not significantly change when measured on static mode supine X-ray. However, patella was lowered and tibia slope increased after MOWHTO.Level of evidenceII.     

膝关节矢状面机构模型

建立矢状面上膝关节二维机构模型，求解矢状面髌股关节求解屈膝过程中髌骨与股骨的接触点移动，髌骨倾角、髌韧带倾角变化，髌股关节功能角变化以及髌股接触力和髌韧带作用力的变化等髌股关节运动及动力学参数．依据膝关节主要组成部分的功能及相互间连接关系，以股胫关节交叉四连杆模型为基础，通过对髌股关节的几何描述及力平衡限定，并运用ADAMS软件进行分析计算，计算结果与文献实验结果吻合良好。