黄连素以浓度依赖性方式逆转子宫颈癌HeLa细胞上皮间充质转换进程并显著抑制细胞增殖和侵袭

目的 探索黄连素对子宫颈癌HeLa细胞增殖和侵袭活性的影响,并探讨传统中药提取物黄连素在子宫颈癌治疗中的潜在价值。方法 采用CCK-8细胞活性检测实验分析不同浓度黄连素对HeLa细胞增殖活性的影响;流式细胞凋亡检测实验及免疫印迹实验分析高浓度（40 μmol·L^-1）黄连素对HeLa细胞凋亡的影响;免疫印迹实验及免疫荧光检测实验分析高浓度黄连素对HeLa细胞DNA损伤的影响;侵袭及迁移实验分析高浓度黄连素对HeLa细胞迁移和侵袭能力的影响;免疫印迹实验及免疫荧光检测实验分析高浓度黄连素对HeLa细胞上皮及间充质表型的影响。结果 黄连素以浓度依赖的方式抑制HeLa细胞的增殖活性（P<0.05）并诱导细胞凋亡（P<0.01）;高浓度黄连素对HeLa细胞DNA损伤无显著影响（P>0.05）;高浓度黄连素可显著抑制HeLa细胞的迁移和侵袭能力（P<0.01）;高浓度黄连素可显著逆转HeLa细胞的上皮间充质转换（EMT）进程。结论 高浓度黄连素可显著逆转HeLa细胞的EMT进程并抑制其增殖和侵袭能力。     

芹菜素对顺铂化疗所致肾损伤及Nrf2/HO-1通路的影响

目的 探索芹菜素（APG）对顺铂（DDP）化疗所致肾损伤大鼠的保护作用及机制研究。方法 将60只SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、氨磷汀组（阳性对照组）及APG低、中、高剂量组,每组10只。模型组、氨磷汀组及APG低、中、高剂量组大鼠均采用一次性腹腔注射DDP（7.5 mg·kg^-1）的方法建立DDP致肾损伤大鼠模型,空白组大鼠仅腹腔注射生理盐水（不造模）;然后分别腹腔注射给药（APG低、中、高剂量组分别给予10、20、40 mg·kg^-1 APG,氨磷汀组给予1 mg·kg^-1氨磷汀,空白组和模型组均给予生理盐水）,1次/d,连续给药28 d。测定各组大鼠24 h尿蛋白量和血清肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）含量,HE染色法、TUNEL法分别行肾脏病理学检查和细胞凋亡检测,生化分析法检测MDA含量和抗氧化酶（SOD、GSH-Px）活性,ELISA法检测炎症细胞因子（TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6）水平,Western blotting检测核因子E2相关因子2（Nrf2）、血红素加氧酶-1（HO-1）、核因子-κB（NF-κB）、激活型半胱胺酸蛋白酶-3（Cleaved Caspase-3）蛋白的表达水平。结果 与模型组比较,APG中、高剂量组和氨磷汀组大鼠24 h尿蛋白量和血清Scr、BUN含量显著降低（P<0.05）,肾脏组织病理学改变和细胞凋亡状况明显改善,凋亡指数（AI）显著降低（P<0.01）,MDA含量显著降低且SOD、GSH-Px活性显著升高（P<0.05）,TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平显著降低（P<0.05）,Nrf2、HO-1表达显著上调而NF-κB、Cleaved Caspase-3表达显著下调（P<0.01）。与氨磷汀组比较,APG高剂量组大鼠血清Scr、BUN含量显著降低（P<0.05）,肾脏组织病理学改变和细胞凋亡状况明显改善、AI显著降低（P<0.01）,MDA含量显著降低且SOD活性显著升高（P<0.01）,TNF-α、IL-1β水平显著降低（P<0.05）,Nrf2、HO-1表达显著上调且Cleaved Caspase-3表达显著下调（P<0.05）。结论 APG对DDP所致肾损伤大鼠具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与激活Nrf2/HO-1通路而抑制氧化应激损伤、炎症反应和细胞凋亡有关。     

来氟米特通过调节miR-449a在肺纤维化中的机制研究

目的 探究来氟米特（leflunomide,LEF）通过调节微小RNA（microRNA,miR）-449a在肺纤维化中的机制研究。方法 将人肺成纤维细胞MRC-5分为6组,即对照组、LEF组、LEF+mimic组、mimic组、LEF+inhibitor组和inhibitor组。通过质粒转染miR-449a mimic或inhibitor来过表达或沉默miR-449a,在5 mg/L LEF的条件下培养48 h。分别通过CCK-8法、克隆形成实验和流式细胞术检测各组细胞活力、细胞增殖能力和凋亡率。使用免疫荧光染色检测α平滑肌肌动蛋白（α smooth muscle actin,α-SMA）胶质蛋白I（collagen I,col I）。分别使用qPCR和Western blot检测miRNA和蛋白的水平。结果 mimic组miR-449a水平显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。LEF组和inhibitor组的miR-449a水平显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。LEF+mimic组的miR-449a的表达水平显著高于LEF组,LEF+inhibitor组的miR-449a水平显著低于LEF组（P<0.05）。LEF组和inhibitor组的细胞活力和细胞增殖能力显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。mimic组的细胞活力和细胞增殖能力显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。LEF+mimic组的细胞活力和细胞增殖能力显著低于LEF组而LEF+inhibitor组的细胞活力显著高于LEF组（P<0.05）。LEF组和inhibitor组的细胞凋亡率低于对照组（P<0.05）,mimic组的细胞凋亡率显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。LEF+mimic组的细胞凋亡率显著高于LEF组而LEF+inhibitor组的凋亡率显著低于LEF组（P<0.05）。LEF组和inhibitor组的α-SMA和Col I蛋白的荧光强度显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,mimic组的相对荧光强度低于对照组（P<0.05）。LEF+mimic组的α-SMA和Col I蛋白相对荧光强度显著低于LEF组,LEF+inhibitor组的α-SMA和Col I蛋白相对荧光强度显著高于LEF组（P<0.05）。LEF组和inhibitor组的p-JNK/JNK水平高于对照组（P<0.05）,mimic组的p-JNK/JNK水平显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,LEF+mimic组中p-JNK/JNK水平显著低于LEF组而LEF+inhibitor组的p-JNK/JNK水平显著高于LEF组（P<0.05）。结论 LEF可能通过抑制肺成纤维细胞中miR-449a的表达激活JNK途径,从而诱导成纤维细胞的活化和增殖,抑制其凋亡,从而引起肺纤维化。     

二甲双胍在结肠癌中通过抑制lncRNA-MALAT1的表达发挥抗肿瘤效应

目的 探讨二甲双胍（MET）对结肠癌细胞的抑制作用及其机制。方法 采用CCK-8、流式细胞术及Transwell检测MET对结肠癌细胞SW480和SW620增殖、凋亡及侵袭的影响,qRT-PCR检测5种lncRNA在结肠癌细胞中的表达,Western blotting检测MET和/或MALAT1基因敲减在体外对PI3K/AKT和ERK通路活性的影响。结果 MET在体外对SW480和SW620细胞具有抑制作用,且呈剂量和时间依赖性（P<0.05）。MET可促进SW480和SW620细胞凋亡（P<0.05）。在5种lncRNA中,lncRNA-MALAT1在SW480和SW620细胞中的表达水平最高（P<0.01）。siRNA可抑制lncRNA-MALAT1表达,并进一步增强MET介导的抗结肠癌作用（P<0.05）。MET可下调结肠癌细胞中lncRNA-MALAT1的表达（P<0.05）,并通过PI3K/AKT和ERK信号通路与lncRNA-MALAT1敲减协同抑制结肠癌细胞的增殖和侵袭,并促进其凋亡（P<0.01）。结论 MET在结肠癌细胞中通过抑制lncRNA-MALAT1的表达发挥抗肿瘤效应。     

基于析因设计的川芎嗪和阿魏酸配伍抗PC12氧糖剥夺损伤的交互作用研究

目的 观察川芎嗪和阿魏酸配伍对PC12糖氧剥夺（OGD）损伤的预保护作用,优化配比组合。方法 体外培养PC12,考虑A（是否OGD造模）、B（川芎嗪0.5、1.0、2.0 μmol/L）及C（阿魏酸5、10、20 μmol/L）3个因素,采用完全随机分组的2×3×3析因设计。倒置相差显微镜观察造模前后细胞形态;MTS测细胞活力;采用乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）法测定细胞损伤,并进行析因分析。结果 与对照组比较,模型组细胞变圆或肿胀,突起回缩或消失,细胞膜褶皱或破损,胞体折光性差,细胞数目明显减少,细胞活力降低;与模型组比较,加药组细胞损伤得到不同程度的改善,细胞活力增加,川芎嗪2 μmol/L+阿魏酸20 μmol/L改善作用最明显。A、B、C 3因素均对LDH值具有显著影响（P<0.01）,且B、C间存在交互作用（P<0.01）,以川芎嗪2 μmol/L、阿魏酸20 μmol/L配比时,LDH值最低。结论 川芎嗪与阿魏酸合用对PC12剥夺糖氧损伤具有预保护作用,川芎嗪与阿魏酸配比具有交互作用,最佳配比为2∶20。     

五味子乙素通过ROS介导内质网应激诱导人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡的研究

目的 研究五味子乙素对人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡的影响及其作用机制。方法 用细胞计数试剂(CCK-8)检测不同浓度五味子乙素对MDA-MB-231细胞存活率的影响;五味子乙素（10、20、40 μmol/L）作用 MDA-MB-231 细胞 24 h,分别用Annexin V-FITC/PI检测细胞凋亡情况;用DCFA-DA荧光探针检测细胞内活性氧（ROS）水平;用Western blot法检测细胞凋亡及内质网应激相关蛋白（Bcl-2、Bax、CHOP、GPR78、PERK、p-PERK、p-eIF2α、eIF2）的表达。结果 与空白组比较,随着五味子乙素浓度增大,细胞存活率明显降低,其IC₅₀为19.16 μmol/L;与对照组比较,五味子乙素（10、20、40 μmol/L）均能抑制细胞克隆形成(P<0.05),且呈剂量依赖;五味子乙素（10、20、40 μmol/L）均可诱导细胞凋亡（P<0.05）,使抗凋亡蛋白BCL-2的表达显著降低,促凋亡蛋白Bax的表达显著升高(P<0.05);五味子乙素（10、20、40 μmol/L）显著升高细胞内ROS水平(P<0.05),且呈剂量依赖;五味子乙素（10、20、40 μmol/L）能够激发内质网应激,使内质网应激相关蛋白CHOP、GPR78、p-eIF2α表达增多(P<0.05),且呈剂量依赖。结论 五味子乙素可能通过ROS介导内质网应激诱导MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡。     

苯乙双胍联合己糖激酶抑制剂诱导三阴性乳腺癌细胞凋亡

目的 探讨降糖药物苯乙双胍联合己糖激酶抑制剂2-脱氧葡萄糖（2-DG）对三阴性乳腺癌细胞4T1和MDA-MB-231凋亡作用的影响。方法 苯乙双胍单独或联合2-DG处理4T1与MDA-MB-231细胞48 h,用SRB法检测细胞的增殖,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,试剂盒检测培养上清液中葡萄糖消耗量和乳酸含量,多功能化学发光仪检测线粒体呼吸链复合物I活性,海马能量检测仪测定细胞线粒体耗氧量(OCR)。结果 苯乙双胍组的4T1与MDA-MB-231细胞上清液己糖激酶表达量（4.6±0.17,3.73±0.21）,葡萄糖消耗量（356±31,397±42）μg/10⁵个细胞,乳酸浓度（5.59±0.52,7.83±0.78）μmol/L均高于空白组的已糖激酶表达量（1±0.15,1±0.12）,葡萄糖消耗量（289±25,301±32）μg/10⁵个细胞,乳酸浓度（2.37±0.18,4.01±0.45）μmol/L（P < 0.01）;苯乙双胍联用2-DG组的细胞存活率（64.63±2.28,51.97±2.29）% ,即使降低90%剂量,仍高于苯乙双胍组（86.70±1.83,85.53±1.46）%（P<0.001）,两药联用极大地促进了4T1与MDA-MB-231细胞的凋亡,此外,相比于苯乙双胍组（5.59±0.52,7.83±0.78）μmol/L,苯乙双胍与2-DG联用组（3.46±0.37,5.18±0.62）μmol/L细胞的乳酸产量也大大下降（P<0.01）;与苯乙双胍或2-DG单药组相比,苯乙双胍联合2-DG组可显著抑制荷瘤小鼠体内肿瘤的生长速度（P<0.01）;苯乙双胍联合2-DG组荷瘤小鼠中位生存时间72.5 d,高于苯乙双胍组57 d、2-DG组55.5 d（P<0.01）,苯乙双胍联合2-DG可以延长荷瘤小鼠生存时间。结论 己糖激酶抑制剂2-DG显著增强了苯乙双胍对三阴性乳腺癌细胞的治疗作用。     

双氢青蒿素通过抑制炎症反应在血管重塑中的作用机制研究

目的 探究双氢青蒿素通过抑制炎症反应对血管重塑的抑制作用。方法 采用贴块法培养小鼠血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cells，VSMCs)，以TNF-α诱导建立体外平滑肌细胞增殖模型，通过手术剥夺动脉方式建立小鼠股动脉损伤模型，并采用双氢青蒿素干预细胞及股动脉损伤小鼠。采用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖；H&E染色评价股动脉组织病理变化情况并测量中膜厚度；ELISA法检测细胞中IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6、CCR8及小鼠股动脉组织中IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6、TGF-β1的含量；免疫组织化学法检测股动脉组织NF-κB p65、CCR8表达；qRT-PCR分析细胞及股动脉组织中IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、CCR8、NF-κB p65、TGF-β1、MCP-1 mRNA表达；Western blotting分析细胞及股动脉组织中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、IL-8、p-NF-κB p65、NF-κB p65、CCR8、TGF-β1、MCP-1蛋白表达。结果 在TNF-α诱导的VSMCs增殖及股动脉损伤小鼠模型中，VSMCs增殖及TNF-α、IL-6含量明显升高，IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8 mRNA表达明显升高，IL-6、CCR8、NF-κB p65蛋白表达明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)；双氢青蒿素可明显降低TNF-α诱导的VSMCs中IL-1β、IL-8 mRNA及股动脉损伤小鼠IL-1β mRNA表达和IL-1β、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论 双氢青蒿素能降低血管炎症，延缓损伤血管的重塑，表明其为经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(如支架植入)的潜在治疗药物。     

红花黄色素对佐剂型关节炎大鼠的抗炎作用研究

目的 观察红花黄色素对佐剂型关节炎大鼠的抗炎作用并探讨其机制。方法 用弗氏完全佐剂建立佐剂型关节炎大鼠模型,分为正常组、模型组、红花黄色素100,50,25 mg·kg^-1组,每组10只。排水法检测大鼠足趾肿胀度,Elisa法检测炎症因子IL-1β及TNF-α的水平,western blot法检测滑膜组织中IL-1β和TNF-α蛋白的表达。结果 与模型组相比,红花黄色素各组能显著降低佐剂型关节炎大鼠的足趾肿胀度（p<0.01或P<0.05）,降低血清中IL-1β及TNF-α含量水平（p<0.01或p<0.05）,还能降低滑膜组织中IL-1β及TNF-α蛋白的表达（p<0.01或p<0.05）。结论 红花黄色素能显著缓解佐剂型关节炎大鼠的关节炎症,其机制与下调炎症因子IL-1β及TNF-α的表达有关。     

二氯乙酸钠对氧糖剥夺损伤的BV2细胞的保护作用及其机制研究

目的 研究二氯乙酸钠（dichloroacetate,DCA）对氧糖剥夺（oxygen glucose deprivation,OGD）损伤模型中小鼠小胶质细胞（BV2细胞）的保护作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法 将BV2细胞分为3组：对照组、OGD组、DCA治疗组,通过OGD 4 h建立损伤模型。CCK-8和流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡及ROS和NO的表达,Western blot检测NF-κB通路相关蛋白表达水平。结果 CCK-8及流式细胞检测结果表明,DCA可显著降低OGD诱导的BV2细胞凋亡,并且减少OGD后细胞中活性氧（ROS）和一氧化氮（NO）的表达（P<0.05）。Western blot结果显示,DCA可显著影响OGD损伤介导的BV2细胞JNK、I-κB和NF-κB蛋白表达水平（P<0.05）。结论 DCA对OGD损伤的BV2细胞具有保护作用,其机制与抗凋亡、抗氧化和抗炎作用有关。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.