改良的胰液空肠引流式胰、肾一期联合移植(附2例报道)

目的 报告2例改良的胰液空肠引流式胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植的外科技术和治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿毒平的效果。方法 2000年6-9月,2例胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿毒症的患者接受胰、十二指肠及肾一期联合移植,移植胰的外分泌采用空肠内引流,不作Roux-en-Y型吻合,结果 移植后,立即停用胰岛素,肾功能1-5d恢复正常,无外科并发症,未发生排斥反应,患者目前已分别存活5个月和2个月,移植胰和移植肾功能均正常,一般情况良好。结论 改良的胰液空肠引流式胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植技术简单、安全,是治疗I型糖尿病并发尿毒症的较好术式。     

改良式胰肾联合移植1例并文献复习

目的探讨改良式胰肾联合移植治疗2型糖尿病合并终末期肾病的移植效果。方法为1例2型糖尿病合并终末期肾病患者行改良式胰肾联合移植,其中移植胰腺的外分泌采用胰液空肠内引流术式,将供胰十二指肠节段与受体上段空肠直接行侧侧吻合。结果术后围手术期移植肾稳定泌尿,3800～4500ml/24h,3d后血清肌酐降至正常水平。术后胰腺功能恢复顺利,血、尿淀粉酶逐渐下降并稳定在正常范围,空腹血糖也于术后10d恢复至正常值范围以内。切口一期愈合,于术后两周出院。随访27个月移植肾功能正常,胰腺功能正常,未发生血栓、胰瘘、胰腺炎、排斥反应等并发症。结论改良式胰肾联合移植技术简单、安全,胰液经空肠引流更接近消化生理,是治疗糖尿病合并终末期肾病的有效手术方式。     

改良胰液空肠引流式胰肾同期联合移植35例报告

目的报告应用改良胰液空肠引流式胰、十二指肠及肾同期联合移植(SPK)的外科技术治疗35例胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿毒症的近期效果。方法2000年6月-2006年1月,35例胰岛素依赖的糖尿病合并尿毒症患者接受SPK,移植胰的外分泌采用空肠内引流,不作Roux-en-Y型吻合。移植肾平均冷缺血时间为(6．92±2．17)h,移植胰平均冷缺血时间为(9．65±2．02)h。术后早期采用他克莫司、霉酚酸酯及皮质激素预防排斥反应,同时以抗淋巴细胞球蛋白或抗CD25单克隆抗体诱导治疗。结果围手术期患者存活率达97．1％(34／35),存活病例全部停用胰岛素,平均停用胰岛素时间为(8．3±4．5)d,空腹血糖恢复正常时间为(13．4±8．9)d。术后3周口服糖耐量试验、胰岛素和C肽释放试验显示移植胰功能完全正常。血淀粉酶恢复正常时间平均为(9．3±7．0)d。肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)5例,血肌酐恢复正常时间平均为(58．2±16．8)d,其余30例血肌酐恢复正常时间平均为(7．7±5．4)d。术后主要外科并发症为移植胰伤口感染、胰十二指肠-空肠出血和移植肾周围出血。3例(8．6％)因并发症再次手术,未发生与胰液引流术式相关的并发症如胰漏、肠漏、腹腔脓肿及肠梗阻等。结论SPK是治疗1型和部分2型糖尿病并发尿毒症的有效方法;改进的胰液空肠引流术式(不作Roux-en-Y吻合)有助于降低胰液空肠引流术式的术后早期并发症发生率。     

腹部多器官联合移植的几点体会(附3例报告)

目的总结腹部多器官联合移植的围手术期处理经验。方法回顾我中心完成的3例腹部器官联合移植临床资料,其中2例行胰液空肠引流式胰、十二指肠、肾一期联合移植术,1例行肝肾联合移植术。分析手术方法、免疫抑制剂的使用和术后并发症治疗。结果3例患者手术均获成功,随访12～24个月移植器官功能良好。结论腹部器官联合移植成功的关键是保证供体器官质量、选择恰当的手术方式、术后合理使用免疫抑制剂以及防治并发症。     

胰、肾同期联合移植治疗糖尿病合并尿毒症40例

目的 报告40例胰、肾同期移植(SPK)治疗糖尿病合并尿毒症的结果 及经验.方法 共40例糖尿病合并尿毒症病人接受SPK,平均年龄为(45.8±8.2)岁.供肾先植入左侧髂窝.供胰植入右下腹腔,移植胰动脉与右侧髂外动脉端侧吻合,移植胰静脉与右侧髂外静脉端侧吻合.其中胰液膀胱引流术式2例,改进的胰液空肠引流术式38例.移植肾平均冷血时间为(7.13士2.02)h,移植胰平均冷缺血时间为(9.95±2.01)h.术后早期采用皮质激素+霉酚酸酯+他克莫司(36例)/环孢素A(2例)+抗淋巴细胞球蛋白(ALG)或抗CD25抗体四联诱导治疗,以后改为三联维持.结果 受者、移植肾和移植胰6个月存活率均为97.5%,1年存活率均为94.8%,受者、移植胰和移植肾3年存活率分别为94.8%、84.3%和84.3%.39例停用胰岛素,平均停用胰岛素时间为(6.87士6.80)d,空腹血糖平均恢复正常时间为(13.68士9.05)d.术后3周口服糖糖耐量试验、胰岛素和C肽释放试验显示移植胰功能完全正常.血淀粉酶恢复正常时间平均为(10.24±7.72)d.肾功能延迟恢复(IX;F)8例,血肌酐恢复正常时间平均为(52.75±20.01)d,其余30例血肌酐恢复正常时间平均为(8.03±7.39)d.术后主要外科并发症为移植胰伤口感染、胰十二指肠一空肠出血和移植肾周出血,3例(7.9%)因并发症再次手术,未发生与胰液引流术式相关的并发症如胰漏、肠漏、腹腔脓肿及肠梗阻等.结论 (1)SPK是治疗糖尿病合并尿毒症的有效方法 ;(2)改进的胰液空肠引流术式更简化、安全,更符合生理.     

改良肠引流式胰肾联合移植的外科技术及临床应用

目的报道改良胰液空肠引流式胰肾联合移植的外科技术和其治疗糖尿病合并尿毒症的近期效果。方法2000年6月至2006年8月,共有38例糖尿病合并尿毒症患者在华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院接受胰肾联合移植,移植胰腺的外分泌液用空肠内引流,不作Roux-en-Y吻合。移植胰腺及肾脏的平均冷缺血时间分别为（10±2．0）h和（7±2．0）h。除1例外,术后早期均采用他克莫司、霉酚酸酯及皮质激素预防排斥反应,同时以抗淋巴细胞球蛋白或抗CD25单克隆抗体诱导治疗。结果受者、移植肾脏和胰腺的6个月存活率均为97．4％,平均停用胰岛素时间为（7±6．9）d,空腹血糖恢复正常的平均时间为（14±9．1）d。术后3周口服糖耐量试验、胰岛素和C肽释放试验显示移植胰腺功能完全正常。血淀粉酶恢复正常的平均时间为（10±7．7）d。肾功能延迟恢复8例,其血肌酐恢复正常的平均时间为（53±20．0）d;其余30例血肌酐恢复正常的平均时间为（8±7．4）d。术后主要外科并发症为移植胰腺伤口感染、胰十二指肠-空肠吻合口出血和移植肾脏周围出血,3例（7．9％）因并发症再次手术,未发生与胰液引流术式相关的并发症如胰漏、肠漏、腹腔脓肿及肠梗阻等。结论胰肾联合移植是治疗1型和部分2型糖尿病合并尿毒症的有效方法;改进的胰液空肠引流术式（不作Roux-en-Y吻合）有助于降低胰液空肠引流术式的术后早期并发症发生率,提高受者和移植物的存活率。     

在一个单位进行的100次胰腺移植

明尼苏达大学于1966年12月18日首先在一位患尿毒症的糖尿病病人同时进行了肾和胰腺移植。自1966年12月31日至1973年3月19日共施行了14例胰腺异体移植。1例为一段胰腺移植,胰管予以结扎;4例为胰十二指肠移植和十二指肠造口术以引流胰液;8例为胰十二指肠移植,十二指肠(供体)与空肠(受体)Y 型吻合;1例为全胰移植,供体 Vater壶腹吻合于受体空肠。除4例外,10例同时接受了异体肾移植,肾和胰腺均来自同一供体。胰腺功能维持的时间平均为3.0±3.5月,最长为12月,后者因     

胰液空肠引流术式胰肾联合移植(附10例报告)

总结10例胰液空肠引流(ED)术式胰肾一期联合移植(SPK)的外科技术和治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病(IDDM)合并尿毒症的效果。方法2000年6月至2003年7月间完成改进的ED术式SPK10例,不做Roux-en-Y吻合。免疫抑制治疗术后早期采用四联诱导治疗(FK506／CsA MMF 皮质激素 ALG或抗CD25单抗),以后改为三联维持。结果10例手术均获得成功,移植肾功能即刻恢复,除1例移植胰功能延迟恢复外．余9例术后1周内血糖降至正常水平,完全停用外源性胰岛素。1例术后6月带正常移植物功能死于心肌梗塞,4例存活已超过1年;发生急性排斥反应4例次。除1例难治性排斥未能逆转行再次肾移植外．余3例经激素冲击或()KT3治疗均获好转。并发症情况：出现腹腔感染与切口感染各2例,肾周血肿1例,分别经手术探查或引流换药治疗后愈合。结论改进的ED术式胰肾联合移植安全、简单,无严重外科并发症,是值得推广的治疗IDDM合并尿毒症的理想方法。     

改良式胰液肠腔引流胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植(附二例报告)

目的 研究改良式胰液肠腔引流胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植的效果、术式、用药量及并发症。方法 对2例1型糖尿病并发尿毒症患者施行改良式胰液肠腔引流胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植，术后早期应用他克莫司(FK506)、霉酚酸酯(MMF)、皮质激素和抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)进行免疫治疗。监测胰腺、肾功能恢复。结果 2例患者术后第3—5天肌酐、尿素氮恢复正常，术后第5—10天停用胰岛素，移植胰腺分泌功能正常。例1术后第7天出现FK506中毒，尿量减少，经调整FK506用量及血液透析过度，术后第25天肾功能恢复正常；例2术后第20天并发消化道出血，使用生长抑素及基因重组凝血因子Ⅶa等治疗痊愈。随访3—24个月，移植胰和移植肾功能均正常，一般情况良好。结论 改良式胰液肠腔引流胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植是治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病合并肾功能衰竭的较好术式，优质供体及良好配型可减少并发症的发生。     

胰肾联合移植治疗肝移植后糖尿病合并肾功能衰竭二例

目的 总结肝移植后再行胰肾联合移植治疗糖尿病合并肾功能衰竭的临床处理经验.方法 2例肝移植受者术前合并有2型糖尿病,分别于肝移植后7年余和4年余发生肾功能衰竭,遂行胰肾联合移植,2例的移植肝功能均正常.采取腹部器官联合快速切取技术整块切取双肾、全胰及十二指肠节段,先行肾移植,再行胰腺移植,供肾移植于左侧髂窝,供胰移植于右侧髂窝,供者的十二指肠与受者的空肠侧侧吻合,供者的十二指肠内置管,通过受者的空肠引流出体外.例1采用抗白细胞介素受体单克隆抗体诱导的四联免疫抑制方案预防排斥反应;例2术中给予抗胸腺细胞球蛋白和甲泼尼龙,术后继续使用2d,采用他克莫司+吗替麦考酚酯+皮质激素预防排斥反应.结果 2例手术过程顺利,术后移植胰腺功能正常,血糖均于术后10d左右恢复正常,无需胰岛素治疗,移植肾功能1周时恢复正常,第2例1周后血清肌酐渐进性升高,经验性抗排斥反应治疗效果不明显,移植肾活组织检查未见明显排斥反应征象,遂将他克莫司替换为西罗莫司,之后受者的肾功能逐渐恢复正常.目前2例受者已分别随访36个月及9个月,移植肝、肾及胰腺功能均正常.结论 肝移植后合并糖尿病、肾功能衰竭时可考虑行胰肾联合移植,但术后免疫反应复杂,需严密监测移植物功能.     

A 10-year experience with 290 pancreas transplants at a single institution.

Since our report at the 1984 American Surgical Association meeting of 100 pancreas transplants from 1966 through 1983, another 190 have been performed. The current series, begun in 1978, now numbers 276 cases, and includes 133 nonuremic recipients of pancreas transplants alone (PTA), 46 simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplants (SPK), and 97 pancreas tranplants after a kidney transplant (PAK). Duct management techniques used were free intraperitoneal drainage in 44 cases, duct occlusion in 44, enteric drainage in 89, and bladder drainage in 128. The 1-year patient and graft survival rates in the entire cohort of 276 were 91% and 42%. One-year patient survival rates were 88% in the first 100, 91% in the second 100, and 92% in the last 76 cases; corresponding 1-year graft survival rates were 28%, 47%, and 56% (p less than 0.05). A prospective comparison of bladder drainage (n = 82) versus enteric drainage (n = 46) in PAK/PTA cases since November 1, 1984 favored bladder drainage (1-year graft survival rates of 52% vs. 41%) because of urinary amylase monitoring. The best results were in recipients of primary SPK bladder-drained transplants (n = 39), with a 1-year pancreas graft survival rate of 75%, kidney graft survival rate of 80%, and patient survival rate of 95%. Logistic regression analysis, with 1-year graft function as the independent variable, showed significant (p less than 0.05) predictors of success (odds ratio) to be technique: bladder drainage (5.8) versus enteric drainage (2.5) versus duct injection (1.0); category: SPK (6.0) versus PAK from same donor (3.2) versus PAK from different donor (1.2) versus PTA (1.0); and donor HLA DR mismatch: 0 (5.0) versus 1 (2.5) versus 2 (1.0) antigens. On April 1, 1989, 90 patients had functioning grafts (60 euglycemic and insulin-free for more than 1 year, 10 for 5 to 10 years); these, along with 24 others whose grafts functioned for 1 to 6 years before failing, are part of an expanding cohort in whom the influence of inducing a euglycemic state on pre-existing secondary complications of diabetes is being studied. Only preliminary data is available. In regard to neuropathy, at more than 1 year after transplant in patients with functioning grafts, conduction velocities in some nerves were increased over baseline. In regard to retinopathy, deterioration in grade occurred in approximately 30% of the recipients by 3 years, whether the graft functioned continuously or failed early, but thereafter retinopathy in the patients with functioning grafts remained stable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Conversion of exocrine secretions from bladder to enteric drainage in recipients of whole pancreaticoduodenal transplants.

Between September 1984 and August 1991, 265 whole pancreaticoduodenal transplants were done at our institution, with bladder drainage of exocrine secretions through a duodenocystostomy. Seventeen patients subsequently underwent conversion from bladder to enteric drainage at 2 to 64 months after transplant. Eight conversion procedures were done to correct chronic intractable metabolic acidosis due to bicarbonate loss from the allograft: seven to alleviate severe dysuria, presumed secondary to the action of graft enzymes on uroepithelium; one to prevent recurrent allograft pancreatitis, presumed secondary to back pressure from the bladder; and one because of graft duodenectomy for severe cytomegalovirus duodenitis with perforation. None were done to correct technical complications from the initial transplant operation. The conversions were done by dividing the graft duodenocystostomy, then re-establishing drainage through a graft duodenal-recipient jejunal anastomosis. A simple loop of recipient jejunum was used for the duodenojejunostomy in 15 cases, and a Roux limb in two. One of those two cases had a previously created Roux limb that was available for use. The other was in the patient who underwent graft duodenectomy and subsequent mucosa-to-mucosa anastomosis of the pancreatic duct to a newly created Roux limb of jejunum. All patients experienced relief of their symptoms after operation. Two patients had surgical complications (12%), an enterotomy in one case, which was closed operatively, and an enterocutaneous fistula in the other case, which healed spontaneously with bowel rest and parenteral nutrition. The drawback to conversion is loss of urine amylase as a marker for rejection, particularly in recipients of solitary pancreas grafts (n = 5). In recipients of simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) allografts (n = 12), the kidney can still be used to monitor for rejection (two with follow-up < 1 year, 10 with follow-up > 1 year). None of our solitary pancreas recipients, however, have lost graft function (follow-up, 10 to 36 months). The only pancreas allograft loss was in an SPK recipient who also rejected the kidney 6 months after conversion. She received a second SPK transplant with enteric drainage, and is insulin independent and normoglycemic 10 months after retransplantation. Patients converted for metabolic acidosis tended to have impaired renal function (mean creatinine, 2.14 +/- 0.98 mg/dL at time of conversion) due to chronic rejection, progression of native kidney diabetic nephropathy, or cyclosporine toxicity, and possibly could not compensate for bicarbonate loss from the pancreas allograft.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Enteric drainage of a pancreas allograft is safe for patients with celiac sprue

Enteric drainage of exocrine secretions in whole organ pancreas transplantation is generally avoided in patients with pre-existing small bowel disease; however, bladder drainage is associated with a 20% rate of urinary tract-related complications. This is a case report of a type 1 diabetic patient with celiac sprue and renal failure. We performed a simultaneous cadaveric kidney pancreas transplant enterically draining the exocrine pancreas. There were no complications. The patient is now more than 6 months post-transplant with excellent function of both renal and pancreas allografts. We conclude that enteric drainage of pancreas allografts in patients with celiac sprue may be performed safely. Whole organ pancreas transplantation is being performed with greater success than ever before, mostly as a result of lessons learned from past experience (1). Enteric drainage of allograft exocrine secretions is preferred for simultaneous pancreas/kidney (SPK) recipients to avoid urinary tract complications associated with bladder drainage. However, most agree that diabetics with pre-existing bowel disease should have bladder drainage of allograft exocrine secretions, so as to prevent the devastating complication of a bowel leak. We describe here a successful case of enteric drainage of an SPK transplant in a patient with celiac sprue. We believe that, when carefully performed, enteric drainage of pancreas allografts is a safe approach for diabetic patients with celiac sprue, and may avert the serious complications associated with bladder drainage.     

The case for pancreas after kidney transplantation

Abstract:  Pancreas after kidney (PAK) transplantation has historically demonstrated inferior pancreas allograft survival compared to simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) transplantation. Under our current immunosuppression protocol, we have noted excellent outcomes and rare immunological graft loss. The goal of this study was to compare pancreas allograft survival in PAK and SPK recipients using this regimen. This was a single center retrospective review of all SPK and PAK transplants performed between January 2003 and November 2007. All transplants were performed with systemic venous drainage and enteric exocrine drainage. Immunosuppression included induction with rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (thymoglobulin), early steroid withdrawal, and maintenance with tacrolimus and sirolimus or mycophenolate mofetil. Study end points included graft and patient survival and immunosuppression related complications. Transplants included PAK 61 (30%) and SPK 142 (70%). One-yr patient survival was PAK 98% and SPK 95% (p = 0.44) and pancreas graft survival was PAK 95% and SPK 90% (p = 0.28). Acute cellular rejection was uncommon with 2% requiring treatment in each group. Survival for PAK using thymoglobulin induction, early steroid withdrawal and tacrolimus-based immunosuppression is at least comparable to SPK and should be pursued in the recipient with a potential living donor.     

Pancreas Transplantation From Living Donors: A Single Center Experience of 20 Cases

Living donor pancreas transplantation (LDPT) has several advantages over deceased donor pancreas transplantation (DDPT), including better HLA matching, shorter ischemic time, and shorter waiting time. It remains an attractive option for diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with end stage renal disease. We reviewed 20 cases of LDPT performed in Asan Medical Center between October 1992 and March 2015. Six cases (30%) were pancreas transplantation alone (PTA), and the rest (70%) were simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPK). Relations of donor and recipient were parents in 7 (35%), siblings in 6 (30%), spouse in 6 (30%), and cousin in 1 (5%). Graft survival in SPK at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years was 91.7%, 83.3%, 83.3%, and 83.3%, respectively, and that in PTA recipients was 50%, 33.3%, 16.7%, and 16.7%, respectively (p = 0.005). Causes of graft failure in SPK were thrombosis (one case), and rejection (one case), whereas those in PTA were noncompliance (two cases), thrombosis (one case), reflux pancreatitis (one case), and chronic rejection (one case). In terms of pancreas exocrine drainage, two grafts (25%) maintained their function in bladder drainage, while all grafts maintained in enteric drainage p < 0.05). Seven (35%) donors experienced minor pancreatic juice leakage and one underwent reoperation due to postoperative hematoma. Most donors maintained normoglycemia and normal renal function. However, two donors developed DM (at 1 and 90 months postdonation), and were treated with oral hypoglycemic agents. Graft survival in PTA recipients was poorer than in SPK due to poor compliance and bladder drainage–related problems. The surgical and metabolic complication rates of donors can be minimized by applying strict donor criteria. Therefore, LDPT with enteric drainage is an acceptable treatment for SPK.     

Current status and future of pancreas transplantation

The results of pancreas transplantation have improved in the ciclosporin A era. Success rates are now similar to those in other types of organ transplantation, and the number of cases has increased concomitantly. As of December 1997, 10,283 pancreas transplantation procedures had been reported to the International Pancreas Transplant Registry. Since 1995, over 1,000 have been reported annually, 75% of which have been performed in the USA. The majority (88%) of those carried out in the USA consist of simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) transplantations, followed by pancreas transplantation after kidney transplantation (10%) and pancreas transplantation alone (PTA) (2%). From 1994 to 1997, the overall one-year patient survival rate was 94%. The graft survival rate for SPK was the highest, with one- and three-year graft survival rates of 82% and nearly 80%, respectively. The administration of FK506 and mycophenolate mofetil has improved the results in patients undergoing pancreas transplantation. Althought the technical failure rate has decreased, graft thrombosis remains the most frequent cause of technical failure (5.5% for SPK with exocrine bladder drainage and 11% for SPK with enteric drainage). The standard surgical procedure has included pancreas-exocrine bladder drainage, but the current trend is to perform physiological enteric drainage. It has been reported that the portal venous and enteric exocrine drainage methods are safe, with outcomes similar to those of the standard technique. It appears that these will become the standard methods in the near future. The primary objective of improved quality of life is achieved in patients with functioning pancreas grafts, and transplantation results in modest reductions in secondary diabetes mellitus complications. However, it must still be confirmed whether the long-term quality-of-life benefits outweigh the potential risks. The secondary objective of pancreas transplantation is to prevent complications of diabetes mellitus. It is necessary to develop methods for the early detection of rejection, which will lead to significant improvements in the results of PTA. Although 15 pancreas transplantation surgeries have been carried out in Japan, they ceased after 1994. Currently, social debate to determine the rules governing such procedures is ongoing.     

Atypical etiology of massive gastrointestinal bleeding: arterio-enteric fistula following enteric drained pancreas transplant

Pancreas transplantation is an established treatment for selected type I insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DM). Increasingly, enteric drainage of exocrine secretions has been performed in preference to bladder drainage. We present two cases of massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage (GIH) related to arterial-graft duodenal fistulas, a rare cause of massive bleeding. Case 1 DM is a 49-year-old male who underwent simultaneous kidney pancreas transplantation (SPK) for DM and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). He developed a transplant duodenal stump leak that resolved with drainage. He presented with massive hemorrhage at 2 months. Angiography revealed a fistula between the graft-recipient arterial anastomosis and the stump leak. This was managed by transplant pancreatectomy. Case 2 SB is a 37-year-old male who underwent pancreas-after-kidney transplantation (PAK) for type I DM. At 6 months, the pancreas graft failed due to chronic rejection. He presented 9 months later with massive hemorrhage. Upper and lower endoscopy were inconclusive. Angiography revealed a fistula between the transplant arterial graft and the transplant duodenum. This was initially managed by coil embolization and definitively by transplant pancreatectomy. Patients with functional or nonfunctional pancreas transplants presenting with massive GIH not readily localized by endoscopy should undergo angiography to exclude this unusual etiology.