集合PCR在检测MSMHIV急性期感染中的应用

目的应用集合聚合酶链反应（PCR）方法,发现广州市男男性行为人群（MSM）中艾滋病病毒（HIV）急性感染者,并估计该人群HIV感染的发病率。方法采用10∶1、5∶1、1∶1三级集合HIV-1核糖核酸（RNA）反转录PCR（RT-PCR）方法进行检测。结果 2008年,检测1 250份MSM HIV-1抗体阴性血浆,发现HIV-1RNA阳性3例,追踪随访,2例HIV-1抗体阳转,1例失访;初步估计HIV-1年发病率约为8.50%[95%可信区间（CI）：1.75%～24.86%]。2009年,检测1 002份MSM HIV-1抗体阴性血浆,发现HIV-1RNA阳性4例,追踪随访,4例均HIV-1抗体阳转;估计HIV-1年发病率约为14.17%（95%CI：3.85%～36.21%）。结论集合HIV-1RNART-PCR是发现急性感染者的有效方法,并可估计人群HIV发病率。     

Nuclisens EasyQ HIV-1和COBAS AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITORTM Test检测集合在HIV-1“窗口期”诊断的比较应用

目的将Nuclisens EasyQ HIV-1方法与COBAS AMPLICOR HIV-1MONITORTM Test方法检测集合的结果进行比较,并将集合HIV RNA Nuclisens EasyQ方法应用于艾滋病病毒Ⅰ型(HIV-1)"窗口期"的检测。方法采用50:1、10:1二级集合HIV RNA COBAS和EasyQ方法进行检测。结果 (1)两种方法在54份定值血清和质控血浆的阳性检出率均为100%,方法的一致性为94.44%,两方法之间具有显著相关性,相关系数为r=0.855。(2)检测感染者配偶、静脉吸毒者(IDU)及男男性行为人群(MSM)样本集合2 426人份,两种方法检测结果一致,发现3例"窗口期"感染者。结论集合HIV RNA Nuclisens EasyQ方法具有很好的实验性能,可应用于HIV高危人群的"窗口期"检测。     

集合HIV RNA RT-PCR方法在高危人群中窗口期检测的应用

探讨使用集合艾滋病病毒(HIV)核糖核酸(RNA)反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)的方法,对高危人群窗口期进行检测。方法采用50∶1(一级pools)、10∶1(二级pools)、1∶1(单个样本)三级集合HIV RNA,用RT-PCR方法进行样本检测。结果检测的3 904份HIV抗体阴性样本中,检出8份样本的病毒载量高于检测线。结论提示该集合方法对于大样本量的阴性样本筛查还是具有可操作性的。     

天津市MSM HIV感染窗口期检测策略的研究

目的探索适用于男男性行为人群（MSM）的艾滋病病毒（HIV）早期感染筛查策略,并对利用早期感染数据估测新发感染率的可行性进行评价。方法常规HIV抗体检测结合集合核酸检测,样品集合及分拆方法按50∶5∶1进行。结果 5 287份MSM血样中,5 073份HIV抗体检测阴性,5份样品为HIV抗体不确定,209份HIV抗体阳性。经核酸检测,5 073份HIV抗体阴性样品中,检出10份阳性;5份HIV抗体不确定样品均为阳性。15份核酸阳性样品中,有8例进行随访检测,均出现HIV抗体阳转。结论常规HIV抗体检测结合集合核酸检测可以发现更多的感染者,降低检测成本,对MSM中HIV感染窗口期诊断和HIV发病率的估测有重要意义。     

吸毒人群尿液、血液平行检测艾滋病病毒1型抗体结果分析

目的：利用吸毒人群尿液和血液标本比较不同方法检测艾滋病病毒1型（HIV－1）抗体结果的一致性。方法：平行采集强制戒毒所234名吸毒者的尿液和血液标本，应用酶免疫吸附试验（ELISA）分别测定不同标本中HIV－1抗体。结果：234人中5人血液标本HIV－1抗体为阳性，其平行尿液标本中4人阳性，另1人蛋白印迹试验确认为阴性。结果显示：两种标本检测HIV－1抗体的符合率为99．6％。结论：尿液标本ELISA试剂的检测结果是可靠的。     

用HIV抗原/抗体联合试剂筛查吸毒者中窗口期HIV感染者

目的筛查窗口期艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者,并验证HIV抗原/抗体联合试剂(第四代试剂)的检测性能。方法用HIV抗原/抗体联合试剂对经HIV抗体筛查呈阴性反应的吸毒者样本进行检测,并与HIV抗原检测及HIV-1 RNA检测的结果作比较,以证实其为窗口期感染样本。结果1 934份HIV抗体阴性样本中发现3例窗口期HIV感染者;所用第四代试剂检出窗口期样本的敏感性为100%,特异性为99.28%,假阳性率为0.77%。结论用第四代试剂检测虽然可以在某种程度上缩短检测窗口期,但该试剂有一定的假阳性结果,尤其是在S/CO值较低时其假阳性比率增高,故检测时应注意S/CO值的高低,如有条件可进一步做HIV-1 RNA检测。     

河南省戒毒人群AIDS/STD流行病学监测

目的了解河南省戒毒人群艾滋病／性病（AIDS／STD）感染流行状况。方法对戒毒人员进行个人访谈及填写行为监测问卷，分别进行艾滋病病毒（HIV）、梅毒抗体检测。结果1997～2004年间共监测强制戒毒人员2362例，HIV抗体阳性者8例，感染率0．34％；梅毒抗体阳性43例（均为女性），感染率1．82％。8例HIV阳性者中，6例为本省的吸毒者（其中4例有既往供血史），其中1例合并梅毒抗体阳性。2004年对16个省辖市的86190名劳改劳教人员的专题调查中，确认HIV感染者275例，感染率0．32％。其中发现由静脉吸毒感染7例，占检出HIV感染人数的2．55％。结论提示河南省HIV感染人群不再限于有偿供血和受血人群，已出现吸毒和经性行为感染的人群。吸毒人员主要以口吸毒品为主，在艾滋病高流行区，防止HIV传人吸毒人群，切实加强对吸毒人群的教育及行为干预是一项不容忽视的工作。     

2007～2012年陆川县吸毒人群HIV感染状况分析

目的了解陆川县吸毒人群HIV感染状况及影响因素,为制定控制策略和措施提供依据。方法对2007—2012年陆川县部分吸毒人群进行HIV抗体检测分析。结果2007～2012年共筛查吸毒人群546例,男性518例,女性28例;共检出HIV阳性19例,均为男性,HIV阳性率为3．48％。546例吸毒者中,静脉吸毒466例,HIV抗体阳性18例（3．86％）,有口吸行为80例,HIV抗体阳性1例（1．25％）;有性乱行为271例,HIV阳性9例（3．32％）。结论陆川县吸毒人群中部分已感染HIV,吸毒和不良性行为是传播HIV最主要的原因,加强对吸毒人群的监测对控制艾滋病性病蔓延具有重要意义。     

HIV-1抗体蛋白印迹法在性病门诊中的应用

目的探讨艾滋病病毒Ⅰ型(HIV-1)抗体蛋白印迹法(WB)在性病门诊就诊者中的应用情况。方法用第3代HIV酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)试剂筛查11 558份性病门诊就诊者血浆样本,ELISA阳性样本和ELISA阴性但反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法阳性样本,用WB确证;RT-PCR法检测筛查结果阴性样本、WB结果可疑和阴性样本、以及部分WB阳性样本,进行RT-PCR检测。结果 18份WB阳性样本中,17份RNA阳性,1份RNA阴性;14份WB可疑样本中,13份RNA阴性,1份RNA阳性;32份WB阴性样本中,4份RNA阳性,28份RNA阴性。结论 (1)HIV WB存在生物学假阳性。(2)检测可疑者样本中HIV RNA,减少随访负担。(3)WB存在窗口期,不能检出HIV感染急性期样本。     

蛋白免疫印迹试验在HIV确证检测中的漏检及原因分析

目的探讨蛋白免疫印迹试验（WB）在艾滋病病毒（HIV）确证检测过程中的漏检问题,可能的原因及解决方法。方法 40份酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）和（或）胶体金法筛查阳性、WB实验确证阴性的样本,分析其来源、S/CO值,并进行抗体追踪复检。结果 40份样本中检出9份HIV阳性,28份阴性,3份样本流失。阴性者均来源于没有高危行为的普通人群,其中无偿献血人群13份,ELISA S/CO均〈3。9份阳性样本中,6例为男男性行为人群（MSM）,自愿咨询检测（VCT）3例。其中ELISA S/CO值〈6的5例,〉10的4例,6例最后考虑为窗口期感染,3例可能为WB试剂中反应膜出现问题。结论 WB检测漏检,可能是样本处于窗口期感染或试剂反应膜问题,实验室应综合分析筛查阳性而WB确证阴性的检测样本,要进行追踪检测,以确定其真实的HIV-1感染状况,防止漏检。     

Immunogenetics of HIV and HIV associated tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is the frequent major opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients, and is the leading cause of mortality among HIV-infected patients. Genetic susceptibility to TB in HIV negative subjects is well documented. Since coinfections can influence the way in which immune system respond to different pathogens, genetic susceptibility to TB in HIV patients might also change. Studies from India and other parts of the world have shown that genetic susceptibility to TB is influenced by HIV infection. In the present review, we emphasize the role of genetic factors in determining susceptibility to HIV infection, disease progression and development of TB in HIV-infected patients. Polymorphisms in human leukocyte antigen (HLA), MBL2, CD209, vitamin D receptor, cytokine, chemokine and chemokine receptor genes have been shown to be associated with development of TB in HIV patients. However, the results are inconclusive and larger well-defined studies with precise clinical data are required to validate these associations. Apart from candidate gene approach, genome-wide association studies are also needed to unravel the unknown or to establish the previously reported genetic associations with HIV associated TB. Despite the preliminary status of the reported associations, it is becoming clear that susceptibility to development of TB in HIV patients is influenced by both environmental and genetic components. Understanding the genetic and immunologic factors that influence susceptibility to TB in HIV patients could lead to novel insights for vaccine development as well as diagnostic advances to target treatment to those who are at risk for developing active disease.     

HIV disclosure among adults living with HIV

Research on disclosure among heterosexual adult person(s) living with HIV (PLH) was reviewed, omitting disclosure of parental HIV to children. Disclosure has been studied within five additional relational contexts: with partners, family members, friends, healthcare professionals and in work settings. Disclosure is higher among women than men, among Latino and white compared to African-American families, and among younger compared to older HIV-positive adults. Most PLH disclose to their sexual partners and family members, yet there is a significant minority who do not disclose. Similarly, rates of disclosure to employers range from 27-68%, suggesting broad variability in perceived consequences of employment disclosures. Of concern, 40% of PLH do not consistently disclose to their healthcare professionals. Rather than examine HIV disclosures in the context of relationships, it is possible to understand disclosures around personal identity. Disclosure decisions are often made to tell everyone (making HIV status a central attribute of one's identity), no one (requiring strategies for securing social support while remaining anonymous) or some people (requiring strategic decisions based on context). Given that disclosure decisions are central to personal identity, future data on disclosure and interventions designed to increase disclosure or comfort with disclosure must focus on communication strategies adopted by PLH to present a coherent identity.     

Management of the metabolic effects of HIV and HIV drugs

Morphologic and metabolic abnormalities, including subcutaneous adipose tissue wasting, central adipose tissue accumulation, dyslipidemia and disorders of glucose metabolism are common among HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and contribute to the risk of cardiovascular disease in this population. The pathogenesis of these disorders is due to complicated interactions between effects of chronic HIV infection, HAART medications and patient factors, including genetic susceptibility. HAART has transformed HIV into a chronic condition for many patients and as a result the majority of HIV-infected patients in many areas of the developed world will soon be aged ≥50 years. Given that metabolic and cardiovascular diseases increase with aging, knowledge of the optimal management of these conditions is essential for practitioners caring for HIV-infected patients, including endocrine subspecialists. This Review highlights the clinical management of these disorders, focusing on the latest evidence regarding the efficacy of treatment strategies, newly available medications and potential interactions between HAART medications and medications used to treat metabolic disorders.     

HIV Prevention Act would require HIV reporting

The HIV Prevention Act of 1997 proposes mandatory, confidential reporting of HIV infection, mandatory partner notification, and a provision that would allow providers to refuse to perform invasive treatment to patients who refuse an HIV test. The bill has been endorsed by the American Medical Association, and denounced by AIDS activists as punitive and detrimental to existing HIV prevention efforts.     

Racial heterogeneity of HIV antigenemia in people with HIV infection

We compared the prevalence of HIV p24 antigenemia in black and white US patients with HIV infection. The prevalence of HIV antigenemia increased with severity of HIV disease (P less than 0.001). In all clinical categories, whites were more likely to be HIV-antigenemic than blacks (overall prevalence 38 versus 18%; P less than 0.01). Anti-p24 antibodies were detected in a higher proportion of blacks (84%) than whites (65%; P = 0.02). Blacks had significantly higher total serum immunoglobulin levels than whites (median 3.8 versus 3.2 mg/dl; P less than 0.00001). Racial differences in HIV antigen expression may result from differences in humoral response to HIV infection. These differences should be considered when HIV antigen is used as a surrogate marker in clinical trials.