成人急性髓细胞白血病免疫表型及其在预后中的意义

应用单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）和间接免疫荧光法对７１例急性髓细胞白血病（ＡＭＬ）进行免疫表型检测，结果表明，髓系抗原表达率依次为ＣＤ３３＞ＣＤ１５＞ＣＤ１３＞ＣＤ１４。ＡＭＬ中很少同时表达淋系抗原。免疫表型结合形态学及细胞化学特征，７１例中诊断全髓白血病病３例，急性混合性白血病（ＡＭＬＬ）５例。观察诱导缓解治疗完全缓解（ＣＲ）率与免疫表型的关系发现，ＣＤ１３、ＣＤ１４、ＣＤ１５及ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ各单项表达对ＣＲ率无明显影响（Ｐ＞０．０５），而ＣＤ＋３３组ＣＲ率明显高于ＣＤ－３３组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＡＭＬ伴有单个淋系抗原表达对ＣＲ率无明显影响。     

71例急性白血病免疫表型分析

使用间接免疫荧光法对７１例急性白血病（ＡＬ）患者的白血病细胞进行了免疫表型分析。结果显示：２９例ＡＬＬ中，白血病细胞只有淋系相关抗原表达者２３例，同时表达淋髓两系相关抗原者５例，既无淋系亦无髓系抗原表达者１例；４２例ＡＭＬ中，髓系相关抗原阳性者３９例，其中１２例同时表达淋系相关抗原；无髓系抗原表达者３例。结果提示通过对白血病细胞表面分化抗原检测不仅有助于ＡＬ的免疫学分型，而且表明ＡＬ时抗原表达的复杂性。     

71例急性白血病免疫表型分型

使用间接免疫荧光法对７１例急性白血病（ＡＬ）患者的白血病细胞进行了免疫表型分析。结果显示：２９例ＡＬＬ中，白血病只有淋系相关抗原表达者２３例，同时表达淋髓两系相关抗原者５例，即无淋系亦无髓系统原表达者１例；４２例ＡＭＬ中，髓系相关抗原阳性者３９你，其中１２例同时表达淋系相关抗原；无髓系抗原表达者３例。结果提示通过对白血病细胞表面分化抗原检测不仅有助于ＡＬ的免疫学分型，而且表明ＡＬ时抗原表达的复杂性     

急性白血病首次复发后免疫表型及细胞遗传学改变

目的：分析成人急性白血病首次复发前后免疫表型和细胞遗传学改变。方法：采用间接荧光法分析急性白血病患者的免疫表型，用Ｇ分带技术研究患者的染色体核型。结果：５例中４例急性淋巴细胞白血病（ＡＬＬ）复发后的患者发生免疫表型变化，均涉及ＣＤ３４抗原表达；ＣＤ３４抗原的表达与再诱导治疗结果呈负相关。１０／１２例急性髓细胞白血病（ＡＭＬ）复发光患者免疫表型发生改变，涉及ＣＤ１４、ＣＤ１５、ＣＤ１３、ＣＤ３３、Ｃ     

98例成人急性白血病形态学免疫学和细胞遣传学分型诊断

对９８例初治成人急性白血病进行了形态学，免疫学和细胞遣传学综合分型。结果显示：形态学分型与ＭＩＣ分型符合率为９０．８％，ＡＬＬ免疫分型与ＭＩＣ一致率为９５．６％，而ＡＭＬ仅为７０．８％。１０／４８例ＡＭＬ表达淋系抗原；８／４３例ＡＬＬ表达髓系抗原。     

急性髓系白血病细胞异常免疫表型表达的研究

应用免疫酶标染色法检测了５９例急性髓系白血病患者的白血病细胞免疫表型，结果表明，ＣＤ２，ＣＤ５，ＣＤ７，ＣＤ１０，ＣＤ１９，ＣＤ２２淋系抗原的表达率分别为１６．９％，１１．９％，１６．９％，１５．３％，１０．２％和６．８％。进一步分析结果表明，在Ｍ３病例细胞中，ＣＥ２，ＣＤ１０和ＣＤ１９抗原表达阳性率明显高于Ｍ５组，而ＣＤ７抗原表达阳性率明显低于Ｍ５组。     

急性髓细胞白血病免疫表型特点及与预后的关系

对１１１例原发、初治的急性髓细胞白血病（ＡＭＬ）患者进行了免疫表型及ｐ１７０检测。同时对可判断疗效的８０例患者（不含Ｍ３）进行了免疫表型与预后关系分析，结果显示：Ｍ３患者ＣＤ１３、ＣＤ３３高表达、ＣＤ３４、ＨＬＡ－ＤＰ、ｐ１７０均为阴性，Ｍ２ａ患者ＣＤ７高表达而ＣＤ１４、ｐ１７０阳性率较低；Ｍ２ｂ患者ＣＤ７为阴性，Ｍ４、Ｍ５的特点相似，ＣＤ１４、ＣＤ１５、ＣＤ３８、ＣＤ３３、ＨＬＡ－ＤＰ均高表达，ＣＤ７弱表达，ｐ１７０阳性率较高。免疫表型与ＡＭＬ预后关系分析结果显示ＣＤ３４、ＣＤ１５与治疗反应显著相关。而ＣＤ１４、ＣＤ７、淋系相关抗原与预后的关系不明显。     

小儿急性白血病免疫表型和骨髓细胞DNA含量及其相互关系的分析

目的 了解小儿急性白血病（ＡＬ）的免疫表型，异倍体、细胞周期分布状况及其之间的关系。方法 应用流式细胞仪检测一４２例初诊为ＡＬ患儿的免疫表型及骨髓单个核细胞（ＭＮＣ）的ＤＮＡ含量。结果 ４例ＡＬ患者同时表达了Ｂ系和髓系的抗原，预后差。Ａ有髓细胞周期的Ｓ期细胞百分率明显低于正常对照。而且，ＡＬＬ组中，亚二倍体患者的Ｓ期细胞百分率均值与超二倍体患者，二本２比较存在显著差异性，ＡＮＬＬ组中，ＣＤ３３／Ｃ     

98例成人急性白血病形态学免疫学和细胞遗传学分型诊断

对９８例初治成人急性白血病（ＡＬ）进行了形态学、免疫学和细胞遗传学（ＭＩＣ）综合分型。结果显示：形态学分型与ＭＩＣ分型符合率为９０．８％；ＡＬＬ免疫分型与ＭＩＣ一致率为９５．６％，而ＡＭＬ仅为７０．８％。１０／４８例ＡＭＬ表达淋系抗原（Ｌｙ＋—ＡＭＬ）；８／４３例ＡＬＬ表达髓系抗原（Ｍｙ＋—ＡＬＬ）。７／９８例为杂合型急性白血病。染色体异常检出率７１．４％，其中６５．７％为特异性异常，包括ｔ（９；２２）、ｔ（４；１１）、ｔ（１１；１４）、６ｑ－、９ｐ－、ｔ（８；１２）、ｔ（８；１４）及ｔ（１５；１７）、ｔ（８；２１）、ｉｎｖ（１６）等     

CD4抗原在急性髓系白血病细胞上的表达及其意义

目的：探讨ＣＤ４抗原在急性髓系白血病细胞上的表达及意义。方法：对８２例急性髓系白血病患者进行免疫表型、细胞遗传学分析。结果：ＣＥ４在ＡＭＬ患者中表达率为４０．２％，Ｍ５中阳性率最高９２．９％，Ｍ４次之为５５％，ＣＤ４＾＋ＡＭＬ高表达ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ，ＣＤ３８、ＣＤ３３、ＣＤ１５、ＣＤ１４、ＴＢ系列抗原阴性。ＣＤ４＾＋ＡＭＬ中可见１１ｑ２３、ｉｎｖ（１６）、ｔ（９；２２），未见特异性染色体异常。但伴１１ｑ２３和ｉｎｖ（１６）异常的ＡＭＬ频繁表达ＣＤ４，阳性率分别为８６．３％、６０．２％。ＣＤ４＾＋ＡＭＬ在年龄、性别、肝脾肿大、ＣＮＳ－Ｌ、ＤＩＣ、１疗程ＣＲ率等临床特征方面无明显不同。结论：ＣＤ４＾＋ＡＭＬ是一种起源较高的具有单核细胞特征的髓系白血病，ＣＤ４的表达对ＡＭＬ－Ｍ４、Ｍ５尤其是Ｍ５亚型的鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

Multiparameter analysis of acute mixed lineage leukemia: correlation of a B/myeloid immunophenotype and immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements with the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome translocation in acute leukemias with myeloid morphology

Morphological, immunological, cytogenetic, and molecular features of 28 cases of acute mixed lineage leukemia (AMLL), defined by the co-expression of lymphoid and myeloid cell surface antigens, were correlated in a multiparameter study. These 28 cases were identified in a series of 260 consecutive acute leukemia cases occurring predominantly in adults and were subdivided into 18 cases of AMLL with myeloid morphology and cytochemistry (AMLL-AML) and 10 cases of AMLL with lymphoid morphology and cytochemistry (AMLL-ALL). A lack of correlation was observed between the expression of B- or T-cell associated antigens with the presence of the expected immunoglobulin (Ig) or T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements in the AMLL cases with myeloid morphology. Only three of the 18 total AMLL-AML cases, each co-expressing B- and myeloid-associated cell surface antigens (B/My), had Ig heavy chain gene rearrangements with or without rearrangements of TCR genes. Ig light chain genes remained in the germline configuration. Strikingly, these three cases were the only AMLL-AML cases in our series to have the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11), suggesting that a significant percentage of acute leukemias with myeloid morphology and gene rearrangements may be Ph+ AMLL. The fact that three of the 10 B/My AMLL-AML cases in our series were Ph+ suggests that there may be an increased frequency of Ph chromosome, a translocation associated with a poor prognostic outcome, in B/My AMLL-AML occurring in the adult population. Although most AMLL cases with lymphoid morphology had Ig and TCR gene rearrangements associated with a variety of immunophenotypes and karyotypes, two Ph+ AMLL-ALL cases had many similar features (B/My immunophenotype; IgH with or without TCR rearrangements; Ig light chain genes germline) to their Ph+ AMLL-AML counterparts. However, the Ph+ AMLL-ALL cases differed from the Ph+ AMLL-AML cases by the expression of a more mature B-cell lineage immunophenotype and by their additional cytogenetic changes.     

CD45设门多参数流式细胞术在急性白血病免疫表型分析中的应用

目的：分析急性白血病的抗原表达及其临床意义。方法：采用一组系列相关单抗直接免疫荧光标记CD45设门的多参数流式细胞术,检测35例急性白血病患者的免疫表型。结果：11例ALL中B－ALL8例,T－ALL3例,其中出现髓系抗原表达4例,占36．4％,CD34表达10例,占90．1％;24例AML中伴淋系抗原表达7例,占29．17％,CD34表达16例,占70．8％,DR的表达与CD34一致,5例M3患者均无CD34和HLA DR表达。伴髓系统原表达的ALL CR率低于髓系抗原阴性表达者（1／3及5／6）,但统计学上差异无显著性（P＞0．05）;伴淋系抗原表达的AML患者CR率明显低于淋系抗原阴性表达者（0／5及10／10）,两组间差异具有显著性（P＜0．01）。结论：CD45设门的多参数流式细胞术是分析白血病免疫表型的最好方法,白血病抗原的错义表达是预后不良的因素之一。     

急性白血病伴CD56阳性的临床意义

目的：探讨CD56在急性白血病中的表达及其临床意义。方法：就近2年来应用流式细胞仪检测了CD56的92例急性白血患者中发现的CD56阳性病例,分析细胞形态学、免疫表型和临床特点。结果：92例急性白血病中15例（16．3％）表达CD56,其中1例急性前髓系／NK细胞白血病（Myeloid/NK cell precursor acute leukemia),1例原始NK细胞白血病（Blastic NK cell leukemia),1例NK样T细胞淋巴瘤／白血病（NK－like T-cell lymphoma/leukemia),12例急性髓细胞白血病伴NK细胞抗原表达或急性髓系／NK细胞白血病。结论：伴CD56阳性急性白血病,其细胞形态学、免疫表型及临床表现各有特点,见于M2、M5、L2,髓外浸润多见,多预后不良。     

新疆地区450例急性白血病的免疫分型研究

 目的　研究新疆地区急性白血病（AL）患者免疫表型分布特点。方法　采用间接免疫荧光法对450例AL患者进行免疫表型分析。结果　106例急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）,334例急性髓系白血病（AML）,10例为FAB不能分类的急性白血病（UAL）;ALL中髓系抗原的表达15 %,AML中淋系抗原的表达25 %,表达最频繁的是CD7;研究了295例AL患者MPO mRNA基因表达,81例ALL中有1例表达MPO基因;所有髓系均不同程度地表达MPO基因,9例UAL有6例表达MPO基因;ALL免疫分型特点在汉族和维吾尔族（简称维族）中差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,在AML中,汉族髓系抗原的表达率依次为CD33＞CD13＞CD15,维族髓系抗原的表达率依次为CD15＞CD33＞CD14。结论　免疫表型的检测对AL更精确地诊断和分型有重要意义。联合分析AL形态学、细胞化学、免疫学及MPO mRNA表达等特点,对于AL的诊断和指导治疗均有重要意义。     

慢性髓系白血病急变期中免疫分型研究

 目的 探讨慢性髓系白血病急变期（CML-BC）的免疫表型特征及应用价值。方法 采用一组单克隆抗体和三色流式细胞术对36例成年人CML-BC骨髓标本进行免疫表型分析。结果 36例CML-BC患者中急性非淋巴细胞白血病变30例（83.33 %）,其中40 %（12／30）伴淋系表达;急性淋巴细胞白血病变急淋变3例（8.33 %）,其中66.67 %（2／3）伴髓系表达;急性混合型白血病变2例;急性未分化型白血病变1例。CML-BC以CD33阳性率最高91.67 %,其次是CD+13 86.11 %,CD+34 61.11 %,CD+7 33.33 %,CD+10 19.44 %,CD+19 16.67 %,CD+2 2.78 %,CD+20 5.56 %及CD+14 5.56 %。CD7与CD34共阳性27.78 %。结论 CML-BC免疫表型复杂,多系表达常见。免疫分型可协助判断CML的急变类型。     

Karyotypic patterns in acute mixed lineage leukemia

We performed cytogenetic and immunologic studies of blast cells from 13 children with acute mixed lineage leukemia (AMLL) to discern patterns of chromosome alteration and antigen expression that would assist in classification of this disease entity. Six patients with 11q23 translocations--including four with the t(11;19), one with the t(9;11), and one with the t(1;11)--were characterized by a young age and hyperleukocytosis. A B cell-associated antigen (CD19) and HLA-DR antigens were expressed by blast cells from all patients; only one case was positive for the common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen (CALLA, CD10). A myeloid-associated antigen (CD13) was expressed by blast cells from one patient at diagnosis and from another at relapse; it was also expressed by cells from the remaining four patients after brief in vitro culture without addition of differentiating agents. Four patients with t(9;22)(q34;q11) were characterized by an older age and hyperleukocytosis. Each of these cases was positive for CD13, CD19, and HLA-DR, and three were positive for CALLA. The 11q23 translocation was associated with CALLA- ALL marked by a myeloid phenotype, whereas the t(9;22) occurred in cases of acute myeloid leukemia with a CALLA+ lymphoid phenotype. One case had a 7q35-q36 translocation, which involves the region of the T cell receptor beta-chain gene. Our results suggest that karyotypic alterations can be used to refine the classification of AMLL.     

髓外双表型急性白血病/淋巴瘤的临床病理学研究

 目的　进一步明确髓外双表型急性白血病/淋巴瘤的临床病理特点、了解免疫表型检测在其诊断和鉴别诊断中的作用,为临床规范化治疗提供科学的信息。 方法　选用北京大学基础医学院病理学系淋巴瘤研究室2004年9月至2006年12月诊断为髓外双表型白血病/淋巴瘤的病例共9例,所有患者均结合细胞形态学、免疫表型检测并参照急性白血病免疫学特征欧洲协作组（European group for the immunological characterization of acute leukemias,EGIL）评分系统诊断。免疫组织化学染色采用DAKO公司EnVisionTM法进行髓系、淋巴细胞系多种标记物的检测。并结合临床资料进行临床病理分析。结果　髓外双表型白血病/淋巴瘤主要发生在青少年,中位年龄是13岁,其中6例的年龄<18岁。男女之比为1.25∶1。病变的部位分布以淋巴结最为常见（7例）,其次为皮肤（2例）。免疫表型检测显示8例为髓系／T淋巴系（myeloid/T-lymphoid,M／T）双表型,1例为B／T淋巴系（myeloid/B-lymphoid,M／B）双表型。随访7例,时间为2～18个月,其中6例经临床检查骨髓和外周血,证实存在白血病;另1例目前尚未出现骨髓异常。2例在确诊后2个月死亡,其余目前一般情况尚可。结论　髓外双表型急性白血病／淋巴瘤发病率低,可伴随白血病出现,也可孤立发生。免疫表型以M／T双表型多见。免疫组织化学检测是诊断的重要手段。全面进行多项标记物的检测,可大大减少漏诊和误诊,为临床的准确诊断和及时治疗提供有力的依据。     

急性髓细胞白血病微分化型流式细胞术免疫分型分析

目的探讨流式细胞术（FCM）检测免疫表型在诊断急性髓细胞白血病微分化型（AML—M0）中的意义。方法采用多色FCM分析14例AML—M0病例的各相关抗原表达情况。结果14例AML—M0中,仅1例依据骨髓细胞形态学作出诊断,其余13例均依靠FCM作出明确诊断。在AML—M0中,髓系抗原CD33 14例（100％）表达阳性,CD13和CD117 9例（64％）表达阳性,CD34和HLA—DR12例（86％）表达阳性,一般成熟髓系相关抗原如CD16、CD10、CD14等均阴性,B和T淋巴细胞特异抗原如CD79a和CD3均为阴性,少数原始细胞表达细胞内髓过氧化物酶（MPO）、TdT。常常表达一些淋系但并不特异的抗原如CD7、CD2或CD19,但比淋巴细胞白血病表达的荧光强度弱。结论FCM免疫分型在AML—M0诊断中至关重要。     

Hybrid leukemia and the 5q-abnormality

Most cases of acute leukemia with deletions of chromosome 5q (5q-) are acute myelogenous leukemia. 5q- in acute lymphoid leukemia is rare. We studied a case of acute leukemia with 5q- using morphologic, cytochemical, immune and molecular techniques. Morphologic and cytochemical techniques were consistent with ALL (FAB L-2, PAS+, MPO-, ASD-). TdT was present. Immune studies suggested a T-cell phenotype (CD5+, CD7+); however, there was no rearrangement of the T beta-cell receptor gene. Surprisingly, the leukemia cells also expressed the CD13 myeloid antigen. Dual staining analysis showed co-expression of lymphoid and myeloid antigens on most cells. Based on these data and a review of previous reports we suggest that acute leukemia associated with the 5q- abnormality can occur in an immature stem cell resulting in a hybrid leukemia.     

Investigation of clonal involvement of myeloid cells in Philadelphia-positive and high hyperdiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with a high hyperdiploid clone has a good prognosis for both childhood and adult patients while patients with Philadelphia-positive (Ph) ALL do badly at all age groups. It has been suggested that different responses to treatment might be related to the cell of origin of the leukemia with 'stem cell' cases responding less well than those arising in a lymphoid committed progenitor cell. The clonal involvement of different cell lineages in 12 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia has been examined by applying fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect chromosomal abnormalities in bone marrow cells previously identified by morphology and/or immunology. The karyotype of the malignant clone was either high hyperdiploid or Philadelphia translocation (Ph) positive with a breakpoint in the minor breakpoint cluster region of the BCRgene (m-BCR) or in the major breakpoint cluster region of the BCR gene (M-BCR). The high hyperdiploid clone, in each case, was found in cells of the B-lymphoid (CD19+) lineage but not in T cells (CD3+) or in cells of the myeloid (CD13+) or erythroid (glycophorin A+) lineages, indicative of a lymphoid committed progenitor cell. Heterogeneity of lineage involvement was found in Ph+ ALL: the m-BCR Ph+ clone was found in lymphoid/blast cells but not in neutrophils or eosinophils. In contrast both M-BCR Ph+ clones were detected in myeloid as well as lymphoid lineages, indicative of a stem cell origin.