改良翼点入路显微手术切除垂体巨腺瘤及术中垂体柄保护

目的 探讨巨大型垂体腺瘤显微手术切除及垂体柄保护方法。方法 采用改良翼点入路对48例巨大垂体腺瘤（直径〉40mm）行显微手术切除，术中注意保护垂体柄。结果 肿瘤伞切除36例，近全切除8例，大部切除4例，其中全切除患者垂体柄保留30例（83．3％）。所有病例无一例死亡。术后发生尿崩症31例（64．6％），其中21例在1～2周内恢复正常，7例在3个月内恢复，3例尿崩症状持续2年左右？随访2～3年，无复发病例，无其他并发症。结论 采用改良翼点入路治疗巨大垂体瘤效果确切，术中垂体柄保留是降低术后尿崩症发生率、提高手术疗效的关键措施。     

胸骨肿瘤的临床与影像学分析

目的 :分析胸骨肿瘤的临床及影像学表现。方法 :回顾性分析18例经手术或病理证实的胸骨肿瘤患者的临床及影像学资料,其中男13例,女5例;年龄24~73岁,平均58.3岁;11例保守治疗,7例手术治疗;病程2个月~6年。1例患者无明显症状,1例有胸部外伤史。18例患者经X线片、CT、MRI检查,观察骨质破坏形态、骨皮质改变、MRI信号异常、瘤周骨髓水肿以及增强强化等指标。结果 :18例中恶性骨肿瘤16例,良性肿瘤2例;发生于胸骨柄7例,胸骨体9例,胸骨柄、体部均受累2例。影像学表现上,胸骨肿瘤具有膨胀性骨质破坏的倾向,15例骨质破坏区边界连续性或部分中断,2例骨皮质边缘毛糙、变薄,1例骨皮质增厚。7例行MRI检查均未见瘤周骨髓水肿,2例可见软组织侵犯;与邻近肌肉相比,4例T1WI表现为低信号,3例呈等、高信号,6例T2WI表现为等、高信号,1例混杂信号。MRI增强扫描,大部分病例表现为明显强化。结论 :胸骨肿瘤种类多样,以恶性肿瘤居多;胸骨肿瘤的影像学表现大多缺乏特征性,结合临床表现,综合分析其X线、CT及MRI征象,有助于提高胸骨肿瘤的诊断准确性。     

危重病患者继发中枢性尿崩症的机制探讨和临床分析

目的 探讨危重病患者继发中枢性尿崩症的发病机制,并对其临床诊疗及转归进行分析。方法回顾性分析2008年3月至2009年2月收治的16例危重病继发中枢性尿崩症患者的临床资料。结果16例患者均出现多尿、低密度尿和低渗透浓度尿,早期应用垂体后叶素后症状好转。应用垂体后叶素治疗后第5天,尿量明显减少,与治疗前（发生中枢性尿崩症当天24h尿量）比较差异有统计学意义[（3388．1±446．7）ml比（5223．1±656．0）ml,P〈0．01]。结论危重病患者下丘脑、垂体柄、垂体后叶或其供应血管损伤,导致加压素合成或分泌不足,继发中枢性尿崩症。早期诊断并应用垂体后叶素是治疗的关键。     

Rathke’s囊肿的诊断和显微手术治疗

目的 分析和探讨Rathke‘s囊肿的诊断和显微手术治疗。方法 对6例均经手术及病理证实的Rathke’s囊肿病例的诊断和显微手术治疗进行回顾分析。其中主要临床症状为头痛、视力，视野障碍4例，内分泌紊乱4例。CT表现为囊性病变5例(83．3％)，其中强化4例(66，7％)。MRI检查4例(66，7％)表现为圆形或类圆形薄壁囊性病变，囊壁呈等或高信号伴强化；囊肿内容物T1WI呈低信号，T2WI呈高信号，均未见强化。唇下中隔(经蝶)入路2例，右侧额下入路2例，右侧额颞(翼点)入路1例，眉弓眶上锁孔入路1例，均在Zeiss手术显微镜下行显微外科治疗。结果术前正确诊断为4例(66．7％)，术后发生暂时性尿崩症4例(66．7％)、垂体功能紊乱3例(50．0％)，无菌性脑膜炎1例(16．7％)，治疗后症状均消失；3个月～5年的术后随访发现，头痛、视力障碍完全缓解；内分泌紊乱恢复正常3例(75．0％)。结论 结合头颅MRI和临床表现可提高Rathke‘s囊肿的术前诊断率，显微神经外科治疗是有效的手段。     

肝硬化性血管瘤与肝其它肿瘤的影像学表现差异

目的比较分析肝硬化性血管瘤与肝海绵状血管瘤、肝细胞癌、肝胆管细胞癌及转移性肝癌的影像学表现差异，提高对该病的认识及术前诊断水平。方法收集并分析自2000～2008年上海东方肝胆外科医院经手术病理证实的10例肝硬化性血管瘤的临床影像学资料包括CT、MRI表现。结果本组肝硬化性血管瘤缺乏肝海绵状血管瘤的典型CT及MRI特征：CT增强动态扫描显示肿瘤动脉期、门脉期均无明显强化，延时扫描病灶强化较为明显；MRI T1加权像病灶为低信号，1、2加权像病灶表现为由多种信号组成，部分病灶呈高信号。其中3例误诊为肝细胞癌，2例误诊为胆管细胞癌，1例误诊为胆管细胞癌合并感染，1例误诊为肝转移瘤，1例误诊为肝脓肿，1例误诊为非典型性海绵状血管瘤，1例误诊为后腹膜肿瘤。结论认识肝硬化性血管瘤的影像学表现，对于提高该病的认识和术前诊断水平，避免不必要的手术具有重要意义。     

化脓性肌炎的MRI表现

目的分析化脓性肌炎的MRI表现特点。方法回顾分析我院经临床手术及病理证实的8例化脓性肌炎患者的MRI表现。检查序列包括SET1W、TSET2W、STIR,其中4例同时接受增强SET1w扫描。结果8例中1例发生于腰大肌,余7例均发生于下肢肌肉。MRI显示所有8例受累肌肉弥漫性肿大,T2WI表现为较明显不均匀高信号,STIR为明显高信号;T1WI呈与邻近肌肉等、稍低或稍高信号改变,邻近肌间隙水肿。4例病灶中见单个或多个T1WI低信号、T2WI高信号脓肿形成,周围脓肿壁在T1WI上为相对高信号。增强扫描中2例受累肌肉呈明显弥漫性强化,2例脓肿形成呈环状强化,脓腔及小的炎性坏死区无强化。结论MRI可清晰显示化脓性肌炎病变部位、特点及范围,具有重要诊断价值。     

颅咽管瘤显微手术中垂体柄辨认和保留的研究

目的 探讨颅咽管瘤术中垂体柄辨认和保留的重要性.方法回顾显微外科手术治疗颅咽管瘤69例的临床资料,对肿瘤的临床表现、内分泌学和影像学特点、肿瘤切除程度、术中垂体柄的辨认和保留情况、术后随访进行系统分析.结果 肿瘤全切除50例(72.5%),次全切除13例(18.8%),部分切除6例(8.7%);术中能发现和辨认出垂体柄57例(82.6%),垂体柄完整保留41例(59.4%),部分保留9例(13.0%),垂体柄保留率为72.5%.结论 结合术前影像、肿瘤分型、垂体柄的特征,颅咽管瘤术中垂体柄能够辨认和得到保留,对术后远期生活质量提高具有重要意义.     

经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术治疗垂体脓肿六例

目的 探讨垂体脓肿的诊断和治疗效果.方法 分析6例经单鼻孔蝶窦入路切除鞍区占位术后垂体脓肿患者的临床资料.均采用经单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体脓肿切除术,术后有效、足量抗生素治疗4周.结果 6例术前3例正确诊断,误诊3例.术后均恢复良好,随访10～220个月均未见复发.结论 经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术行脓肿切除术及术后应用有效、足量抗生素治疗是改善患者预后的关键.     

经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术治疗垂体脓肿六例

目的 探讨垂体脓肿的诊断和治疗效果.方法 分析6例经单鼻孔蝶窦入路切除鞍区占位术后垂体脓肿患者的临床资料.均采用经单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体脓肿切除术,术后有效、足量抗生素治疗4周.结果 6例术前3例正确诊断,误诊3例.术后均恢复良好,随访10～220个月均未见复发.结论 经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术行脓肿切除术及术后应用有效、足量抗生素治疗是改善患者预后的关键.     

经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术治疗垂体脓肿六例

目的 探讨垂体脓肿的诊断和治疗效果.方法 分析6例经单鼻孔蝶窦入路切除鞍区占位术后垂体脓肿患者的临床资料.均采用经单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体脓肿切除术,术后有效、足量抗生素治疗4周.结果 6例术前3例正确诊断,误诊3例.术后均恢复良好,随访10～220个月均未见复发.结论 经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术行脓肿切除术及术后应用有效、足量抗生素治疗是改善患者预后的关键.     

Langerhans cell histiocytosis limited to the pituitary-hypothalamic axis--two case reports

Langerhans cell histiocytosis rarely presents as a solitary lesion in the pituitary-hypothalamic region, and is indistinguishable from germinoma, which occurs much more frequently, especially in Japanese. A 14-year-old girl and a 9-year-old girl presented with polydipsia and polyuria as the initial symptoms. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging demonstrated a round mass at the pituitary stalk appearing as isointense on T1-weighted imaging and hyperintense on T2-weighted imaging. Endocrinological examination revealed mild hypopituitarism with central diabetes insipidus. Both patients underwent open craniotomy. Histological examination revealed granulomatous tissue with eosinophil infiltration and frequent Langerhans histiocyte clustering, compatible with the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Low-dose local irradiation of 20 Gy was administered. First patient was followed up for 8 years, and her hypopituitarism gradually improved to a minimal level with only amenorrhea as the residual symptom. Recent MR imaging showed no residual mass at the region. Second patient was followed up for 15 months, and her diabetes insipidus is stable. MR imaging performed 5 months after the treatment showed marked reduction of the mass. These cases reemphasize the importance of histological diagnosis for lesions with similar neuroimaging appearances. Biopsy and low-dose irradiation are an effective treatment for this rare and essentially benign lesion, as opposed to attempting total removal of the mass.     

Three cases of pituitary abscess

We report three cases of pituitary abscess. Three patients, all females, had suffered headache and complained of general fatigue. In each case magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a sellar mass with suprasellar extension. T1-weighted images revealed an isointense or slightly hypointense lesion with thin ring-enhancement following gadolinium injection. No inflammatory signs were found in two cases. In one case, a gradual change in clinical symptoms and MRI findings was noted: the hypophyseal hemorrhagic lesion detected on MRI changed into a cystic lesion with thin ring-enhancement. Transsphenoidal surgery was performed in all three cases. In each case, however, no organism was cultured and no tumor component was found. It is difficult to diagnose pituitary abscess prior to surgery if no inflammatory signs are present. Diagnosis of this condition requires careful radiological evaluation. Findings of a suprasellar round cystic mass with thin ring-enhancement on MRI associated with thickened stalk, hyperprolactinemia, and diabetes insipidus may be suggestive of a pituitary abscess.     

Hypophysitis caused by Rathke's cleft cyst. Case report

A 62-year-old woman presented with general malaise persisting for 2 months and narrowing of her visual field. T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed swelling of the pituitary gland and stalk, and a homogeneous isointense intra- and suprasellar mass enhanced by gadolinium. During outpatient follow up, her condition deteriorated rapidly and she developed diabetes insipidus and panhypopituitarism. T1-weighted MR imaging demonstrated shrinkage of the lesion and disappearance of the central hypointense area indicating the cyst cavity, especially in the pituitary stalk. She underwent surgical exploration via the transsphenoidal approach under a provisional diagnosis of lymphocytic hypophysitis. Histological examination revealed ciliated columnar cells and squamous metaplasia on the inner surface of the cyst wall, with many foamy cells, infiltration by many lymphoid cells and some eosinophils, and fibrosis in the adenohypophysitis and inflammatory hypophysitis in the anterior and posterior pituitary gland. The present neuroimaging findings of cyst shrinkage associated with rapid clinical deterioration strongly support the suggestion that rupture of Rathke's cleft cyst causes inflammatory hypophysitis.     

Pituitary abscess showing high uptake of thallium-201 on single photon emission computed tomography--case report

A 32-year-old female presented with a rare case of pituitary abscess manifesting as homonymous hemianopsia. Serum prolactin level was slightly high (40.8 ng/ml). Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed the content of the lesion as homogeneously isointense on the T1-weighted images and hyperintense on the T2-weighted images. The capsule of the lesion, which appeared thin and smooth, was enhanced by gadolinium. Dural enhancement around the sella turcica was also recognized. Thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography (201Tl SPECT) showed homogeneous high accumulation in the pituitary region on both the early and delayed images. The lesion was treated via a transnasaltranssphenoidal approach. The cystic lesion contained pus and the capsule consisted of normal pituitary gland with inflammatory changes. The patient was treated with antibiotics for 3 weeks and the pituitary abscess was cured completely. Pituitary abscess can be differentiated from pituitary adenoma as lesion with a homogeneous high uptake on 201Tl SPECT on both the early and delayed images, and no enhancement of the central portion on MR images.     

Pituitary abscess manifesting as meningitis and photophobia associated with Rathke's cleft cyst in a child. Case report

A 12-year-old girl presented with complaints of headache, lethargy, photophobia, and fever. Cerebrospinal fluid examination revealed bacterial meningitis. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed a cystic lesion with peripheral enhancement in the pituitary fossa. The patient underwent transnasal-transsphenoidal surgery (TSS). The diagnosis was pituitary abscess associated with Rathke's cleft cyst. Postoperatively, the patient recovered rapidly. However, recurrence of the pituitary abscess causing meningitis occurred four times and required repeated TSS. She had diabetes insipidus and received hormone replacement. This case requiring repeated emergency surgeries shows that follow-up examinations including MR imaging and pituitary endocrine evaluation are necessary because the rate of recurrence is high in patients with pituitary abscess associated with Rathke's cleft cyst.     

Granulomatous pachymeningitis around the sella turcica (Tolosa-Hunt syndrome) involving the hypophysis--case report

A 50-year-old female presented with right painful abducens nerve palsy persisting for 4 months and mild panhypopituitarism with diabetes insipidus for 6 months. T(1)-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the sellar region showed a homogeneously enhanced mass lesion in the right cavernous sinus which seemed to extend from the swollen pituitary gland. T(2)-weighted MR imaging clearly showed the mass in the right cavernous sinus and the thickened dura mater of the sellar floor as hypointense, and the enlarged pituitary gland as isointense. Biopsy of the thickened dura mater and swollen pituitary gland was performed via the transsphenoidal approach. Histological examination revealed inflammation and collagen fiber formation in these regions. The diagnosis was secondary panhypophysitis resulting from granulomatous pachymeningitis involving the cavernous sinus (Tolosa-Hunt syndrome). Corticosteroid therapy was begun after the biopsy. Her periorbital pain and diplopia were relieved, but diabetes insipidus persisted. Follow-up MR imaging showed a decrease in the volumes of the pituitary gland and the mass in the cavernous sinus.     

Subtentorial cerebral nocardiosis in immunocompetent patients: CT and MR imaging findings

PurposeTo describe the clinical presentation and computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearances of subtentorial nocardia cerebral abscesses developing in immunocompetent patients.Patients and methodsThe clinical findings and the results of CT and MRI examinations of three immunocompetent patients with nocardiosis located initially only in the subtentorial region were studied. Three patients underwent CT examination and two patients had MRI.ResultsClinically, two patients had cerebellar syndrome and the third had meningism with fever. The diagnosis of nocardiosis was bacteriologically confirmed by demonstrating the organism in lumbar puncture fluid in one patient and by an aspiration biopsy of the abscess in the other two. Two of the patients improved under targeted antibiotic therapy whereas the third patient died. The main imaging features of the lesions were a multiloculated appearance with peripheral enhancement after intravenous administration of iodinated contrast material on CT and a multicystic appearance on MRI, with a peripheral hypointense rim on T2-weighted images, a relatively minor mass effect and a multiloculated appearance on gadolinium-chelate enhanced T1-weighted images.ConclusionThe clinical presentation of cerebral nocardiosis is relatively non-specific. A microcystic lesion surrounded by hypointensity on T2-weighted MR images with a multiloculated pattern after gadolinium chelate administration on T1-weighted MR images in association with a relatively minor mass effect should suggest this diagnosis even if the lesion is single and in the absence of immunosuppression.     

Primary pituitary abscess: surgical management and endocrine assessment in three cases

Three cases of pituitary abscess are described. All were women with varying degrees of anterior pituitary dysfunction, diabetes insipidus and headaches. None had visual disturbance. A history of prior head injury was obtained in both young women who developed secondary amenorrhoea and hyperprolactinaemia. All three had low density, thick rim intrasellar masses on computed tomography scanning. Certain aspects of the diagnosis and surgical management of this rare condition are discussed with particular emphasis on the importance of pre- and postoperative endocrine assessment and preoperative diagnosis and proper surgical management.     

Lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis associated with recurrent optic neuritis

A 38-year-old woman presented with diabetes insipidus. The T1-weighted images showed a loss of the hyperintense signal of the posterior pituitary and thickening of the pituitary stalk. DDAVP was started with the diagnosis of lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis (LINH). Three months later, she complained of right visual acuity loss. MRI revealed right optic nerve swelling, compatible with the diagnosis of the retrobulbar optic neuritis. She had two other such episodes in the next 3 months. She developed a transient oculomotor and abducens nerve palsies as well. Each time the symptoms disappeared with corticosteroid therapy. The pituitary stalk became normal in size 6 months later. LINH and recurrent optic neuritis occurred in a short duration. Accordingly, a common causative background is suspected. Since the auto-immune process has been hypothesized as a cause of optic neuritis, our case may present further clinical evidence to support the hypothesis of an auto-immune mechanism for LINH.     

Idiopathic granulomatous hypophysitis presenting as non-functioning pituitary adenoma: description of six cases and review of literature

The aim of this study was to analyse the complete profile and outcome of patients with idiopathic giant cell granulomatous hypophysitis. Six consecutive cases of idiopathic giant cell granulomatous hypophysitis were studied from 1993 to 2002. Headache and visual disturbances were the most frequent presenting symptoms. All patients had hypogonadism, four had hypoadrenalism and three were hypothyroid at presentation. None of them had diabetes insipidus preoperatively. A sellar mass with suprasellar extension on MRI with loss of the posterior pituitary 'bright spot' was a consistent observation in all patients. All patients underwent surgical excision of the mass lesion with histopathological confirmation of giant cell granulomatous hypophysitis. Other systemic granulomatous diseases were excluded by appropriate investigations. Postoperatively, all patients became hypothyroid and hypogonad, five patients had adrenal insufficiency, while two developed permanent diabetes insipidus. The clinical presentation of giant cell granulomatous hypophysitis is that of an expanding sellar mass lesion with a varying degree of endocrine dysfunction. Preoperative diagnosis of 'hypophysitis' is usually difficult; however, stalk thickening and loss of posterior pituitary 'bright spot' on MR imaging are clues to the diagnosis.