无血清培养条件下诱导胚胎干细胞向多巴胺能神经元定向分化的实验研究

目的 寻求无血清、无饲养层细胞存在的情况下，胚胎干细胞向多巴胺能神经元定向诱导分化的最佳条件。方法 采用阶段诱导的方法，在不同阶段加入不同的生长因子，对新近分离的胚胎干细胞进行分化培养。首先向无血清培养液中分别加入bFGF和LIF，实现由胚胎干细胞向神经前体细胞的定向分化，通过巢蛋白(nestin)免疫细胞化学染色对神经前体细胞进行鉴定；在此基础上，撤除bFGF和LIF，加入B27无血清培养基、IL-1后继续培养，实现由神经前体细胞向多巴胺能神经元的定向诱导分化；通过酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫细胞化学染色对多巴胺能神经元进行鉴定。结果 有85％的细胞团呈nestin免疫阳性着色，多巴胺能神经元的分化比率为13％，较多巴胺能神经元的自然分化比率(4％)有明显提高。结论 在无血清、无饲养细胞的情况下，我们采用阶段诱导的方法，在不同的阶段加入不同的生长因子，可有效诱导多巴胺能神经元的分化，使胚胎干细胞的诱导分化过程更易于操作。     

成年哺乳动物的中枢神经系统发生

神经发生(neurogenesis)是指神经干细胞在适当条件下分化为功能性整合神经元的过程,主要包括细胞的增殖、迁移、分化和存活.神经干细胞(neural stem cells, NSCs)主要存在于胚胎发育期,通过神经诱导,神经干细胞不断增殖并迁移至神经系统的不同部位,分化成为不同类型的神经元或胶质细胞,构成神经系统的各种结构[1].出生后,神经干细胞迅速减少.     

两种细胞因子联合诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向神经样细胞分化

背景:骨髓间充质干细胞可被定向诱导分化为神经样细胞,理论上骨髓间充质干细胞可作为种子细胞应用于周围神经组织工程。目的:用2种细胞因子联合诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经样细胞,进一步探讨其在周围神经损伤方面的应用。方法:从Wistar大鼠胫骨和股骨提取骨髓间充质干细胞,采用差速贴壁法进行培养和纯化,联合应用碱性成纤维细胞生长因子和表皮生长因子对细胞进行诱导,观察细胞形态变化,并用免疫组织化学方法检测骨髓间充质干细胞中神经元特异性标志物的表达;并研究终止诱导后骨髓间充质干细胞的形态及免疫组织化学方面的变化。结果与结论:骨髓间充质干细胞经诱导后呈典型神经细胞样改变,有两个或多个突起,突起之间相互连接成网状,可见细胞核及核仁,免疫组化检测神经元特异性烯醇化酶、神经丝蛋白及突触素蛋白表达阳性。撤除诱导条件后大部分细胞逐渐恢复原来的成纤维细胞样形态,上述3种蛋白的表达量明显下降。表明应用神经营养因子可诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经样细胞,但其形态及组织学变化仅能维持一段较短的时间。     

人骨髓间充质干细胞诱导向多巴胺能神经元的分化

背景:体内外研究发现人骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元的比率都明显低于胶质细胞,并且这为数不多的神经元会逐渐死亡,而最终存活的细胞中神经元的数量更少。目的:观察人骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导分化为多巴胺能神经元的潜能。方法:分离纯化和扩增人骨髓间充质干细胞,在体外先用碱性成纤维细胞生长因子和表皮细胞生长因子进行预诱导后,以胶质细胞源性神经营养因子和血管紧张素Ⅱ联合诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元和多巴胺能神经元分化。观察分化过程中细胞的形态变化,利用免疫组织化学检测神经元和多巴胺能神经元特异性标志物的表达情况。结果与结论:人骨髓间充质干细胞经诱导后的细胞呈现双极、多极和锥形的典型神经元细胞的形态,明显表达抗人神经巢蛋白[(55.7±4.3)%]和神经元特异性烯醇化酶[(78.2±6.7)%],而且大部分人骨髓间充质干细胞表达酪氨酸羟化酶[(48.5±5.6)%],不表达神经胶质细胞标记物胶质纤维酸性蛋白。提示在适宜的条件下,人骨髓间充质干细胞可分化成神经元和多巴胺能神经元样细胞。     

脊髓神经管神经上皮干细胞的分离培养和诱导分化

目的：从胚胎大鼠脊髓神经管中分离神经上皮干细胞并诱导其向多巴胺能神经元方向分化。方法：利用无血清悬浮培养、单细胞克隆技术分离神经上皮干细胞；采用5－溴－2－脱氧尿苷（BrdU）标记新生细胞，免疫细胞化学单标或双标染色技术，检测神经上皮干细胞蛋白（nestin）和分化后特异性神经细胞抗原的表达；用纹状体组织提取液，诱导神经上皮干细胞向多巴胺能神经元方向分化。结果：从胚胎大鼠脊髓神经管 中分离的细胞可以连续传代，表达nestin，它们分化后可以表达神经元、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞的特异性抗原；与对照组3％相比，纹状体组织提取液可以诱导这些细胞中的12％分化成为多巴胺能神经元。结论：分离自脊髓神经管的细胞具有自我更新能力和多分化潜能（multipotent)，是增殖能力很强的神经干细胞；这些干细胞在一定的体外环境中能被诱导成为特定的神经元，提示其可以为神经移植提供材料。     

诱导脐血间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化

背景：脐血来源的间充质干细胞具有与造血干细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞相似的多向分化潜能,并且可以诱导分化为神经元样细胞,但分离培养后的成功率比较低,需要寻求一种成功率较高的培养方法。 目的：探讨脐血间充质干细胞的生物学特性及向神经元样细胞诱导分化的方法。 方法：由作者检索CNKI数据库2002/2011收录的有关脐血间充质干细胞诱导分化为神经元样细胞的相关研究文献,中文检索词为“脐血间充质干细胞,神经细胞,诱导分化,细胞因子”。 结果与结论：脐血间充质干细胞具有与造血干细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞相似的多向分化潜能,可以在体外诱导分化为神经样细胞,对CD34表达阴性,是区别于脐血造血干细胞的主要标志物。脐血间充质干细胞在体外诱导分化的方法主要有细胞生长因子法、化学诱导剂法、生长因子与诱导剂联合法,通过各种神经诱导剂的作用,使培养出的神经元样细胞数量有所增加,国内外基础研究结果显示移植脐血间充质干细胞诱导分化的神经元样细胞可以修复中枢神经系统损伤性疾病,脐血间充质干细胞是神经损伤修复的一种理想种子细胞。     

人骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导分化为多巴胺能神经元

目的:联合应用不同生长因子与血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)体外诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞(hBMSCs),探讨体外hBMSCs向神经元和多巴胺能神经元分化的潜能。方法:获得正常人BMSCs并纯化,先用碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)和表皮细胞生长因子(EGF)进行预诱导,再用胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)和血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)联合诱导第3代生长良好的BMSCs向神经元分化。利用倒置显微镜观察BMSCs分化过程中细胞形态的变化;通过RT-PCR方法检测诱导前后神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、多巴胺能神经元特异性标记物酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)的表达情况。结果:不同浓度的AngⅡ诱导2周后,应用倒置显微镜观察到各组BMSCs具有典型神经元样的细胞形态,大多呈双极、多极和锥形;RT-PCR方法检测显示NSE、TH的基因表达量在诱导组较其对照组有显著性增加(P<0.05)。结论:多种生长因子联合AngⅡ可以在体外诱导人BMSCs分化为多巴胺能神经元样细胞。     

大鼠脑源性神经干细胞的分离培养

目的 探讨大鼠不同年龄组来源的神经干细胞体外培养和诱导分化的最佳条件。方法 分离12～15d大鼠胚胎、1～2d新生鼠的脑组织和成年大鼠脑的海马区和嗅球，在条件培养基(包含生长因子)中增殖培养，用神经干细胞的特异性单克隆抗体巢蛋白(nestin)鉴定克隆细胞；去除生长因子，降低血清浓度到2％后，诱导细胞分化，用神经细胞的特异性单克隆抗体鉴定分化细胞。结果 获得了大量可自我增殖并分化为3种神经细胞(神经元，星形胶质细胞，少突胶质细胞)的神经前体细胞。结论 在适当的分离培养条件下，可以获得大量的神经前体细胞，为神经干细胞的基础和临床研究提供细胞基础。     

胎儿海马神经干细胞的体外培养及神经元前体细胞的纯化

目的　从人胎儿海马分离培养具有自我更新和多向分化能力的神经干细胞 ,并从中纯化神经元前体细胞。　方法　利用无血清培养从胚胎 4个月的胎儿海马区分离细胞 ,并在体外连续传代培养 ;采用免疫荧光细胞化学技术检测神经上皮干细胞蛋白 (nestin)的表达、经BrdU孵育后的BrdU表达 ;比较两种诱导分化方法所获得的神经元和胶质细胞的比例差异 ;利用单细胞克隆技术纯化神经元前体细胞。　结果　分离的细胞具有连续克隆能力 ,在体外培养了 16个月 ,传了 4 3代 ;细胞冻存、复苏后仍保持干细胞特性 ;培养的细胞呈Nestin阳性 ,在BrdU孵育后呈BrdU阳性 ,诱导分化后的细胞能够表达Tubulin、NeuN或GFAP ;利用无血清诱导所得到的分化细胞中神经元的比例约占 80 % ,而血清诱导的分化细胞中胶质细胞的比例则大于 90 %。利用单细胞克隆技术可从神经球中纯化的细胞表达Nestin ,并且全部分化成神经元。　结论　从胎儿海马区分离的细胞具有自我更新能力和多向分化潜能 ,属于神经干细胞 ,从中可纯化出神经元前体细胞     

骨髓间充质干细胞向功能性神经元的横向分化

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞定向分化为神经干细胞并探讨提高分化效率的方法,具有重要的理论与实际应用意义。 目的：建立以不同诱导方法横向分化大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞为功能神经元的方法。 方法：分离、纯化得到骨髓间充质干细胞,流式细胞仪检测骨髓间充质干细胞表面标志物。将骨髓间充质干细胞分为神经营养因子诱导组、化学诱导组和对照组,骨髓间充质干细胞分别加入脑源性神经营养因子和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、二甲亚砜和丁香茴醚、PBS进行诱导。 结果与结论：神经营养因子诱导组和化学诱导组诱导后的细胞均表达神经元特异性烯醇化酶和微管相关蛋白2,且2组细胞的表达量接近(P > 0.05),而对照组未发现神经元特异性烯醇化酶和微管相关蛋白2阳性表达。膜片钳系统检测发现神经营养因子诱导组诱导后的细胞具有神经细胞特征性的动作电位和兴奋性突触后电流,而化学诱导组和对照组均未发现动作电位和兴奋性突触后电流。提示脑源性神经营养因子联合碱性成纤维细胞生长因子是一种诱导骨髓间充质干细胞横向分化为功能神经元的可靠方法。     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Intestinal helminthiasis in school children in Haiti in 2002

A survey on intestinal helminths in school children was conducted in Haiti in 2002. This first nationwide study involving the entire country was stratified by department according to urban and rural zones using the cluster method. Focusing on elementary school children (n=5792; age range 3 to 20 years), it involved 26 urban and 49 rural schools randomly selected. Stools were preserved in formalin and examined by the Ritchie technique. Thirty-four per cent of stools (1981/5792) tested positive for intestinal helminths with the following parasites identified: Ascaris lumbricoides (27.3%), Trichuris trichiura (7.3%), Necator americanus (3.8%), Hymenolepsis nana (2%), Taenia sp. (0.3%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (0.2%). The helminth prevalence was higher in rural (38.4%) compared to urban areas (30%). There was no significant difference in prevalence by sex and age. The importance of geohelminths changed from one department to another with the highest prevalence found in the Southern department of Grande Anse (73.7%) and the lowest prevalence in the Center department (20.6%). Five out of the country's nine departments had a similar prevalence varying from 25.5% to 28.2%. Intestinal helminthic polyparasitism was observed in a percentage of infested school children comprise between 3.4% and 28.6% according in relation to the geographical area. A program to fight against geohelminths in school children should be initiated as a public health priority. Albendazole is the drug of choice. Frequency of drug distribution should be based on the prevalence of geohelminths in each department.     

Experience in adult population in dengue outbreak in Delhi

A dengue outbreak has recently hit the Indian capital. We studied the clinical profile of adult patients. Five hundred and sixty patients of dengue infection were admitted in a specially created ward according to the criteria laid down by WHO. Haematemesis (28.28%), epistaxis (26.78%) and malena (14.28%) were some of the common presentations. Similarly lymphadenopathy, especially cervical (30.89%), palatal rashes (26.96%) and hepatomegaly (23.75%) were the most commonly encountered findings on physical examination. Most of the cases were of dengue fever with haemorrhage and only 2.5% cases were classified under dengue haemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. The average hospital stay was 3.4 days but only 9.8 hours in the eleven patients who died, suggesting their late arrival in preterminal situation giving little time for resuscitation. Thrombocytopenia was not a feature and only 12.85% patients had platelet count less than 70,000/cmm. Most of the patients who were admitted with thrombocytopenia, showed normalization in their platelet counts in next few days. Serological examination demonstrated evidence of recent dengue infection in 41.17% patients. Few patients required blood or platelet concentrate transfusion. Eleven patients died, three due to DIC, one of intracranial haemorrhage and seven due to massive gastric haemorrhage. Rest of the patients recovered completely. Thus we can conclude that recent outbreak in Delhi was of dengue fever with haemorrhage and mortality was very low in patients who came early to the hospital.     

Changes in the hypothalamic nuclei in in experimental allergy

Summary In rabbits subjected to prolonged sensitization and in which the Arthus phenomenon was induced there was a marked reaction of the hypothalamic nuclei. Staining by Gomori's method indicated a cellular swelling, loss of granules, and protoplasmic vacuolization in the supraoptic nucleus. There was a considerable increase in the size of the cross-sectional area of the cells. The same effects were much less well shown in the paraventricular nucleus. These results show that marked signs of increased neurosecretion developed in the animals at the height of the Arthus phenomenon.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten Éksperimental'noi biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 110–113, April, 1963.     

Cerebellar noradrenergic systems in aging: studies in situ and in in oculo grafts

Age-related changes in noradrenergic function in the rat cerebellum were examined using electrophysiological and electrochemical techniques. Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344 rats showed subsensitivity to norepinephrine (NE) locally applied onto cerebellar Purkinje neurons. The modulatory actions of NE on Purkinje cell-evoked activity was also examined. In young rats NE preferentially inhibits spontaneous activity more than evoked excitations when compared to control. These modulatory actions of NE are not seen in senescent Fischer 344 rats. The intrinsic vs. extrinsic influences determining the loss of efficacy to NE were examined using three groups of rats with in oculo cerebellar grafts. The first group had young grafts grown in young hosts and these grafts showed a potent response to perfused NE. The second group, old grafts in old hosts, showed a diminished responsiveness to NE with respect to the first group. The third group consisted of young grafts in old hosts. These grafts demonstrated a responsiveness to NE that was indistinguishable from those in the first group. The integrity of the presynaptic NE fibers was examined in the grafts using electrochemical techniques. No difference in the release of NE was observed in the old grafts. Taken together, these results suggest a loss of postsynaptic NE function that is intrinsically determined. The change in NE modulation could influence information processing within the aged cerebellar cortex. This deficit could underlie behavioral changes seen in senescence.