椎弓根钉固定与椎体成形术治疗爆裂型骨折的生物力学研究

目的:评价用椎弓根钉系统固定并同时经椎弓根人工骨椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的生物力学效果,为临床术式选择提供生物力学依据.方法:采用12具国人新鲜脊柱标本(T11～L3),预损伤后压缩法模拟失去前柱支持,完全不稳的L1椎体爆裂性骨折.实验分完整状态组、椎弓根钉同定组和椎弓根钉同定并椎体成形术组.测试标本前屈,后伸,左、右侧弯及左、右轴向旋转状态下同定节段(T11～L3)的运动范围(ROM)以及极限载荷,并计算刚度,进行统计学处理,比较各组间差异.结果:椎弓根钉同定并椎体成形术与单纯椎弓根钉固定两种手术方式进行比较.在屈伸、左右侧弯时,二者运动范围之间的差异无统计学意义,而在轴向旋转时,前者[左旋:(72.42±16.33)%,右旋:(70.30±1 1.58)%]运动范围小于后者[左旋:(106.92±12.0)%,右旋:(105.02±14.31)%](p＜0.05).极限载荷和刚度之间比较,前者均大于后者(P＜0.05).结论:采用椎弓根钉固定并椎体成形术治疗胸腰段爆裂型骨折,能够提高生物力学稳定性.稳定效果要优于单纯的后路短节段椎弓根螺钉内同定,同时也可以增加固定节段承受的极限载荷和刚度.     

齿轮撑开式脊柱复位固定板装置的研制(英文)

背景:目前临床应用的脊柱后路复位固定的钉棒系统存在一定程度的生物力学的缺陷,钉板系统更适合在患者中广泛使用。目的:依据中国人脊柱的椎弓根间距、弧度、椎体及椎间隙高度的影像学测量结果,研制一种新型的脊柱后路复位内固定板装置。方法:测量129例门诊查体的正常者的胸腰椎数据。依据影像学测量的结果,并在复习文献的基础上,对新型脊柱复位内固定器进行图纸设计及形状设计。取18具新鲜小牛腰椎标本随机分为实验组给予行齿轮撑开式脊柱复位内固定板装置固定,CD及Steffee组分别用CD及Steffee钢板固定,测量标本在受到轴向压缩、前屈、后伸及侧屈载荷状态下的位移、应变、刚度和破坏性能等测试,结果进行统计学处理。结果与结论:齿轮撑开式脊柱复位内固定装置(GDP)能较好地满足人体强、刚度的要求。GDP组测得椎体固定的强度和刚度均比对照组CD和Steffee钢板系统优越(P0.05),腰椎的扭转力学性能比CD,Steffee钢板内固定分别高出13%和14%,腰椎的极限力学性能测试结果显示GDP能承载载荷,比CD,Steffee钢板更大(P0.05)。说明齿轮撑开式脊柱复位固定板装置的设计符合中国人脊柱的解剖规格,生物力学稳定性良好,可以显著促进椎骨骨折的愈合,防止脊椎后凸的复发和高度的丧失。     

皮质骨圈在椎弓根钉固定系统中支撑作用的生物力学评价

目的：了解脊椎椎弓根钉固定系统在人体皮质骨圈（allograft fusion cage,AFC)植入椎间隙前后对脊柱稳定性的影响。方法：在8具新鲜成年猪离体腰椎标上，以L2－3，L3－R，L4－5节段为实验对象，测试各节段在正常状态下（正常组）、椎间盘切除并Steffee钢板固定（内固定组）、椎间盘切除AFC植入Steffee钢板固定（AFC组）等三种种状态下的轴向压缩刚度。结果：（1）内固定组节段轴向压缩刚度为正常组的14．0％；（2）AFC组节段的轴向压缩刚度明显增加，达到了正常椎间的轴向压缩刚度；（3）在相同轴向压缩载荷作用下，AFC给椎弓根钉受力移位较内固定组明显减小。结论：脊椎椎弓根钉固定系统在AFC椎间植入后，对脊椎稳定性较无AFC植入显著增强，其受力移位明显减小，即可显著减少临床断钉。钢板折弯的机会。     

脊柱后路椎弓根固定系统轴向力学研究

目的分析影响脊柱后路椎弓根固定系统轴向力学性能的因素。方法建立脊柱后路椎弓根固定系统轴向力学性能的力学模型,并进行力学分析;参考标准YY/T 0961-2014,采用Instron E3000和Instron E10000力学试验机对JHL-Ⅰ型多轴组件、JHL-Ⅰ型单轴组件、JHL-Ⅴ型多轴组件和JHL-Ⅴ型单轴组件进行轴向顶出力测试和轴向夹紧扭矩测试。结果组件单轴椎体钉系统的顶出刚度明显高于多轴椎体钉系统;组件JHL-Ⅴ型椎体钉系统扭转刚度略高于JHL-Ⅰ型椎体钉系统。影响椎弓根系统轴顶出力的主要因素是锁紧螺栓的型号、尺寸以及锁紧力矩;影响椎弓根系统轴向力矩的主要因素是锁紧螺栓尺寸和连接棒的直径;可通过增加连接棒直径、增加各个连接元件间的摩擦系数、增加锁紧螺栓中径的措施来提高椎弓根系统的轴向力学性能。结论研究结果为优化改进脊柱后路椎弓根固定系统的轴向力学性能提供参考。     

严重胸腰椎骨折脱位椎弓根钉棒系统治疗35例临床观察

目的 观察后路椎弓根钉棒系统治疗严重胸腰椎骨折脱位的疗效.方法 经后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定减压、植骨治疗35例严重胸腰椎骨折脱位.结果 35例随访11个月～3年,全部病例基本恢复了正常椎体序列、Cobb角及椎体高度.结论 椎弓根钉棒系统复位固定结合后路植骨融合,是治疗严重胸腰椎骨折脱位的有效方法.     

STB后路椎弓根内固定系统在腰椎不稳外科治疗的应用

目的:报道应用STB胸腰椎椎弓根内固定系统在腰椎不稳治疗中的应用效果。方法:2001年1月～2003年1月间收治18例腰椎不稳患者,平均年龄42.5岁,双侧峡部裂伴腰椎Ⅰ°、Ⅱ°滑脱8例,双侧峡部裂合并椎间盘突出症6例,退变性腰椎不稳4例,单节段14例,双节段4例,均经动力位X线摄片明确有腰椎不稳。手术均采用STB后路椎弓根内固定系统,内固定并横突间植骨融合5例,其余13例行后路减压、椎间盘摘除、椎体间或横突间植骨融合并内固定。结果:随访12～24个月(平均18个月),患者临床症状明显改善,术后3个月全部恢复正常工作或日常活动,X线摄片检查示内固定牢靠,稳定性良好,无松动及断钉。结论:在有效减压及植骨融合基础上,应用STB后路椎弓根内固定系统治疗腰椎不稳具有确切的临床疗效,该系统操作简便,可以满足早期脊柱稳定性重建的生物力学要求。     

椎弓根钉置入治疗胸腰椎骨折

背景：近年来,随着医学、生物力学的发展以及各种各样新型内固定器械和方式的涌现,椎弓根钉置入内固定已成为治疗胸腰椎骨折的常用手段。 目的：阐述椎弓根钉在胸腰椎骨折置入内固定治疗的研究与应用进展。 方法：检索胸腰椎骨折与椎弓根钉置入内固定相关的研究文献,检索词为“胸腰椎骨折(thoracolumbar fracture);内固定(internal fixation);椎弓根(pedicle);螺钉(screw);椎弓根钉(pedicle screws)”,语言分别设定为中文和英文。从胸腰椎骨折分类系统,椎弓根钉临床应用进展和椎弓根钉固定系统特点3方面进行总结,对椎弓根钉置入内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折进行深入探讨分析。 结果与结论：椎弓根钉固定是一种有效的胸腰椎内固定技术,可用于各种原因引起的胸腰椎不稳,特别是胸腰椎骨折的治疗。椎弓根钉固定可以矫正畸形和维持脊柱的三维位置,提供较好的生物力学稳定性。椎弓根钉内固定系统能有效重建椎体高度,恢复生理曲度,并解除脊髓神经的压迫和恢复受损椎管的管径,重建脊柱的稳定性,纠正后凸畸形,临床上已广泛应用,具有创伤小、复位满意、固定坚强、操作简便等优点。     

三种方式置入植入物修复腰椎爆裂性骨折后的骨性融合及矫正度和功能恢复

背景：目前腰椎爆裂性骨折的外科治疗方式主要包括脊柱前路、脊柱后路和脊柱前后联合入路内固定处理。然而何种处理方式最佳,它们的适应证如何,目前还存在争议。目的：评价脊柱前路内固定器系统内固定及脊柱后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定和前2种方法联合治疗腰椎爆裂性骨折的临床疗效。方法：腰椎爆裂性骨折79例。根据患者情况,分别采用脊柱后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定治疗57例;脊柱前路内固定器系统内固定治疗12例;脊柱前路内固定器系统内固定加脊柱后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定联合治疗10例。采用ASIA标准评定治疗前后神经功能恢复情况;观察治疗前后伤椎Cobb角以及矫正度丢失、骨性融合率、内固定失效率及治疗过程的操作时间和出血量。结果与结论：79例随访>19个月。除5例完全性截瘫患者神经功能无恢复,其余63例不全瘫患者治疗后神经功能(ASIA分级)均恢复1级或1级以上。3种入路置入植入物内固定治疗后患者伤椎Cobb角以及神经功能的恢复均较治疗前明显改善(P < 0.05);脊柱后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定治疗患者腰椎矫正度丢失明显高于脊柱前路内固定器系统内固定或脊柱前后联合入路治疗(P < 0.05)。脊柱后路内固定器系统内固定患者操作时间、出血量较脊柱前路内固定器系统内固定或脊柱前后联合入路治疗明显减少(P < 0.05)。脊柱后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定有5例患者发生内固定断裂。3种入路置入植入物内固定治疗在骨性融合率和神经功能恢复方面差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。结果表明,3种入路置入植入物内固定均能有效治疗腰椎爆裂性骨折,临床疗效满意;后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定治疗易出现内固定断裂和治疗后矫正度丢失;脊柱前路内固定器系统内固定和脊柱前路内固定器系统内固定加脊柱后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定联合治疗后矫正度丢失较少。因此应个体化选择治疗入路,以期获得最佳的临床疗效。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程全文链接：     

对带横连杆的椎弓根钉固定胸腰段脊柱骨折(T11～L3)的稳定性评价

目的评价带横连杆椎弓根钉固定胸腰椎骨折后脊柱的稳定性。方法将新鲜小牛胸腰椎标本(T11～L3)用椎体楔行切除法在L1椎体上制作严重压缩性骨折模型,部分骨折标本作带或不带横连杆的椎弓根钉内固定。这样共有4种脊柱标本:(1)正常标本;(2)未固定骨折标本;(3)用带横连杆椎弓根钉固定的骨折标本;(4)用不带横连杆椎弓根钉固定的骨折标本。用三维激光扫描仪依次测量各脊柱标本在前屈-后伸、左-右侧屈和左-右旋转6个方向的运动范围,然后将其标准化为稳定指数以比较4种标本的差异。结果与未固定骨折标本相比,两种固定均能显著提高损伤脊柱在各个运动方向的稳定性。带横连杆椎弓根钉固定的骨折标本稳定性虽优于无横连杆固定,但无统计差异。结论椎弓根钉内固定,无论有无横连杆,均能有效提高损伤脊柱的稳定性,而横连杆似乎未能进一步增加稳定效果。     

ZH椎弓根内固定器治疗胸腰椎骨折的生物力学研究

目的对自行设计的ZH椎弓根内固定器治疗胸腰椎骨折进行力学测试,为临床应用提供生物力学依据。方法取9具新鲜的成人尸体胸腰椎脊柱标本,采用Panjabi方法制作损伤模型,用ZH椎弓根内固定器、Dick钉、Steffee钢板三种内固定方法分组固定后,分别进行载荷-应变、椎体强度、位移、扭转强度、稳定性与刚度及胸腰椎极限承载能力等生物力学测试。结果经生物力学测试,椎体应变:ZH内固定器组明显小于Dick钉组和Steffee钢板组,A点应变分别相差7.2%、14%(P<0.05),B点相差17%、28%(P<0.05);椎体强度:ZH内固定器组与两对照组相比A点应力减小7%与14%(P<0.05),B点应力减小17%和29%(P<0.05);纵向位移ZH内固定器组比两对照组分别减少24%和33%(P<0.05),水平位移减少40%和55%(P<0.05)。结论ZH椎弓根内固定器生物力学性能优良,临床可推广使用。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.