肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张内镜下硬化治疗专家共识（2022，长沙）

肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血是临床常见危急重症,内镜下硬化治疗在食管胃静脉曲张的治疗中起着重要作用,然而目前国内外尚无其规范化治疗的相关共识。2022年,中华医学会消化内镜学分会食管胃静脉曲张内镜诊断与治疗学组组织全国相关领域权威专家讨论,提出了肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张内镜下硬化治疗专家共识,以期规范该技术在食管胃静脉曲张中的应用。本共识共分为食管胃静脉曲张分型、肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张诊断等12个部分,共17条陈述。     

内镜下组织胶注射治疗区域性门静脉高压致胃底静脉曲张出血的疗效分析

目的分析内镜下组织胶注射治疗区域性门静脉高压致胃底静脉曲张出血的效果。方法收集2012年6月-2014年12月于成都军区总医院就诊的6例区域性门静脉高压致胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者,分析其内镜下特点及组织胶注射治疗后的效果,并与同期在本院接受内镜下组织胶注射治疗的6例乙型肝炎肝硬化门静脉高压胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者相比较。计数资料组间比较采用Fisher精确检验。结果区域性门静脉高压患者中5例为重度孤立性胃底静脉曲张,1例合并轻度食管静脉曲张;6例肝硬化门静脉高压患者均为重度孤立性胃底静脉曲张,内镜下表现与区域性门静脉高压所致静脉曲张相似。区域性门静脉高压患者短期疗效中有效1例,无效5例;6例乙型肝炎肝硬化门静脉高压患者短期疗效均为有效,两组间差异具有统计学意义(P=0.015);长期疗效中,区域性门静脉高压患者至随访终点所有患者均为无效;乙型肝炎肝硬化门静脉高压患者至随访终点有效5例,无效1例,两组间差异具有统计学意义(P=0.015)。结论区域性门静脉高压致胃底静脉曲张进展快、出血风险大,内镜下组织胶注射治疗效果差。     

超声内镜引导治疗门静脉高压相关性静脉曲张治疗的 研究进展

静脉曲张是门静脉高压最常见的并发症,其包括常见的胃静脉曲张、食管静脉曲张和一些少见的异位静脉曲张,如十二指肠静脉曲张、胆总管静脉曲张、十二指肠静脉曲张等。目前的多个临床指南和专家共识均推荐内镜下治疗为主要的治疗方法,包括套扎、硬化剂、组织胶治疗。由于其存在局限性,不能满足临床需要。随着超声内镜(EUS)技术的发展,近10余年来,国外报道的EUS引导下治疗技术用于门静脉高压相关性静脉曲张的治疗取得了较好疗效。目前的研究文献采用EUS治疗的技术可分为四种：EUS 引导硬化剂注射治疗、EUS引导组织胶的注射治疗、EUS引导弹簧线圈注射治疗和EUS引导组织胶联合弹簧线圈注射治疗。本综述重点论述后3种治疗方法在门静脉高压相关性静脉曲张的治疗研究进展。     

从Baveno Ⅵ共识看肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张的个体化治疗

门静脉高压治疗经历了外科手术、内镜下硬化剂注射、套扎治疗、组织胶栓塞和放射介入等治疗手段,使门静脉高压相关病死率显著降低;BavenoⅥ以门静脉高压风险评估及个体化管理为主题,强调患者分层和个体化治疗。以BavenoⅥ共识为基础,简述了肝静脉压力梯度、肝功能储备状态及"胃肾分流"等特征参数在静脉曲张出血和预防中的应用进展。     

肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血的防治指南

为了规范肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血的诊断、治疗和管理, 中华医学会肝病学分会、中华医学会消化病学分会和中华医学会消化内镜学分会组织国内有关专家, 结合近年来国内外肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血相关临床研究的最新进展, 遵循循证医学的证据, 修订了《肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血的防治指南》, 对肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血的诊断、治疗和管理提出了推荐意见, 旨在提高临床医生对于肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血的临床救治水平。     

肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血的防治指南

为了规范肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血的诊断、治疗和管理,中华医学会肝病学分会、消化病学分会和消化内镜学分会组织国内有关专家,结合近年来国内外肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血相关临床研究的最新进展,遵循循证医学的证据,修定了《肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血的防治指南》,对肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血的诊断、治疗和管理提出了推荐意见,旨在提高临床医生对于肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血的临床救治水平。     

组织胶注射治疗胰十二指肠术后消化道少见部位静脉曲张破裂出血疗效研究

目的 分析并总结胰十二指肠术后消化道少见部位静脉曲张(吻合口静脉曲张)破裂出血内镜下组织胶注射治疗的临床特点。方法 回顾性分析我院2011年9月至2021年9月十年间胰十二指肠术后消化道少见部位静脉曲张破裂出血内镜下治疗病例及近十年文献报道中吻合口静脉曲张病例，总结其临床特点、内镜诊断及内镜下组织胶治疗的价值。结果 4 212例内镜下考虑或确诊为消化道静脉曲张病例中，有9例为胰十二指肠切除术后病例，其中7例因消化道出血行胃镜检查，共检出3例为胰十二指肠切除术后合并消化道吻合口静脉曲张。该3例患者既往均无基础肝病，表现为不同程度的消化道出血。胃镜检查均发现同时合并有食管和(或)胃底静脉曲张，均接受内镜下组织胶注射治疗，内镜下止血效果显著。吻合口静脉曲张内镜治疗组复发率较高，介入治疗组并发症发生率较高，两组有效性及安全性差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 胰十二指肠切除术后出现消化道出血时，应警惕吻合口少见部位静脉曲张的发生，行胃镜检查时应尽量对所有吻合口进行探查，内镜下组织胶注射治疗是此类静脉曲张出血的有效治疗方法。该病复发出血率较高，应强调内镜随访，发现新发或具有出血风险曲张...     

肝硬化门静脉高压的进展及挑战：以Baveno Ⅶ共识为新起点

Baveno协作组发布门静脉高压的新共识(Baveno Ⅶ共识),总结了门静脉高压的诊断标准、无创筛查和诊断、包括病因治疗及非病因治疗的一级预防、包括内镜和血管介入下诊治的二级预防、肝硬化失代偿相关新观念，以及肝脏血管病等方向的主要进展和研究日程。Baveno Ⅶ共识对我国门静脉高压相关领域临床实践和研究具有重要借鉴价值。本文从临床实践角度简述我国肝硬化门静脉高压的主要进展和挑战。     

LDRf分型方法在消化道异位静脉曲张中的应用

目的 探讨LDRf分型方法是否能覆盖食管胃静脉曲张以外的消化道异位静脉曲张(EcV)的内镜下分型.方法 参考相关文献,采用LDRf分型方法对消化道EcV患者914例进行内镜下分型,统计病变位置(L)、血管直径(D)、危险因素(Rf).检查门静脉高压(PH)病因,予相应治疗并随访.结果 EcV按部位进行内镜下LDRf分型,包括:十二指肠198例、空肠回肠93例、胆管105例、结肠65例、直肠453例.各部位EcV血管直径为0.3 ～3.5 cm,危险因素表现亦有不同.PH病因:肝硬化伴门静脉高压者630例(68.9％),其中自身免疫性肝病肝硬化及门静脉海绵样变性各3例(0.6％),伴食管胃静脉曲张252例(27.6％),脾切除者4例(0.5％).EcV患者治疗315例,其中组织胶治疗43例、硬化剂治疗76例、套扎治疗74例、介入治疗52例、外科剖腹探查术70例.共19例因EcV出血死亡.内镜检查随访13～36个月,无静脉曲张复发,1年生存率100％.结论 LDRf分型方法适合于全消化道静脉曲张,其对治疗方法与时机的选择具有明显指导作用,且简便、规范、统一,适合临床推广.     

内镜下套扎、硬化剂及组织胶注射治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的近期疗效观察

目的观察肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者行内镜下套扎、硬化剂及组织胶注射治疗后食管静脉曲张程度、红色征及门静脉高压性胃病的变化。方法回顾性分析本院2011年9月-2013年9月收治的75例食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者,行首次内镜下套扎、硬化剂或组织胶注射治疗。2~4周后复查胃镜,对比治疗前后曲张食管静脉的数目与直径、红色征及门静脉高压性胃病在内镜下的改变。组内治疗前后的比较采用配对t检验,率的比较采用卡方检验。结果治疗后曲张食管静脉的数目及直径均小于治疗前[(3.08±0.96)vs(3.75±0.60),t=5.26,P0.05;(1.05±0.46)cm vs(1.49±0.26)cm,t=9.84,P0.05)],差异均有统计学意义。红色征的发生率较治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义(26.67%vs 57.33%,χ2=14.48,P0.05)。治疗后门静脉高压性胃病虽有所好转,但差异无统计学意义(70.67%vs 72.00%,χ2=0.03,P0.05)。结论内镜下套扎、硬化剂及组织胶注射治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的方法安全、有效。     

Bleeding gastric varices： Results of endoscopic injection with cyanoacrylate at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of gastric varices injection with cyanoacrylate in patients with gastric variceal bleeding. METHODS: Twenty-four patients (15 males, 9 females) with gastric variceal bleeding underwent endoscopic treatment with cyanoacrylate injection. Successful hemostasis, rebleeding rate, and complications were retrospectively reviewed. Followed up endoscopy was performed and repeat cyanoacrylate injection was given until gastric varices were obliterated. RESULTS: Seventeen patients achieved definite hemostasis. Of these, 14 patients had primary success after initial endoscopic therapy. Ten patients developed recurrent bleeding. Repeated cyanoacrylate injection stopped rebleeding in three patients. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) was performed to control rebleeding in one patient which occured after repeat endoscopic therapy. Six patients died (three from uncontrolled bleeding, two from sepsis, and one from mesenteric vein thrombosis). Minor complications occurred in 11 patients (six epigastric discomfort and five post injection ulcers). Cyanoacrylate embolism developed in two patients. One of these patients died from mesenteric vein thrombosis. The other had pulmonary embolism which resolved spontaneously. Advanced cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were major risk factors for uncontrolled bleeding. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic treatment for bleeding gastric varices with cyanoacrylate injection is effective for immediate hemostasis. Repeat cyanoacrylate injection has a lower success rate than the initial injection. Cyanoacrylate embolism is not a common serious complication.     

Endoscopic ablation with cyanoacrylate glue for isolated gastric variceal bleeding

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic ablation with cyanoacrylate glue may achieve gastric variceal obliteration. A prospective evaluation of its therapeutic effects on bleeding gastric varices was conducted, focusing on endoscopic features. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with bleeding gastric varices underwent endoscopic ablation with cyanoacrylate. RESULTS: Patients with localized-type gastric varices (n = 14) had a better clinical course in terms of recurrent bleeding, variceal eradication, and survival than those with diffuse-type gastric varices (n = 23) after endoscopic ablation with cyanoacrylate. These clinical effects were related to the vascular anatomy of the gastric varices as determined by varicography and 3-dimensional CT. Type 1 vascular anatomy (one varicose vessel without noticeable ramifications) was much more common (86%) in localized-type gastric varices, whereas type 2 vascular anatomy (multiple varicose vessels with complex connecting ramifications) was found almost exclusively (91%) in diffuse-type gastric varices. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic ablation with cyanoacrylate is an effective and safe procedure for patients with bleeding gastric varices. Determination of variceal anatomy may be useful for improving treatment strategies for such patients.     

Effect of endoscopic injection therapy with combined cyanoacrylate and lipiodol for bleeding gastric varices: A single center experience

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the endoscopic injection therapy with combined cyanoacrylate and lipiodol for bleeding gastric fundal varices. METHODS: The medical records of cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients who underwent at least one episode of endoscopic application of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate-lipiodol mixture for gastric varices at our gastroenterology clinic between October 2004 and January 2010 were reviewed. The technique comprised the dilution of 0.5 mL of cyanoacrylate with 0.5 mL of lipiodol and repeating intravariceal injections of 1.0 mL each until hemostasis was achieved. RESULTS: A total of 66 patients (41 male and 25 female) with gastric varices underwent 86 endoscopic injections of cyanoacrylate for hemostasis. Overall 38 patients (57.6%) had active bleeding during the endoscopic procedure, while the remaining 28 (42.4%) underwent cyanoacrylate under elective conditions. In one patient (1.5%) hemostasis could not be achieved, prompting referral for emergency surgery. The median number of sessions was one (range 1–3). Eleven patients (16.6%) rebled during a median follow-up period of 6.02 months (0.1–62.4 months). There was no bleeding-related death. One patient developed splenic infarction a day after N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic injection therapy combining cyanoacrylate and lipiodol is effective for bleeding gastric fundal varices.     

内镜下组织胶注射联合套扎治疗急性胃食管静脉曲张出血的临床应用

目的探讨内镜下组织胶注射联合套扎治疗急性胃食管静脉曲张出血的临床价值。方法23例临床确诊为肝硬化急性胃食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者,均于出血稳定12h内采用胃曲张静脉三明治法组织胶注射后联合食管曲张静脉套扎治疗,术后2周、3个月进行内镜随访。观察治疗后再出血率、死亡率、食管胃静脉曲张程度。结果所有患者均一次成功止血。6例患者于术后2周,再次行EVL术。食管胃静脉曲张程度明显减轻,食管静脉治疗有效率95．65％,胃底静脉曲张治疗有效率91．30％。随访期3个月内无一例再出血及死亡病例。结论内镜下组织胶注射联合套扎是治疗胃食管静脉曲张急性出血一种安全可靠的方法。     

Endoscopic management of variceal bleeding

For the primary prophilaxis of the variceal bleeding, non selective beta-blockers (propanolol, nadolol) are still the mainstay of treatment but endoscopic ligation are becoming more popular Thanks to modern control procedures the acute bleeding mortality has been reduced. Endoscopic ligation is the prefered method for esophageal varices and the cyanoacrylate injection is the better method for fundic varices. Pharmacological therapy with octreotide or terlipresine seems to be effective, specially if endoscopic treatment is not available. TIPS is a good salvage option in case of endoscopic or pharmacologic failure. Endoscopic ligation seems to be the prefered method for secondary prophylaxis, specially compared with sclerotherapy. Some drugs that reduce portal hypertension are a good alternative. It is still very necessary to define technique and criteria of endoscopic variceal eradication to reduce the great variability reported in published trials.     

Novel predictors for immediate puncture site bleed during endoscopic glue injection for gastric varices without using lipiodol

Endoscopic obturation of gastric varices using tissue adhesive glues like cyanoacrylate is an accepted modality for the treatment of gastric varices. This study was undertaken to determine whether it was possible to predict immediate puncture site bleed on withdrawal of needle catheter during endoscopic glue injection without lipiodol. We prospectively analyzed 100 consecutive patients with cirrhosis who underwent glue injection. Glue injection was successful in all the patients. Immediate puncture site bleed was observed in only four cases and all of them correlated with negative catheter pull sign and positive red catheter sign. Catheter pull sign and red catheter sign were excellent predictors of immediate puncture site bleed during endoscopic glue injection and should be routinely tested.     

Adrenaline plus cyanoacrylate injection for treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers after failure of conventional endoscopic haemostasis

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic therapy is a safe and effective method for treating non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. However failure of therapy, in terms of continuing bleeding or rebleeding, is seen in up to 20%. Cyanoacrylate is a tissue glue used for variceal bleeding that has occasionally been reported as an alternative haemostatic technique in non-variceal haemorrhage. AIM: To retrospectively describe personal experience using cyanoacrylate injection in the management of bleeding ulcers after failure of first-line endoscopic modalities. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1995 and March 1998, 18 [12 M/6 F, mean age 68.1 years) out of 176 patients, referred to our Unit for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, were treated with intralesional injection of adrenaline plus undiluted cyanoacrylate. Persistent bleeding after endoscopic haemostasis or early rebleeding were the indications for cyanoacrylate treatment. RESULTS: Definitive haemostasis was achieved in 17 out of 18 patients treated with cyanoacrylate. One patient needed surgery. No early or late rebleeding occurred during the follow-up. No complications or instrument lesions related to cyanoacrylate were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: In our retrospective series, cyanoacrylate plus adrenaline injection was found to be a potentially safe and effective alternative to endoscopic haemostasis when conventional treatment modalities fail in controlling bleeding from gastroduodenal ulcers.     

Update on treatment of variceal hemorrhage

Variceal hemorrhage accounts for one third of all deaths related to cirrhosis. To date, many modalities of treating variceal bleeding have been devised, including pharmacological therapy. Treatment of variceal hemorrhage includes resuscitation, initial hemostasis, and prevention of complications and recurrent bleeding. Intravenous vasoactive agents such as terlipressin, somatostatin, octreotide, or vapreotide should be administered in patients with suspected variceal bleeding. Endoscopic treatment remains the mainstay of treatment. Endoscopic variceal ligation is safer and more efficacious than sclerotherapy as initial treatment of bleeding esophageal varices, whereas cyanoacrylate injection is the endoscopic treatment of choice for gastric varices. An adjuvant vasoactive agent is useful for the prevention of early rebleeding. Prophylactic antibiotics are increasingly used for prevention of infection, notably spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Follow-up endoscopic treatment is necessary in order to obliterate residual varices. The combination of a beta blocker and nitrate is an essential component of secondary prophylaxis for recurrent variceal bleeding. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt or surgery offers the best salvage therapy in patients with failed hemostasis or breakthrough recurrent bleeding despite medical and endoscopic therapy. Endoscopic ultrasonography is useful in the prediction of recurrence of varices and facilitates visualization and guidance of further treatment of gastric varices. Despite advances in the treatment of variceal bleeding, liver function remains the determining factor of patient survival. Liver transplantation is the only definitive treatment that can alter the course of the disease.     

Successful endoscopic sclerotherapy for bleeding gastric varices with combined cyanoacrylate and aethoxysklerol

Two patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hyper-tension related to hepatitis infection were admitted to Shanghai Ruijin Hospital due to recurrent melena and hematemesis. Isolated gastric varices were observed in the gastric fundus during the retroflexion of gastroscope. We carried out endoscopic sclerotherapy successfully for bleeding gastric varices with combined cyanoacrylate and aethoxysklerol, which disappeared dramatically several months after two courses of sclerotherapy for each patient. No complication and clinical signs of gastrointestinal re-bleeding were observed during the 6-mo endoscopic follow-up. CT portal angiography （CTPA） has been widely used in the assessment of variceal treatment and improves the results of endoscopic injection therapy.