碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌中KPC基因分布

目的检测碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌中KPC基因分布情况,为此类菌感染的预防与控制提供理论依据。方法改良Hodge试验检测医院临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌中碳青霉烯酶表型;PCR法检测KPC基因的携带率。结果 642株碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌中,Hodge试验阳性率为96.6%。KPC基因的携带率为50.9%,均为KPC-2型。结论该医院临床分离的碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药肺炎克雷伯菌中KPC基因主要为KPC-2基因。     

一株对3种碳青霉烯类抗菌药物均耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌耐药机制研究

目的研究临床分离的一株肺炎克雷伯菌(K30)对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药的机制。方法采用琼脂稀释法测定肺炎克雷伯菌K30对13种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC);用改良Hodge试验检测碳青霉烯酶;聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测A类碳青霉烯酶(KPC)、B类碳青霉烯酶(NDM、IMP、VIM、SIM)、超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs,CTX、TEM、SHV)、头孢菌素酶(AmpC,FOX、EBC、ACC、DHA、CIT、MOX)基因和Ⅰ类整合子;实时荧光定量PCR分析肺炎克雷伯菌膜孔蛋白基因ompK35、ompK36的mRNA表达;利用质粒接合试验研究肺炎克雷伯菌K30耐药基因的水平传播能力。结果药物敏感性试验显示,肺炎克雷伯菌K30对包括碳青霉烯类抗菌药物在内的11种抗菌药物均耐药,仅对头孢西丁钠中介,对阿米卡星敏感。肺炎克雷伯菌K30的改良Hodge试验为阳性。PCR扩增A类碳青霉烯酶基因KPC和2种ESBLs基因CTX、SHV为阳性,其PCR产物经测序后同GenBank数据库比对证实分别为KPC-2、CTX-M3和SHV-38。其余耐药基因和Ⅰ类整合子扩增均为阴性。与肺炎克雷伯菌(ATCC 700603)相比,膜孔蛋白基因ompK35、ompK36的表达没有降低。质粒接合试验未成功获取结合子。结论临床分离的一株对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌主要耐药机制与产A类碳青霉烯酶KPC-2合并产ESBLs有关,且KPC-2可能不由质粒介导。     

碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌的表型和基因型分析

目的研究本院碳青霉烯类耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌的表型和基因型。方法用纸片扩散法进行药物敏感试验,改良Hodge试验和EDTA协同试验检测耐药表型,设计通用引物行PCR检测KPC、IMP、VIM、NDM-1和OXA-23耐药基因,并测序分析。结果 14株肺炎克雷伯菌呈现高度耐药性,有13株携带KPC-2基因,1株携带IMP-4基因,未检测出VIM、NDM-1和OXA-23基因。结论本院产碳青霉烯酶的肺炎克雷伯菌主要为KPC-2和IMP-4基因型。     

新生儿耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性及耐药基因研究

目的研究临床分离自新生儿的耐碳青霉烯肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性及碳青霉烯酶耐药基因类型。方法收集2013年12月至2015年12月南宁市2家妇幼保健院住院新生儿临床分离碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌8株。使用生物梅里埃公司的VITEK-2Compact全自动细菌鉴定仪对细菌进行鉴定以及菌株最低抑菌浓度(MIC)检测。改良Hodge试验筛选碳青霉烯酶阳性菌株,乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)纸片增效试验筛选产金属酶菌株。PCR扩增碳青霉烯酶基因(KPC、GES、SME、NMC、IMI、IMP、NDM-1、VIM、SIM),并对PCR阳性产物测序鉴定,测序结果与GenBank数据库进行比对。结果药敏结果显示,8株耐药菌株对大部分临床常用抗菌药物高度耐药,对氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物和氨基糖苷类抗菌药物有较高的敏感性。表型确认试验显示,6株改良Hodge试验阳性,7株EDTA协同试验阳性。8株碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌均携带IMP-4碳青霉烯酶基因,未检出KPC、GES、SME、NMC、IMI、NDM-1、VIM、SIM型碳青霉烯酶基因。结论本地区新生儿碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌对多种抗菌药物的耐药率较高,新生儿临床分离碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌主要耐药机制是产B类碳青霉烯酶,IMP-4是其主要酶型。     

同一患者不同部位分离耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌耐药机制研究及同源性分析

目的对临床分离自同一患者不同部位的3株耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌进行耐药机制研究及同源性分析。方法对某严重烧伤患者的股静脉导管尖端、创面分泌物及痰液标本中分离到的3株耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌,采用改良Hodge试验检测碳青霉烯酶,双纸片协同及增效试验检测金属β-内酰胺酶;PCR筛查耐药基因;肠杆菌科基因间重复序列-聚合酶链反应(ERIC-PCR)进行同源性分析,多位点序列分型技术(MLST)对肺炎克雷伯菌进行分子生物学分型。结果 3株耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌的改良Hodge试验均为阴性,双纸片协同及增效试验均为阳性;3株菌均检出blaNDM-1基因,而未检出bla_(KPC)、bla_(GES)、bla_(IMP)、bla_(SPM)、bla_(VIM)、bla_(GIM)及bla_(OXA-48)等耐药基因;ERIC-PCR显示3株菌为同一型别,MLST分型结果显示3株菌均属于ST17型。结论 3株肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药的主要机制为携带bla_(NDM-1)基因,且这3株菌为同一克隆。     

碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌β-内酰胺酶检测和基因分型

摘要：目的：探讨碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌产β-内酰胺酶情况和β-内酰胺酶基因分型研究。 方法：用Vitek-Ⅱ全自动微生物分析仪对本院临床标本中分离的对碳青霉烯类耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌进行菌种鉴定和药物敏感试验;用冻融法提取β-内酰胺酶,三维试验检测β-内酰胺酶［AmpC酶、超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）、金属酶;改良Hodge试验检测KPC酶;用PCR扩增TEM、SHV、CTX-M、PER、VEB、DHA、MIR/ACT、KPC、IMP、VIM、SPM、GIM和NDM-1基因,并对阳性基因进行测序分析确定其基因型;REP-PCR检测分析其同源性。 结果: 4株对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药肺炎克雷伯菌均表现为多重耐药,其中2株菌对所有测试的抗菌药物均耐药;1株菌产金属酶,由IMP-4型金属酶基因编码;4株菌均产生DHA型AmpC酶,2株菌产CTX-M-14型ESBLs;1株菌产TEM-71型ESBLs,均经测序证实;未检测出SHV、PER、VEB、MIR/ACT、KPC、VIM、SPM、GIM和NDM-1基因型。REP-PCR显示4株菌属于3个不同的克隆型。 结论：本院出现碳青霉烯类耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌,属于不同克隆型,产多种β-内酰胺酶（AmpC酶、ESBLs、金属酶）,基因型为DHA、IMP-4、CTX-M-14、TEM-71。     

产KPC酶肺炎克雷伯菌检测及耐药性研究

目的探讨我院产肺炎克雷伯菌碳青霉烯酶（KPC）肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类药物耐药率升高的原因。方法对2009—2011年我院各类临床标本中分离的肺炎克雷伯菌进行统计及药敏结果分析。对2010年1月—2011年12月间分离的耐碳青霉烯类药物的肺炎克雷伯菌做改良Hodge试验和金属β-内酰胺酶检测,阳性菌株筛查KPC酶及耐药细菌（NDM-1）基因。结果 2009、2010年肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南仍保持高敏感性,对2010年分离的8株耐亚胺培南的肺炎克雷伯菌做改良Hodge试验均为阴性（2009年菌株未保留）。2011年肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药性显著升高,47株耐碳青霉烯类药物的肺炎克雷伯菌改良Hodge试验阳性,KPC酶阳性;2株耐碳青霉烯类药物的肺炎克雷伯菌金属β-内酰胺酶阳性;所有菌株NDM-1基因检测均为阴性。结论由KPC酶介导的耐碳青霉烯类药物的肺炎克雷伯菌在临床分离菌株中显著增加。KPC酶基因的出现是碳青霉烯类抗菌药物广泛应用引起的耐药基因突变,携带KPC酶的质粒存在不同种属细菌间进行转移的可能性,临床应加强监控,防止产碳青霉烯酶菌株在医院环境中暴发和流行。     

临床分离的耐碳青霉烯肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药机制研究

目的探究肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药的分子机制。方法通过Carba NP确证试验检测碳青霉烯酶表型;PCR扩增碳青霉烯酶基因,质粒介导AmpC酶基因,超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因;采用多序列位点分型(MLST)对菌株进行遗传相关性分析。结果 50株耐破青霉烯肺炎克雷伯菌中,42株PCR扩增KPC-2阳性,1株NDM-1P阳性,其余7株未检测到碳青霉烯酶基因;产KPC-2肺炎克雷伯菌相关耐药基因的携带率为:bla CTX-M 21.5%,bla SHV 42.9%,bla TEM 69.1%和bla DHA4.8%;MLST结果显示42株KPC-2阳性菌株中,37株为ST11型。结论 KPC-2的产生是肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药的主要机制,且该院存在着ST11产KPC-2肺炎克雷伯菌的暴发流行。     

同一患者不同部位的4株肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药机制研究和同源性分析

目的对临床分离自同一患者不同部位的4株耐碳青霉烯类抗生素肺炎克雷伯菌进行耐药机制研究和同源性分析。方法收集2012年3月上海新华医院临床微生物实验室从1例膀胱癌术后患者的血、尿、痰和盆腔引流液标本中分离得到耐碳青霉烯类抗生素肺炎充雷伯菌4株。分别采用：①改良Hodge试验筛选碳青霉烯酶;②PCR方法及基因测序检测耐药基因;③SDS-PAGE分析菌株外膜蛋白的改变等方法进行耐药机制研究。并采用ERICPCR方法进行DNA同源性分析。结果改良Hodge试验显示4株耐碳青霉烯类抗生素肺炎克雷伯菌均产碳青霉烯酶,通过PCR方法及基因测序确证皆产KPC2酶。SDSPAGE分析结果显示4株细菌的外膜蛋白表达不同于碳青霉烯类抗生素敏感型肺炎克雷伯菌。ERIC—PCR基因图谱思示此4株细菌的I）NA指纹图谱完全一致。结论本研究中的4株耐碳青霉烯类抗生素肺炎克雷伯菌的主要耐药机制为产KPC-2酶以及外膜蛋白异常引起的外膜蛋白通透性改变,且这4株细菌为同一克隆株。     

南昌4家教学医院碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌耐药机制及同源性分析

目的探讨临床分离的碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)的耐药机制及同源性。方法收集南昌地区4家教学医院耐碳青霉烯类抗菌药物(亚胺培南和/或美罗培南)的肺炎克雷伯菌29株,双纸片增效法检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)、三维实验检测AmpC酶、改良Hodge实验和双纸片协同法检测碳青霉烯酶,PCR扩增耐药基因,并对扩增产物测序,确定其基因型。脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)对其进行同源性分析。结果 29株分离菌除对阿米卡星的耐药率较低(37.9%)外,对其他13种抗菌药物的耐药率均大于69%,其中对头孢呋辛、亚胺培南的耐药率为100%,多重耐药肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率为62.1%(18/29)。29株分离菌中有19株携带碳青霉烯酶基因,占65.5%(19/29),以blaKPC-2为主(44.8%,13/29),其次为blaNDM-1、blaIMP-26及blaIMP-4,携带率分别为17.2%(5/29)、10.3%(3/29)及6.9%(2/29),另有3株同时携带blaKPC-2和blaIMP-26,1株同时携带blaKPC-2和blaIMP-4。17株除携带碳青霉烯酶基因外,还携带ESBLs基因和(或)AmpC基因,占58.6%。未检测到VIM、GES、SPM及OXA等其他碳青霉烯酶基因。29株分离菌中有27株被PFGE成功分型,分别属于20个不同克隆,其余2株分型不成功。属于同一克隆型且携带blaKPC-2基因的4株菌来自同一医院。结论 CRKP耐药及多重耐药现象严重;携带碳青霉烯酶基因是肺炎克雷伯菌耐碳青霉烯类药物的主要原因,blaKPC-2携带率高,且在局部有短暂流行。本地区已监测到携带blaNDM的肺炎克雷伯菌,值得关注。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."