番禺区南村镇学龄前儿童锌、铁、钙、铅微量元素调查与分析

目的 探讨番禺区南村镇学龄前儿童血液中锌、铁、钙、铅的含量,以便健康地指导儿童膳食.方法 以2011年1 ~ 3月前来检查的1 400例0~6岁儿童为对象,利用北京普析通用TAS-990型原子吸收分光光度计进行血液中锌、铁、钙、铅4种微量元素测定,并对检测结果进行统计分析.结果 该镇儿童锌缺乏率为2%,铁缺乏率为0.79%,钙元素缺乏率0%,结果表明该镇儿童锌与铁元素缺乏率较低,钙元素并不缺乏;而铅中毒率高达26.79%,明显高于全国10.45%的水平;男女儿童性别之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 该镇学龄前儿童锌、铁、钙元素含量处于较理想水平,而铅中毒率较高,应引起有关部门的高度重视.     

威海地区1406例儿童部分微量元素项目水平分析

目的了解威海地区儿童钙、铁、锌和铅元素的水平及在不同年龄段的变化规律,为预防相关元素缺乏和铅中毒提供理论指导。方法对在威海市中心医院就诊的1 406例儿童进行铅、锌、钙、铁元素的检测分析。结果威海地区儿童钙元素的水平随年龄增长呈下降趋势,而锌、铁和铅元素的水平呈上升趋势。本次共检出低血钙103例,低血铁318例,低血锌283例,高血铅11例。不同年龄组间血钙和血铅的水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05);0~1岁组的血铁和血锌水平与其他年龄组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论威海地区儿童微量元素水平分布趋势符合一般规律。低血锌和低血铁的发生率较高,应定期检测儿童血液微量元素水平。     

小儿反复呼吸道感染与微量元素锌铁含量的临床意义

主要利用比色法对小儿患者血清中的微量元素锌铁含量进行测定,并与对照组74例健康儿童进行比较。结果小儿反复呼吸道感染患者的微量元素锌铁含量显著小于健康儿童血清锌铁含量(P<0.01)。儿童血清中微量元素锌铁含量较低或降低的少年儿童为呼吸道感染高发人群。     

婴幼儿603例血液微量元素调查分析

目的探讨儿童保健门诊0—2岁婴幼儿血液中铁、锌、钙等微量元素含量,并对其结果进行分析。方法应用日本生产的日立7180生化仪对603例0—2岁儿保门诊婴幼儿进行静脉血（肘静脉、股静脉）中的铁、锌、钙含量检测并进行分析。结果南海区健康儿童微量元素水平在各年龄组的变化有一定的规律性,钙、锌随着年龄增加而递增,而铁随着年龄增长而递减;缺铁在4个年龄组中均居第1位,缺钙居第2位,缺锌居第3位;男女童间铁、锌、钙的含量差异无统计学意义。结论婴幼儿为生长发育最快时期,易缺乏铁、锌、钙元素,且年龄越小,越易缺乏,提示在儿保门诊定期体检中应将微量元素检查列为常规项目,以便了解小儿营养素的状况,为指导和矫正提供参考依据。     

福建闽西地区儿童全血铜、锌、钙、镁、铁微量元素参考范围调查

目的 调查福建闽西地区儿童年龄特异性全血铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、铁(Fe)微量元素正常参考范围.方法 利用BH5300S原子吸收光谱仪分析福建闽西地区1 702例1个月至11岁健康儿童的全血Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg、Fe微量元素浓度.结果 经统计得到福建闽西地区儿童年龄特异性全血Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg、Fe微量元素参考范围.分析全血微量元素与年龄的相关性,发现Cu和Fe元素与年龄呈负相关(P<0.05),Zn和Ca元素与年龄呈正相关(P<0.05),未发现全血Mg元素浓度与年龄相关性(P>0.05).经统计优化后,各元素参考范围年龄段划分减少.结论 全血Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg、Fe微量元素参考范围的建立可为儿童微量元素合理补充提供指导,特别为福建闽西地区儿童微量元素缺乏的实验室诊断和流行病学调查提供重要依据.     

某地区0～12岁儿童微量元素水平调查分析

目的 调查宝鸡地区0～12岁儿童微量元素水平的分布及血铅含量,分析本地区儿童微量元素缺乏状况,为指导合理膳食及用药提供依据.方法 采集541例健康体检的0～12岁儿童全血标本.其中男276例,女265例,将其分为4个年龄组,～1岁组132例,～4岁组139例,～8岁组140例,～12岁组130例,每组按性别分为男、女性2组.对不同年龄段和不同性别间儿童微量元素水平进行比对分析.采用原子吸收光谱法测定钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)和锌(Zn)5种微量元素,采用钨舟无焰原子吸收光谱法测定血铅(Pb)含量.结果 微量元素钙(Ca)、铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)和锌(Zn)缺乏分别占总例数的17.0%、25.7%、6.28%和17.2 %,血铅含量超标共43例,占7.94%;男、女性别间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);各年龄段组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 宝鸡地区儿童微量元素缺乏在不同年龄段差异有统计学意义.家长应对其有充足的认识,定期检测微量元素,根据不同年龄段儿童生长发育特点,适时补充.     

广州市番禺区儿童全血5种微量元素检测结果分析

目的探讨广州市番禺地区儿童铜、钙、镁、锌、铁5种微量元素的分布和变化规律,为番禺地区儿童微量元素的合理补充和研究分析提供参考依据。方法使用原子吸收光谱仪对3476名儿童全血铜、钙、镁、锌、铁5种微量元素进行检测。将受检儿童按年龄分为5组：婴儿组（1—12个月,743例）、幼儿组（〉1～2岁,916例）、学龄前组（3—6岁,988例）、学龄期组（7～11岁,579例）、青春发育期组（12一18岁,250例）。每组按性别分成男、女2组。对不同性别、不同年龄段儿童5种微量元素含量进行分析。结果铜和镁2种微量元素的异常率较低,总缺乏率分别为1．5％和0．26％,总超标率分别为0．08％和0．06％;锌、铁2种微量元素的缺乏比较常见,总缺乏率分别为21．0％和19．7％;随着年龄的增长其缺乏率呈明显下降趋势;锌和铁的超标率分别为1．8％和0％;钙的总缺乏率为6．7％,随着年龄的增长其缺乏率呈明显上升趋势,其总超标率为1．9％;镁、铁含量在学龄前期和青春发育期不同性别间的差异有统计学意义（t值分别为2．563、2．172、2．822、4．537,P值均〈0．01）,其他元素含量在相同年龄段不同性别间差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）;锌和铁含量随年龄的增长呈上升趋势,而铜和钙含量呈下降趋势,镁的含量比较稳定。结论广州市番禺地区儿童全血锌、铁、钙的异常率较高,铜和镁的分布趋于合理,应加强对合理补充锌、铁、钙的保健指导和研究探讨。     

天津地区儿童全血微量元素检测结果分析

目的了解天津市不同年龄段健康儿童全血微量元素水平,分析微量元素缺乏的相关因素;与北京、南昌地区的儿童微量元素的结果比较。方法对905例健康儿童采用北京科创海光公司生产的GGX-6原子吸收分光光度计检测全血中铜、铁、钙、镁、锌5种微量元素含量。结果在被检测儿童中,铁缺乏率居第一位,其次是锌。男童缺铁和锌较女童更多,钙含量偏高。天津地区与北京地区儿童微量元素比较差异无统计学意义;与南昌地区儿童微量元素比较中,钙和铁元素差异存在差异。结论儿童发育较快,容易缺乏铁、锌元素。对儿童进行微量元素监测,有利于更早采取措施,纠正微量元素的异常。不同地区受环境、饮食及城市发展的影响,儿童微量元素缺乏程度有所不同。     

儿童末梢血微量元素1268例结果调查分析

目的了解安康地区儿童末梢血中铜、锌、钙、镁、铁五种微量元素的含量水平及其缺乏症的患病率,充分认识微量元素对儿童健康的重要性。方法将我院2009年2～7月儿科门诊1268例检测微量元素的儿童分为3组：〈1岁组379例、1～5岁组410例、5～13岁组479例,采集末梢血,采用北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司MB5多通道原子吸收光谱仪检测血中铜、锌、钙、镁、铁的含量。结果微量元素缺乏前三位的是：锌元素总缺乏率为33．8％,铁元素总缺乏率为12．5％,钙元素总缺乏率为8．0％,镁元素总缺乏率为0．9％,铜元素不缺乏。而且不同年龄组之间五种微量元素含量及缺乏症的患病率又有所不同。结论儿童微量元素缺乏症应引起社会和家长的高度重视,要定期对儿童进行微量元素监测,并根据不同情况做好防治工作。     

苏州市学龄前儿童末梢血铜、铁、锌、钙、镁五元素参考范围调查

目的根据ISO15189《医学实验室质量和能力的专用要求》,建立苏州市学龄前儿童末梢血铜、铁、锌、钙、镁五元素的参考范围。方法使用原子吸收光谱法检测2014年4~5月间苏州市区幼儿园健康体检儿童3 992例末梢血铜、铁、锌、钙、镁浓度,根据年龄分为3~4岁组1 511例,男750例,女761例;4~5岁组1 169例,男570例,女599例;5~6岁组1 312例,男604例,女708例。按照NCCLS发布的临床实验室如何确定和建立生物参考区间C28-A2文件要求剔除离群值后进行参考范围的计算。结果铜、铁、锌、钙、镁五元素结果在不同性别及年龄组间无统计学差异,合并各年龄及性别组进行计算。苏州市学龄前儿童末梢血五元素参考范围为:铜:11.47~32.53μmol/L,铁:6.86~9.80mmol/L,锌:64.46~133.02μmol/L,钙:1.47~2.09mmol/L,镁:1.21~1.75mmol/L。结论儿童末梢血铜、铁、锌、钙、镁含量存在地区差异,每个地区应该建立符合本地区儿童的参考范围。     

Pathophysiology of prenatal drug-exposure: in utero, in the newborn, in childhood, and in agencies

Medical communities are documenting an increase in the numbers of infants being born with prenatal drug exposure. Medical, educational, and social agencies are serving large numbers of these infants, toddlers, and their families. These infants and toddlers constitute a population whose short-term and long-term needs have not been adequately identified or addressed in the health, social, emotional, or developmental domains. This article discusses the pathophysiology in prenatal drug exposure and the role of the nurse when providing services to these infants, toddlers, and their families.     

Comparison of Tobramycin, Gentamicin, Colistin, and Carbenicillin in Pseudomonas Sepsis in Monkeys

Intravenous inoculation of 3.4 x 10(10) to 7.4 x 10(10)Pseudomonas aeruginosa organisms into rhesus monkeys 4 days after intravenous or intratracheal inoculation of 2.0 to 2.5 mg of vincristine sulfate resulted in fatal sepsis in eight of nine monkeys. After intramuscular administration, in two equal doses, of 5 mg of tobramycin, gentamicin, and colistin per kg per day beginning 16 hr after challenge, 4 of 11, 4 of 11, and 3 of 10 monkeys died, respectively. Administration of daily doses of 100 to 400 mg of carbenicillin per kg was followed by death in 5 of 12. Duration of illness in the surviving monkeys in each therapy group was similar. Under the conditions of this study, prior administration of vincristine sulfate resulted in a decrease in leukocytes and enhanced susceptibility to Pseudomonas infection. Using this model for studies of comparative efficacy of antibiotics, we observed comparable results after treatment with tobramycin, gentamicin, colistin, and carbenicillin.     

Use of Primary Health Care in Spili,Crete, and in Dalby,Sweden

A computerized medical record system was introduced in Greek primary health care (PHC) in the village of Spili in Crete. The present study was carried out to study similarities and differences in the pattern of PHC use in Dalby Health Centre, Sweden (DHC), and Spili Health Centre, Greece (SHC).

In both Dalby and Spili more than half the population contacted their respective health centre during 1989. Patients contacted DHC more often than SHC, 3.33 vs 2.30 times. Relatively more females than males used the health services in Dalby (64% vs 50%), but not in Spili (57% vs 55%). More visits were made by appointment at DHC than SHC (36.0% vs 12.6%).

There were great similarities in the two areas in the ten most common diagnoses, analysed in four age-groups. In both areas, acute upper respiratory infections dominated in the youngest age-groups, and hypertension and diabetes in those aged 45 years and above.     

Comparative distribution of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, netilmicin, and amikacin in interstitial fluid in rabbits.

We compared the penetration of five aminoglycosides into interstitial fluid (IF). IF was obtained in rabbits from Silastic tissue cages. Intramuscular injections were made: 1.5 mg/kg per dose for gentamicin (G), tobramycin (T), sisomicin (S), and netilmicin (N) and 7.5 mg/kg per dose for amikacin (A). Serum levels and IF concentrations were studied for 12 h after a single injection. IF levels were also compared in a six-injection study (one injection every 8 h). Peak serum levels were significantly higher with A than with G, T, S, and N, which gave similar concentrations. In IF, G gave the highest levels 1 h after the first injection. At 4 and 8 h, the concentrations achieved with G and A were similar but significantly greater than those achieved with T, S, and N. Twelve hours after a single injection, N gave higher IF levels than the other drugs except A. In the six-injection study, the IF levels of G and A reached 4.6 +/- 1.5 and 5.27 +/- 1.1 microgram/ml, respectively, at 48 h. S and N gave identical concentrations (2.07 +/- 0.25 and 2.42 +/- 0.42 microgram/ml, respectively). T induced the lowest levels (1.17 +/- 0.30 microgram/ml). Thus, in this rabbit model, the IF concentrations achieved with G and A were above the minimal inhibitory concentrations for most susceptible strains. Possible relations between IF aminoglycoside concentrations and therapeutic efficiency or toxicity are pointed out but deserve further studies.     

Postnatally Induced Inactivation of gp130 in Mice Results in Neurological,Cardiac, Hematopoietic,Immunological, Hepatic,and Pulmonary Defects

The pleiotrophic but overlapping functions of the cytokine family that includes interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and cardiotrophin 1 are mediated by the cytokine receptor subunit gp130 as the common signal transducer. Although mice lacking individual members of this family display only mild phenotypes, animals lacking gp130 are not viable. To assess the collective role of this cytokine family, we inducibly inactivated gp130 via Cre-loxP–mediated recombination in vivo. Such conditional mutant mice exhibited neurological, cardiac, hematopoietic, immunological, hepatic, and pulmonary defects, demonstrating the widespread importance of gp130-dependent cytokines.     

Absorption, distribution, metabolic fate, and elimination of pefloxacin mesylate in mice, rats, dogs, monkeys, and humans

Pefloxacin mesylate is well absorbed by the oral route. The antimicrobial activity in dog, cynomolgus monkey, and human plasma was essentially due to unchanged drug which respectively accounted for 64, 94, and 84% of the total activity (ratios derived from relative area under the curve [AUC] values). Half-lives ranged from 1.9 h in mice to 8.6 h in humans. Protein binding was weak, about 20% in plasma. Except in brain, concentrations in most of the organs and tissues tested in rats and dogs were higher than the plasma levels. Microbiological activity in urine was mainly due to pefloxacin and norfloxacin, the N-desmethyl metabolite. The norfloxacin/pefloxacin ratios were 0 in mice, ca. 1 in rats and dogs, 1.6 in cynomolgus monkeys, and 2.3 in humans. The principal urinary compounds were unchanged drug in mice, pefloxacin glucuronide and pefloxacin N-oxide in rats and dogs, norfloxacin and pefloxacin in monkeys, and pefloxacin N-oxide and norfloxacin in humans. The urinary recovery of identified metabolites was 29.5% of the dose in mice, 37.8% in rats, 36.3% in dogs, 26.5% in monkeys, and 58.9% in humans. Biliary excretion occurred and was extensive in rats and dogs, mainly as a glucuronide conjugate of the drug. In rat and human bile, the main active compound was unchanged pefloxacin.     

梅州市客家人群ABO、Rh、MN系统血型分布

为了解梅州市客家人群血型分布情况,笔者调查统计了7125名无偿献血者的ABO、Rh血型系统和405名无偿献血者的 MN血型系统,报告如下. 1 材料与方法 1.1 调查对象梅州市客家地区无偿献血人群(父母双方上溯三代均为客家人). 随机抽样,不分性别和年龄. 1.2 试剂抗-A及抗-B单抗血清(长春生研所);抗-C、-c、-D、-E,抗-M、-N血清(广州血液中心);Polymatching试剂(Baso公司). 1.3 方法按<中国输血技术操作规程>(血站部分)进行.同时用标准红细胞作对照试验,以确认抗血清的可靠性.各血型系统基因频率的计算公式见文献[1]. 2 结果(见附表).