肝硬化患者血清总胆汁酸、高尔基体蛋白73及糖类抗原19-9的水平变化及其临床意义

背景与目的：既往研究表明,肝硬化患者血清总胆汁酸（TBA）、高尔基体蛋白73(GP73)及糖类抗原19-9(CA19-9)的水平均有升高,但其血清水平与肝硬化严重程度之间的相关性,及三个指标彼此之间的关系尚未见文献报道。因此,本研究就此方面进行探讨,以期对临床上肝硬化患者的病情判断及预后评估提供新的思路。方法：回顾性收集2021年1月—2022年12月在山西白求恩医院完成治疗和随访的80例肝硬化患者资料,根据肝功能Child-Pugh分级标准,其中A级20例、B级30例、C级30例;选择同期健康体检者80例为对照组。比较肝硬化组与对照组血清TBA、GP73、CA19-9及肝功能指标的差异,以及不同肝功能Child-Pugh分级肝硬化患者治疗前后以上指标的变化,并分析三个指标之间的相关性及其各自与肝硬化严重程度之间的相关性。结果：肝硬化患者血清TBA、GP73及CA19-9水平及其他常规肝生化指标均高于对照组（均P<0.05）;在肝硬化患者中,三项指标水平均随着肝功能Child-Pugh分级的递增而升高（均P<0.05）,且与其他常规肝生化指标相比,升高幅度更明显;肝硬化患者...     

一氧化氮、内皮素与肝硬化及门静脉高压症病人肝功能的关系

目的　探讨一氧化氮（NO）,内皮素（ET-1）与肝硬化及门静脉高压症病人肝功能的关系。方法　按肝功能Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ级分组比较肝炎后肝硬化、门脉高压病人血中的NO（酶法)、ET-1（放射免疫法)水平和肝功能的关系。结果　肝功能Ⅰ级组病人（13例）血中的NO水平远远低于肝功能Ⅱ级组（21例）和Ⅲ级组（21例）的病人［（22.7±2.3)μmol/L对(50.9±6.2)μmol/L和(51.9±5.7)μmol/L,P均<0.01)］,而血浆ET-1水平在肝功能Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ级各组之间差异无显著意义［（49.6±8)pg/ml,(55.9±8.6)pg/ml和(54.2±11.2)pg/ml,P＞0.05）］。结论　血清NO在术前估价门静脉高压病人肝储备功能中有重要意义,而ET-1则未见明显价值。     

三维可视化联合吲哚菁绿清除试验在肝肿瘤合并肝硬化患者手术应用疗效分析

背景与目的：肝脏肿瘤合并肝硬化患者,肝功能储备往往不足,在行肝切除后可易致并发症与肝功能不全的发生,因此术前精准评估患者病情以及术中精确切除范围,对行肝切除术的肝肿瘤合并肝硬化患者的预后至关重要。本研究探讨三维可视化技术（3DVT）联合吲哚菁绿（ICG）清除试验在肝肿瘤合并肝硬化患者手术中应用疗效。 方法：回顾性分析2019年5月—2020年3月行3DVT联合ICG处理的肝肿瘤合并肝硬化手术患者57例（观察组）与2018年1月—2019年4月行3DVT联合传统Child-Pugh分级处理的同类患者62例（对照组）的临床资料,比较两组患者各项临床指标及术后肝功能不全与并发症的发生率。 结果：两组术前基本资料和各项炎症因子及肝功能指标比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。两组的手术时间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,观察组的术中出血量、住院时间少于对照组（均P<0.05）。两组术后各项炎症因子与肝功能指标均较术前明显改善,观察组的改善程度明显优于对照组（均P<0.05）。观察组术后肝功能不全的总发生率与总并发症发生率均明显低于对照组（均P<0.05）。两组均无死亡与严重的并发症发生。 结论：3DVT联合ICG清除试验应用于肝肿瘤并肝硬化患者手术,术前可以精准的判断肝肿瘤与周围组织的空间结构关系,明确肿瘤的切除体积以及剩余肝体积,准确的判断肝储备功能,可以减少患者术中出血量及术后的创伤应激反应,缩短住院时间,减少术后并发症及肝功能不全的发生率,该方法具有较好的应用价值,推荐使用。     

大肝癌手术切除术中不同肝血流阻断方法的临床研究

目的：比较大肝癌手术切除术中3种不同的入肝血流阻断法的临床效果。
　　方法：回顾性分析2011年1月—2013年3月期间218例大肝癌（>5cm）手术患者的临床资料,术中88例采用Pringle法间断阻断全肝血流（肝门阻断组）,51例行选择性的半肝血流阻断（半肝阻断组）,79例行肝下下腔静脉阻断联合Pringle法阻断入肝血流（联合阻断组）。比较3组患者的术中与术后的相关指标。
　　结果：3组患者的术前情况、手术时间、入肝血流阻断时间及肝切除量的差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;半肝阻断组与联合阻断组的术中出血量、输血量、输血率均明显低于肝门阻断组,且联合阻断组的输血量、输血率明显低于半肝阻断组（均P<0.05）;3组患者术后第1天肝功能指标差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）,但半肝阻断组与联合阻断组第3、7天的转氨酶和总胆红素水平均明显低于肝门阻断组（均P<0.05）;3组术后并发症的发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。
　　结论：大肝癌切除术术中采用肝下下腔静脉阻断联合Pringle法阻断入肝血流不仅能够有效减少术中失血量,而且有利于术后肝功能的恢复。     

血清总胆汁酸与肝功能酶学指标联合检测在肝脏疾病术前诊断中的应用

目的探讨联合检测血清总胆汁酸(TBA)与肝功能酶学指标在肝脏疾病术前诊断中的应用价值。方法选取2012年6月至2013年9月在我院住院手术的肝脏疾病患者120例(其中急性胆囊炎30例,肝硬化50例,肝癌40例)和40例健康对照组,分别检测其血清TBA与肝功能酶学指标含量,分别比较各组指标的浓度变化。结果急性胆囊炎组、肝硬化组以及肝癌组和健康组相比,血清TBA、ALT、AST、GGT和ALP水平明显偏高;急性胆囊炎组TBA水平最高,肝硬化组、肝癌组TBA水平均低于急性肝炎组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论联合检测血清总胆汁酸与肝功能酶学指标在临床实践中对了解和肝脏疾病术前诊断有着一定的意义,值得在临床上推广。     

术前肝功能指标在急性结石性胆囊炎合并胆总管结石中的诊断价值

目的 探讨术前肝功能相关指标在急性结石性胆囊炎合并胆总管结石中的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析苏州大学附属第三医院2015 年3 月至2019 年4 月收治的急性结石性胆囊炎患者319 例,其中单纯急性结石性胆囊炎患者204 例,急性结石性胆囊炎合并胆总管结石患者115 例;采用秩和检验比较两组患者术前肝功能相关指标（TBIL、DBIL、ALT、AST、GGT、ALP、LDH、TBA）的差异,通过ROC曲线分析各指标的诊断敏感性、特异性及相应的诊断临界值,明确其对急性结石性胆囊炎合并胆总管结石的诊断价值。结果 单纯急性结石性胆囊炎患者与急性结石性胆囊炎合并胆总管结石患者TBIL [13.25（9.63,20.78）μmol/L vs 34.60（20.40,55.40）μmol/L]、DBIL [5.85（4.10,9.00）μmol/L vs 22.60（10.20,42.30）μmol/L]、ALT [25.00 （15.25,39.00）IU/L vs 211.00（93.00,374.00）IU/L]、AST [23.00（17.00,36.50）IU/L vs 141.00（52.00,276.00）IU/L]、GGT [40.50（22.00,91.00）IU/L vs 315.00（155.00,520.00）IU/L]、ALP [85.00（69.00,116.50）IU/L vs 168.00（119.00,248.00）IU/L]、LDH [202.00（169.00,234.75）IU/L vs 236.00（176.00,352.00）IU/L]、TBA [5.20（2.63,9.10）μmol/L vs 43.60（6.70,146.50）μmol/L]均具有统计学差异（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,TBIL、DBIL、ALT、AST、GGT、ALP、LDH、TBA特异性分别为69.6%、78.4%、87.3%、85.8%、81.4%、71.6%、82.8%、88.7%;敏感性分别为81.7%、80.0%、77.4%、77.4%、82.6%、82.6%、45.2%、65.2%;临界值分别为18.3 μmol/L、9.4 μmol/L、81.0 IU/L、50 IU/L、119 IU/L、106 IU/L、254 IU/L、18.9 μmol/L。结论 术前血清肝功能相关指标对急性结石性胆囊炎合并胆总管结石具有重要的诊断价值,当高于其相应的临界值及指标异常数目≥5个时诊断价值更大。     

炎症标志物TNF-α、hs-CRP在肝癌患者预后评估中的作用

目的 探讨肝细胞癌（HCC）患者手术前后外周血肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和高敏C-反应蛋白（hs-CRP）检测的临床意义。方法 检测201例HCC患者手术前后及70例健康对照者TNF-α和hs-CRP的水平,分析TNF-α和hs-CRP水平与临床病理特征的关系。结果 HCC患者术前TNF-α和hs-CRP水平显著高于健康对照者（P<0.05）,手术1周后TNF-α和hs-CRP水平较术前显著下降（P<0.05）。术前TNF-α和hs-CRP水平与HCC的Edmondson分级、TNM分期、肿瘤的大小、有无门静脉癌栓、有无肿瘤包膜密切相关（P<0.05）。hs-CRP水平还与有无腹水明显相关（P<0.05）。当确诊为HCC复发时,TNF-α和hs-CRP水平也明显高于术后水平（P均<0.01）。结论 术前TNF-α和hs-CRP水平与HCC临床病理特征有关,可作为HCC预后和复发的预测因子。     

快速流程模式下肝切除患者围手术期不同营养支持的比较

目的：比较快速流程（FT）模式下肝切除患者围手术期不同营养支持方法的疗效。
　　方法：将104例拟行肝切除患者随机均分为2组,分别接受肠内营养（EN）与肠外营养（PN组）,所有患者均采用FT围手术期处理。比较两组患者手术前后体质量（WT）、血红蛋白（HB）、总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）及总淋巴细胞计数（TLC）变化,以及术后肛门排气排便时间、住院天数、消化道不良反应和并发症发生率。
　　结果：PN组术后7d各项营养指标较术前3d均明显降低,而EN组内只有TP及ALB较术前降低,但降幅均明显小于PN组（均P<0.05）;EN组术后肛门排气排便时间较PN组明显提前,术后不良反应发生率低于PN组（均P<0.05）;两组术后住院时间及并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。
　　结论：FT模式下肝切除患者围手术期应用EN支持有利于改善营养状况及免疫功能,促进术后康复。     

胃癌合并肝硬化门静脉高压症术后腹水的危险因素和防治

目的：探讨胃癌合并肝硬化患者接受手术后腹水的危险因素及防治方法。
　　方法：回顾性分析37例合并肝硬化的胃癌患者手术治疗后腹水的发生情况，并对可能影响腹水发生的因素行统计学分析。
　　结果：全组患者围手术期无死亡，术后均出现不同程度的腹水。Logistic回归分析发现，Child分级、术前腹水、术中出血是患者术后出现中等量腹水的影响因素（均P<0.05）。术中输血、手术时间、肿瘤部位等与术后中等量腹水的的发生无明关系（均P>0.05）。
　　结论：对于合并肝硬化的胃癌患者，积极进行围手术期处置，调整术前Child分级，遵循损伤控制性手术原则，减少出血量，能有效控制术后腹水的发生。     

原发性肝癌中Numb和VEGF的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨Numb和VEGF在原发性肝细胞癌（HCC）中的表达及其意义。
　　方法：免疫组化法检测60例HCC患者癌组织与癌旁组织,以及27例肝外伤与肝血管瘤患者正常肝组织中Numb与VEGF的表达,分析两者表达与HCC患者临床病理因素以及预后的关系。
　　结果：与正常肝组织及癌旁组织比较,HCC组织中Numb阳性表达率明显降低,而VEGF的阳性表达率明显升高（均P<0.05）,且在HCC组织中两者表达呈负相关（r=-0.5248,P=0.01）;Numb与VEGF的表达均与患者TNM分期、Edmondson分级、门脉癌栓及包膜有无有关（均P<0.05）;Numb阴性表达患者的总的生存期明显短于阳性表达者,而VEGF情况则相反（均P<0.05）。
　　结论：在HCC组织中,Numb表达下调,而VEGF表达上调,且两者之间的消长可能与HCC的侵袭性及不良预后密切相关。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.     

Surgical management of ductal carcinoma in situ in Australia in 1995

Background: In the present paper we describe the presentation and management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast in women in Australia in 1995. This representative, national data set provides a historical comparator for studies examining DCIS management that follow. Methods: Surgeons identified by population‐based cancer registries as having treated a new diagnosis of DCIS between 1 April and 30 September 1995 completed a questionnaire on the presentation and management of each case. Results: Two hundred and five surgeons supplied treatment details on 418 DCIS tumours in 415 women . Half of all tumours were detected at BreastScreen clinics and a further 25% were detected at other mammography centres. Twenty‐six percent of tumours were palpable at presentation, 33% were multifocal and 55% were high grade (including comedocarcinoma). Breast conserving therapy (BCT) rather than mastectomy was utilized in 260 (62%) of cases. Tumours that were of low grade, small in size and not multifocal were more likely to be treated by BCT. Surgeons seeing six or more DCIS cases in the 6‐month period were more likely to utilize BCT. Of the conservatively treated cases, 22% were referred for a radiation oncology consultation. The most common reasons for treating DCIS with mastectomy were that the tumour was too extensive or multifocal (63%), it extended to margins of the specimen (42%), or patient concerns about recurrence (34%). Conclusions: In 1995 the majority of DCIS was treated with breast conserving surgery alone. Surgeons treating more DCIS cases were more likely to perform conservative surgery than surgeons treating only one DCIS case in the study period.     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.