危重病人肠内营养途径的建立和实施

0　引　　言　　危重病人的营养支持 ,尤其是肠内营养支持对病人的康复、预后有较直接的影响。这里介绍我们近几年来对外科及 ICU危重病人行肠内营养空肠置管技术的一些体会。第一次手术即使用术中空肠造口、胃造口等常规技术的普通病人不在本文讨论范围之内。1　临床资料1 .1　病例资料　第一次手术时没有考虑肠内营养的病人 2 5例。其中长期 TPN( 2个月以上 )而仍然无法脱离呼吸机支持者 6例 ;长期 TPN出现和 TPN相关的严重并发症 (如感染、胆汁淤积等 ) 9例 ;术后胆瘘 4例 (其中肝切除 3例 ) ;吻合口瘘 1例 ;十二指肠瘘 2例 (外伤性…     

37例经皮内镜下胃造瘘术及其并发症防治

经皮内镜下胃造瘘术(PEG)1980年由Gauderer等[1]介绍并应用于临床,其操作简便,创伤小,并发症少,临床应用范围不断扩大,目前已成为长期肠内营养首选的治疗途径。作者自2003-2007年,收集浙江省立同德医院不同原发病患者37例PEG病例,探讨其临床应用价值及并发症的防治,现报告如下。对象与方法1对象2003-2007年间,PEG37例,其中男性27例,女性10例,年龄19~69岁,平均年龄44岁;原发病:外伤所致脑挫伤、脑出血22例,神经性厌食5例,多发性脑梗塞7例,毒蛇咬伤3例,其中神志清楚18例,昏迷19例。37例患者中行PEG前已置鼻饲管者28例,该28例患者置管数天后,因鼻饲管刺激无法耐受或因鼻饲管导致吸入性肺炎难以控制,而改做PEG术,9例术前采用静脉维持营养。2器械胃镜FUJINON EVE S99 PROCERROR,NUTRICIA EXPORT B·V·(纽迪希亚出口有限公司)复尔凯经皮内窥镜引导下胃造口管,活检钳。3 PEG操作方法采用复尔凯经皮内镜引导下胃造口管,术前神志清楚者给予静脉麻醉,昏迷患者局部利多卡因麻醉,常规先行胃镜检查,排除胃出口梗阻,胃镜退至胃体部,在胃腔内...     

经皮内镜下胃造口置管术导致严重并发症3例分析

<正>经皮内镜下胃造口置管(PEG)术是在内镜引导下,经腹部皮肤穿刺放置胃造口管,直接给予肠内营养(EN)支持的一种手术,具有操作简单、只需局部麻醉、安全、并发症少的特点,对营养状况差和危重症病人也可进行该项手术。对需要空肠营养的病人,还可采用经皮内镜下胃造口空肠置管(PEJ)术。我院自2008年3月至2014年6月共开展PEG/PEJ术85例,其中有3例出现严重并发症,现报道如下。     

经皮肾穿刺造瘘置管术在治疗新生儿肾积水中的运用

[目的]探讨经皮肾穿刺造瘘置管术(PCN)在治疗新生儿肾积水中的应用。[方法]对11例重度肾积水新生儿患者暂行经皮肾穿刺造瘘置管术予以引流,3个月后肾功能明显改善,再以Anderson-Hynes术行手术治疗。[结果]11例重度肾积水患儿均于B超引导局麻下成功行经皮肾穿刺造瘘置管术,手术顺利,无术中术后出血、感染、造瘘管堵塞、脱落等并发症,3个月后行Anderson-Hynes术。术后随访0.5～4年,肾积水消失9例,轻度积水1例,尿路感染1例。[结论]对重度肾积水新生儿患者暂行经皮肾穿刺造瘘置管术予以引流可保留肾功能,再择期行Anderson-Hynes术可减少手术并发症,改善预后。     

空肠造瘘行空肠营养在基层外科中的应用（附六例报告）

营养支持是外科治疗不可缺少的一部分[1] 。我院自 1996年 7月以来通过空肠造瘘实行空肠营养 6例 ,效果满意 ,报告如下。1　临床资料本组 6例。例 1男 ,6 0岁因胃溃疡行胃次全切除术 ;例 2女 ,70岁因高位肝门胆管癌行肝管切开“Ｔ”管引流术 ;例 3女 ,18岁 ,因重症胰腺炎行胰周引流 ,胃、胆囊造瘘术 ;例 4男 ,2 1岁 ,外伤肝破裂 ,胃穿孔 ,十二指肠多处穿孔行肝、胃、十二指肠修补 ,十二指肠造瘘术 ;例 5 ,男 6 2岁 ,晚期食管癌 ;例 6 ,男 4 6岁 ,头颈部、胸部、四肢重度烧伤。例 1～ 4均在术中同时作空肠插管造瘘。例 5、例 6则另行空肠造瘘…     

经皮内镜胃造瘘术的临床应用

目的:探讨经皮穿刺内镜下胃造瘘术(percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy,PEG)的临床应用价值以及并发症。方法:2008年5月～2011年5月,因各种原因造成的经口进食困难引起营养不良需长期营养支持的患者10例,在本院内镜中心行PEG,术后给予肠内营养。结果:所有患者成功完成内镜下胃造瘘术,平均耗时20 min。术后跟踪随访,所有患者造瘘管置入后营养迅速恢复,停止静脉补液。其中1例患者经管饲1个月后营养状态改善拔管,改为经口饮食。1例患者发生造瘘管周围皮肤感染,1例出现反流性食管炎,1例术后近期伤口少许渗血,造瘘口周围肉芽组织增生,对症处理后治愈。无消化道出血、腹膜炎等严重并发症。结论:PEG是作为胃肠减压和肠内营养替代鼻饲的一种完善和成熟的微创技术,其技术操作简单易行、安全、有效并发症少,创伤小,医疗费用低。值得临床推广应用。     

经皮内镜下胃造瘘术在肌萎缩侧索硬化中的应用及中医护理体会

目的探讨经皮内镜下胃造瘘术(Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy,PEG)在肌萎缩侧索硬化(Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,ALS)患者中的临床应用及护理方法。方法对10例行PEG治疗的ALS患者从情志护理、辨证施膳、胃造瘘衣的使用,出院后生活调护等中医系统护理干预措施,观察其行PEG治疗后的病情及临床转归情况。结果 10例患者手术均成功,未出现与手术相关的严重并发症,PEG术后肠内营养治疗6个月后平均BMI为20.8 kg/m2。随访1年,2例患者死亡,8例存活者营养状态良好。结论行PEG后实施中医系统护理干预措施,提高ALS患者家属的照顾质量,有效地维持患者的营养状态,从而提高患者生活质量。     

经皮内镜下胃造口术在肌萎缩侧索硬化病人中的应用

目的:探讨经皮内镜下胃造口术(PEG)对于肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)伴有吞咽困难病人的安全性和有效性.方法:回顾性分析46例行PEG的ALS伴有吞咽困难病人的临床资料,分析PEG置管时间、成功率、并发症及处理方法.结果:本研究纳入了46例病人,男30例,女16例.平均置管时间为(8.8±1.6)min,成功率为100％,未发生置管相关并发症,置管后并发症的发生率为17.39％(8/46),包括造口感染2例,造口管堵塞2例,肺炎2例,造口管近腹壁处折断1例,造口渗漏1例.术后30 d死亡1例,死亡率为2.17％.结论:PEG操作简便、安全、有效、易于护理、并发症少等优点,适合ALS伴有吞咽困难的病人.     

经皮内镜下胃造瘘术在上段食管癌患者中的临床应用

目的探讨经皮内镜下胃造瘘术（percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy,PEG）在上段食管癌患者中的临床应用。方法回顾分析2005年1月～2010年3月在本院行PEG术的25例上段食管癌患者的临床资料。结果所有患者PEG均获成功,术后患者营养状况明显好转。无手术相关死亡病例发生,25例患者中1例术后出现黑便,3例出现造瘘口局部少许渗血,2例出现造瘘管周围皮肤感染,经对症处理后均改善。结论PEG技术操作简单易行、安全,创伤小,并发症少,可避免食管上段癌患者营养状态的恶化,是上段食管癌并恶性梗阻患者行肠内营养支持治疗的可供选择的一种方法。     

经皮内镜下胃造瘘术在重型颅脑损伤患者的应用及护理

目的对12例重型颅脑损伤后昏迷患者早期行经皮内镜下目造瘘术（PEG）的观察和护理,总结PEG手术在重型颅脑损伤后昏迷患者中的早期应用及护理体会。方法回顾性分析笔者所在科室自2007年12月～2010年12月12例重型颅脑损伤后昏迷患者行PEG手术并给予肠内营养的的病例,总结PEG术后的观察要点及并发症的护理措施。结果12例PEG术后患者无置管并发症发生。带管时间30d～1年,4例患者带管出院,1例患者院外恢复正常进食后回院拔管。5例院内正常进食后拔管。2例院内正常使用。结论PEG于术操作简单且安伞系数高,能够满足患者营养需求,护理便捷、安全,并发症少,适于家庭喂养,可提高患者生存质量。     

Buried bumper syndrome: cut and leave it alone!

Buried bumper syndrome (BBS) occurs due to the overgrowth of gastric mucosa over the inner bumper of a gastrostomy tube. Various therapeutic approaches have been described for the management of BBS. However, no standardized clinical protocol deals with this complication. The authors describe their experience of dealing with BBS. Case notes of the patients undergoing percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) between February 2002 and December 2007 at their institute were reviewed retrospectively, and cases of BBS were analyzed. During this 71-month period, 356 PEG procedures were preformed. Seven patients with BBS were identified from the case note review (incidence of 1.97%). Attempts at endoscopic removal of the buried bumper were made but unfortunately failed. In view of the patients' associated comorbidity, the buried bumpers in these patients were left in situ, and a new PEG was inserted adjacent to the first site in 6 individuals. In 1 patient, a jejunal extension tube was inserted through the original PEG tube for feeding. No complications from the buried bumper arose in these patients during a median follow-up of 18 months (range, 1-46 months). Some patients being fed by a PEG tube are in poor general health and have significant comorbidities. They are therefore poor candidates for surgical or endoscopic removal of a buried bumper. In such patients, leaving the internal bumper in situ should be considered as a relatively safe treatment option.     

Malnutrition and Clinical Outcome of 234 Head and Neck Cancer Patients who Underwent Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy

Head and neck cancer (HNC) patients who underwent percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) present malnutrition risk and speech impairments. Their assessment relies on objective anthropometric/laboratory data. Focusing on HNC PEG patients, our aims were to evaluate: 1) outcome; 2) nutritional status when the patients underwent PEG; and 3) association of nutritional status/outcome, creating a survival predictive model. We evaluated the outcome based on NRS 2002, dietary assessment, body mass index (BMI), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC), albumin, transferrin, and cholesterol on the day of gastrostomy. Using BMI, TSF, MAMC, and laboratory data, a survival predictive model was created. Of the 234 patients (cancer stages III–IV), 149 died, 33 were still PEG-fed, and 36 resumed oral intake (NRS-2002≥3, caloric needs <50% in all). BMI was 12.7–43. 189, 197, and 168 patients displayed, respectively, low MUAC, TSF, and MAMC. 91, 155, and 119 patients displayed low albumin, transferrin, and cholesterol. Albumin, cholesterol, and transferrin were strongly associated with the outcome. A predictive model was created, discriminating between short-term survivors (<4 months) and long-term survivors. HNC patients were malnourished. Using anthropometric/laboratory parameters, a predictive model provides discrimination between patients surviving PEG for <4 months and long-term survivors. Teams taking care of PEG patients may provide special support to potential short-term survivors.     

The 'cut and push' method of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube removal

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The standard method of removing percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes is by gastroscopy. This has implications for endoscopy time and resources, and we believe is not always necessary. Depending on the type of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube used we often used the 'cut and push' method. This involves cutting the catheter at skin level and allowing the tube and internal bumper to spontaneously pass. The cut and push method also represents a considerable resource saving compared to the endoscopic method that we think warrants further discussion. METHOD: We reviewed all the files of the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes removed in our unit over the last 4 years. RESULTS: During the period of July 1995 to July 1999, we have inserted 384 percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes. Seven tubes have been removed endoscopically and 73 tubes have been removed with the cut and push method. Only two possible complications have been recorded (2.7%). CONCLUSIONS: We believe that we have provided further evidence that percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes can be removed safely using the cut and push method. Patients who are often frail and who have multiple medical problems are saved an often-long journey to the endoscopy unit as well as the hazards of an endoscopy. The saving in resources in what is already an overworked system by not performing endoscopies is also considerable.     

Long-term management of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy by a nutritional support team

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) has become a commonly-performed procedure, to provide enteral nutrition for patients who are unable to eat. The aims of this study were to evaluate the long term efficacy, morbidity and mortality of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analysed 144 patients who underwent a PEG procedure. Survival curves were done with the Kaplan-Meier method. The indication was long-term enteral nutrition in patients unable to maintain adequate nutrition by mouth. RESULTS: The procedure was successful in all but one case. Mean age was 62 (18-85) years, 89 (62%) males. Seven patients recovered from their primary disease and gastrostomy tube was removed. Mean follow-up was 7.3+/-10.8 (1--66) months. Survival rates at 30 days, 1 year and 3 years following gastrostomy were 82%, 36% and 14%, respectively. Survival curves were better in females (P<0.0001). In almost all cases, patients were fed with current home-prepared food, and were ambulatory. There were no differences in survival curves according to the nutritional status. CONCLUSIONS: There were few procedure-related complications, but a high short-term mortality, probably related with the underlying disease. The use of home-prepared food through the gastrostomy was very well tolerated, and should be encouraged.     

The FOOD Trial Collaboration: nutritional supplementation strategies and acute stroke outcome

Results from three large, randomized, multicenter FOOD (Feed or Ordinary Food) Collaboration Trials showed no reduction in death or poor outcome with routine oral protein-energy supplementation of stroke patients who were primarily well nourished upon admission to the hospital. Nasogastric tube feeding was favored over percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy as the early route of feeding in dysphagic stroke patients.     

肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者经皮内镜下胃造瘘术研究

目的 探讨经皮内镜下胃造瘘术在肌萎缩侧索硬化症导致吞咽困难患者中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2005年4月至2010年7月65例住院经皮内镜下胃造瘘术的肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者的临床资料.结果 65例患者中共有63例操作成功,成功率96.9%(63/65).操作时间8～17 min.操作失败2例,均为操作过程中窒息.术后感染2例.术后3个月随访,63例患者体重均有所增加,体质指数由术前的(18.3±1.0)kg/m2增加到(19.7±1.2)kg/m2,两者比较差异有统计学意义(t=15.8,P＜0.01),无其他术后并发症.结论 经皮内镜下胃造瘘术可以明显改善肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者的营养状况,安全而且有效.窒息是导致操作失败的主要原因.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the value of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients with dysphagia. Method Sixty-five ALS patients underwent PEG from April 2005 to July 2010 were analysed retrospectively. Results All the 65 patients underwent PEG,and 2 patients failed because of dyspnea. Totally 63 patients were intubated successfully,the successful rate was 96.9%(63/65). The operation time was 8-17 min. Two patients had local infection.After 3 months, the body mass index was increased from (18.3 ± 1.0) kg/m2 to (19.7 ± 1.2) kg/m2(t = 15.8,P ＜ 0.01), without peritonitis, migration of the gastrostomy tube and other complications. Conclusions PEG is a safe method with a low complication for ALS patients to get enteral nutrition. Dyspnea is the main reason of failure.     

经皮透视下胃造口术在恶性肿瘤病人中的应用

目的:报道10例经皮透视下胃造口的临床应用经验.方法:10例恶性肿瘤病人因食管狭窄不能进食,长期依赖肠外营养支持,并且不能通过胃镜进行经皮胃造口.在影像科于局部麻醉下行经皮透视下胃造口术.结果:10例均操作成功,无并发症发生,术后行肠内营养支持,并且成功摆脱肠外营养支持,行家庭肠内营养支持,明显改善了生活质量.结论:经皮透视下胃造口术操作简便、易行、并发症少,特别适用于不能进行经皮内镜胃造口的病人.     

Gastrostomy tubes inserted with radiologic techniques

Radiologic techniques can be used for patients in need of long-term enteral nutritional support. In particular, these techniques can provide solutions when endoscopic techniques cannot be performed. Percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy is an alternative to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Percutaneous radiologic transgastric jejunostomy should be reserved for patients with proven gastroesophageal reflux. When both are not possible, percutaneous radiologic jejunostomy is indicated. Percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy and percutaneous radiologic transgastric jejunostomy have a high technical success rate (> or = 91-95%). The success rate of percutaneous radiologic jejunostomy is lower (85-88%). With radiologic techniques, major complications occur in 0.5-13% of cases. The percentage of complications for percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy and percutaneous radiologic transgastric jejunostomy are lower than those for percutaneous radiologic jejunostomy. The less serious, mostly late-onset complications (2.9-13%) are usually easy to treat. Radiologic techniques have a higher initial success rate but more late-onset complications than endoscopic techniques.     

Necrotizing Candida infection after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a fatal and rare complication

Gastrostomy site infections following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) are the most common complication after PEG placement. Recent meta-analyses were able to show that PEG site infections can be reduced significantly with a systemic antimicrobial prophylaxis. This mostly cephalosporin- or penicillin-based prophylaxis does not cover fungal infections. Although Candida skin infections after PEG placement are rarely described, a mucosal colonization or infection of the upper GI tract with Candida species is very common, especially in severely ill patients such as those requiring artificial nutrition. The authors report a rare and lethal case of a necrotizing PEG site infection with Candida albicans in a patient with diabetes with multiple comorbidities, presenting like gas gangrene. In patients with probable immunodeficiency or visible candidiasis of the skin, oropharynx, or esophagus, a Candida infection should be considered in case of a gastrostomy site infection.     

内镜下胃肠造口在术后危重病人中的应用

目的:探讨内镜下胃肠造口在术后危重病人中的临床应用. 方法:对22例外科手术后出现并发症的危重病人进行经皮内镜下胃肠造口,并总结其手术指征、相关并发症、操作过程和临床疗效等. 结果:22例病人经皮内镜下胃肠造口术(PEG/PEJ)均获得成功,未发生与PEG/PEJ操作相关的死亡和严重并发症.21例(95%)病人放置PEG/PEJ管后进行肠道营养的时间超过30天.3例(14%)出现胃造口部位感染和渗漏,经局部换药、引流和全身应用抗生素后治愈.6例(27%)在后期出现空肠造口管的阻塞. 结论:外科术后危重病人,经皮内镜下胃肠造口术是建立长期胃肠道营养通路的安全、微创、简便、高效的方法.