电视纵隔镜术诊治胸部疾病76例

目的探讨电视纵隔镜检查在肺癌的术前分期、纵隔肿物、恶性胸腔积液诊治中的应用。方法76例患者中行颈部纵隔镜术38例,胸骨旁纵隔镜术16例,经肋间纵隔镜术22例。结果经纵隔镜检查确诊为腺癌21例,转移性低分化鳞癌18例,结核6例,胸腺鳞状细胞癌5例,非何杰金淋巴瘤5例,肺小细胞癌4例,胸腺瘤3例,纵隔神经母细胞瘤3例,何杰金淋巴瘤2例,胸膜间皮瘤2例,神经鞘瘤1例,胸腺增生1例,原始神经外胚叶肿瘤1例,淋巴结炎症1例,反应性增生1例。2例术前纤维支气管镜病理诊断为左肺下叶鳞癌,经电视纵隔镜检查确诊为右气管旁淋巴结转移。结论电视纵隔镜术不但是肺癌术前病理分期的重要检查方法,还可作为纵隔疾病和恶性胸腔积液诊治的方法之一。     

电视纵隔镜手术诊治胸部疾病36例

目的探讨电视纵隔镜检查术（video-mediastinoscopy,VM）在肺癌术前分期、纵隔疾病诊断中的价值。方法自2006年2月至2007年4月,我们采用电视纵隔镜对36例拟诊为肺癌、纵隔肿物患者进行检查,33例经颈部行纵隔镜术,采用全身麻醉单腔气管内插管;3例经肋间行纵隔镜术,采用全身麻醉双腔气管内插管。结果除术前纤维支气管镜检查确诊4例外,余30例均经电视纵隔镜术检查后确诊;2例诊断不明或可能误诊,其中1例转院失访,另1例经开胸活检证实为肺大B细胞淋巴瘤。平均手术时间55min,平均出血量40ml,术后无死亡患者,无切口感染;发生并发症2例,1例出血,经止血纱布填压止血;1例喉返神经麻痹,经中医针灸治疗后好转。结论电视纵隔镜术是肺癌术前病理分期、纵隔疾病的重要检查方法,具有诊断准确率高、安全可靠等优点。     

电视纵隔镜在胸腔积液诊治中的应用

目的 探讨电视纵隔镜检查术在胸腔积液诊治的应用价值。方法 侧卧位,腋中线第7肋间做2cm小切口,插入纵隔镜,吸净胸腔积液后进行探查,从镜管内伸入活检钳钳取胸膜组织,恶性胸腔积液撒入滑石粉行胸膜固定。结果 手术时间30～70min,平均42min。32例电视纵隔镜术后确诊：腺癌22例,低分化鳞癌2例,侵袭性胸腺瘤1例,胸膜结核5例,炎症2例。结论 电视纵隔镜可作为病因未明的胸腔积液诊治方法之一。     

电视纵隔镜在纵隔疾病诊断及肺癌分期中的应用

目的探讨电视纵隔镜检查术(video-mediastinoscopy,VM)在纵隔疾病诊治、肺癌的术前分期中的应用效果。方法 2006年2月～2009年1月,为68例拟诊纵隔疾病、肺癌的患者进行VM检查。未能明确的纵隔疾病包括不明原因的纵隔淋巴结肿大41例,根据临床表现、胸部CT、PET、CT引导下经皮肺穿刺、纤维支气管镜等检查确诊为肺癌27例,术前影像学检查发现纵隔淋巴结肿大。结果 41例术前未能获得病理诊断的病例中,经电视纵隔镜确诊39例(95.1%),1例转院失访,1例纵隔肿块活检提示多核巨细胞伴上皮样肉芽肿,予以抗结核治疗3个月后出现脓胸伴高热,行剖胸探查发现右胸腔巨大肿瘤伴脓液生成,手术活检病理结果为肺原发性大B细胞淋巴瘤。27例术前诊断肺癌合并纵隔淋巴结肿大者经纵隔镜检查后,12例伴有纵隔淋巴结转移(鳞癌5例,腺癌7例),其中N2淋巴结转移8例(Ⅲa期),均行开胸肺叶切除以及系统性纵隔淋巴结清扫术,N3淋巴结转移4例(Ⅲb期),转入内科行放、化疗;15例无纵隔淋巴结转移,行开胸肺叶切除以及系统性纵隔淋巴结清扫术。23例开胸手术者术后病理均与纵隔镜检查一致。结论 VM在纵隔疾病诊治、肺癌的术前分期中安全有效,多能获得准确诊断。     

电视纵隔镜临床应用的初步体会

目的：探讨电视纵隔镜手术在临床应用中的价值。方法：回顾性总结2001年9月－2002年9月54例经电视纵隔镜手术患者的临床资料,其中颈部纵隔镜手术44例,胸骨旁纵隔镜手术6例,颈部加胸骨旁纵隔手术4例。术前未获得明确病理诊断的纵隔疾病18例;高度怀疑或已明确诊断为肺癌且影像学显示纵隔淋巴结肿大（直径＞1．0cm）者36例。结果：术前未获病理诊断的18例患者,经电视纵隔镜检查后17例取得明确诊断,确诊率为94．4％（17／18）;高度怀疑或病理已确诊为肺癌的36例,电视纵隔镜检查证实肿瘤纵隔淋巴结转移（阳性）22例,未见纵隔淋巴结转移（阴性）14例。阳性者放弃手术,予以化疗。阴性者均中转开胸行肺叶切除或肺楔型切除加纵隔淋巴结清扫。术后病理证实肺癌11例（纵隔淋巴结未见转移,与纵隔镜检查结果相符）,肺结核球、炎性假瘤和错构瘤各1例。本组纵隔镜手术后患者并发症发生率及病死率均为0。结论：电视纵隔镜手术更安全、可靠,可作为纵隔疑难疾病诊断和明确肺癌术前分期的常规方法。     

纵隔镜R4淋巴结活检在肺癌诊断及分期中的应用价值

目的 探讨纵隔镜R4淋巴结活检在肺癌诊断和病理学分期中的应用价值。方法 1999年11月至2004年5月，66例肺癌病人实施了纵隔镜R4淋巴结活检手术，其中常规纵隔镜17例，电视纵隔镜49例；右肺癌47例，左肺癌19例；术前明确诊断为肺癌17例，术前为疑似而术后确诊的肺癌49例。其中纵隔镜检查经颈部62例，胸骨旁1例，颈部加胸骨旁3例。结果 本组66例中，49例R4淋巴结有转移癌，17例R4淋巴结未见转移癌。在47例右肺癌纵隔镜R4淋巴结活检中38例阳性，19例左肺癌中ll例R4阳性。49例术前未明确诊断肺癌者，38例通过纵隔镜R4检查明确了诊断，2例经纵隔镜第5、6组淋巴结活检明确了诊断。小细胞肺癌、腺癌、鳞癌R4淋巴结转移的阳性率分别为100．0％、82.8％和52．0％。全组手术均顺利完成，无严重围手术期并发症和手术死亡。结论 R4组淋巴结是肺癌最重要的淋巴转移部位，纵隔镜R4淋巴结活检对肺癌的诊断、鉴别诊断及分期具有其他检查方法和其他部位淋巴结活检不可比拟的优势。     

电视纵隔镜在恶性胸腔积液诊治中的应用

目的探讨电视纵隔镜在诊治恶性胸腔积液中的应用价值。方法回顾分析自2003年10月至2004年4月12例恶性胸腔积液患者行电视纵隔镜胸膜活检+滑石粉胸膜固定术治疗的临床资料。结果术后病理诊断腺癌8例,鳞癌4例;肺癌胸膜转移11例,食管癌肺、胸膜转移1例;手术诊断率100%,有效率91.7%(11/12),全组无手术死亡。术后发生低热3例,经处理后退热;胸痛3例,经止痛后缓解。结论电视纵隔镜对恶性胸腔积液的诊断和治疗有良好的临床效果。     

电视纵隔镜在纵隔肿物诊断和肺癌分期中的价值

目的探讨电视纵隔镜在纵隔肿物诊断和肺癌分期中的价值. 方法 2001年9月～2003年7月全麻下共行电视纵隔镜手术80例,其中颈部电视纵隔镜手术65例,胸骨旁电视纵隔镜手术11例,联合颈部与胸骨旁电视纵隔镜手术4例. 结果术前未获得明确病理诊断纵隔疑难疾病36例,除1例因术前放化疗未能明确诊断外,其余35例均获得明确诊断,确诊率97.2%(35/36).高度怀疑或病理已确诊为肺癌但CT提示伴纵隔淋巴结肿大(直径＞1.0 cm)44例,电视纵隔镜检查病理证实30例,阴性14例,阴性者行手术探查,切除标本未发现纵隔淋巴结转移.所有患者无术后并发症及手术死亡.结论电视纵隔镜手术视野好,清晰度高,操作灵活,安全可靠,可作为纵隔疑难疾病诊断和肺癌诊断、分期的常规方法.     

电视纵隔镜在胸部疾病诊断与治疗中的应用

目的探讨电视纵隔镜在胸部疾病诊断和治疗中的应用价值，总结其临床经验。方法对2006年3月至2007年5月开展的47例电视纵隔镜手术资料进行回顾性分析，其中经颈部纵隔镜手术38例，左胸纵隔镜手术8例，右胸纵隔镜手术1例。结果本组手术时间10～100min，平均44．2min；术中出血5～200ml，平均33．5ml。肺癌术前分期12例，纵隔淋巴结病理检查阴性4例，阳性8例，均与开胸手术后检查结果相符，其敏感性、特异性、准确性均为100％。纵隔疑难疾病诊断31例，经过纵隔镜手术后30例（96．8％）明确诊断，其中恶性肿瘤16例，分别为纵隔转移性肿瘤8例、纵隔淋巴瘤3例，恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、食管鳞状细胞癌、促纤维组织增生性小圆细胞肿瘤、胸腺类癌、淋巴上皮癌各1例；良性疾病14例，分别为结节病8例、慢性淋巴结炎4例、纵隔淋巴结结核2例。纵隔镜辅助纵隔或肺部病变切除4例，均顺利完成手术。本组手术无死亡及严重并发症发生，均治愈出院。结论电视纵隔镜手术安全、可靠，可作为纵隔疑难疾病诊断和鉴别诊断的有效方法以及肺癌术前分期的金标准。     

经肋间电视纵隔镜手术701例临床分析

目的探讨经肋间电视纵隔镜手术在纵隔肿物、恶性胸腔积液和手汗症诊治中的应用。方法回顾性分析2001年11月至2007年6月我院收治的701例经肋间电视纵隔镜手术患者的临床资料。其中术前未获得明确病理诊断的纵隔肿物患者48例和恶性胸腔积液患者46例,经肋间电视纵隔镜手术行纵隔肿物或胸膜活检,39例行滑石粉胸膜固定术;手汗症患者607例,行双侧胸交感神经链切断术。结果本组无手术死亡和严重并发症。48例纵隔肿物、46例临床诊断恶性胸腔积液患者,经肋间电视纵隔镜手术全部获得明确病理诊断。39例恶性胸腔积液患者行滑石粉胸膜固定术,成功率100％。607例手汗症患者术后手汗症状均完全消失,手掌温度上升1．5～3．0℃,温暖干燥,随访尚无患者复发。结论经肋间单一切口电视纵隔镜手术对于纵隔肿物、恶性胸腔积液和手汗症是一种简便有效的诊治手段。     

Video-mediastinoscopy in management of patients with lung cancer: a preliminary study

Cervical mediastinoscopy is widely employed for biopsy of mediastinal lymph nodes and staging of lung cancer. The application of video-assisted technology to mediastinoscopy in a series of patients with lung cancer has not been reported. Preliminary experience with the use of video-mediastinoscopy in diagnosis and staging of lung cancer is presented. Fifteen patients with lung cancer were studied. Results of previous computed tomography scans had shown the presence of enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes in the retrovascular plane in all of the cases. Video-mediastinoscopy was performed under general anesthesia using a specifically designed rigid scope connected to a mono-charged-coupled device video camera (model INH 002756; Karl Storz-Endoskope, Tuttlingen, Germany). Neither fatalities nor major complications related to the procedure were observed. In all cases, video-mediastinoscopy proved useful for diagnosis or staging of lung cancer, therefore contributing to clinical decision making. The optimal visualization of mediastinal structure and the possibility for the surgeon to operate with both hands are appreciable characteristics of this technique.     

Postinduction video-mediastinoscopy is as accurate and safe as video-mediastinoscopy in patients without pretreatment for potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND: Prospective assessment of accuracy and safety of video-mediastinoscopy (VMS) in patients without pretreatment and those after induction therapy for potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS: Between 1996 and 1999, 219 patients underwent VMS at our institution: 195 patients without pretreatment and 24 after completion of induction therapy. Mediastinal lymph nodes were dissected and biopsied according to the American Thoracic Society (ATS) lymph node mapping system using a video-assisted approach. The accuracy of VMS was assessed for each patient according to the results obtained from mediastinal lymph node dissection (MLND) performed during lung resection. RESULTS: Video-mediastinoscopy in patients without pretreatment revealed a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy as compared with MLND of 87%, 100%, and 95.6%, respectively, and a procedure-related complication rate of 4% (8/195 patients). Video-mediastinoscopy in patients after induction therapy revealed a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 81%, 100%, and 91% as compared with MLND, without apparent complications. CONCLUSIONS: Video-mediastinoscopy performed after induction therapy for non-small cell lung cancer is as accurate as mediastinoscopy in patients without pretreatment and did not confer additional morbidity.     

Two cases of thymic carcinoma effectively treated by preoperative chemotherapy

A 67-year-old man was admitted with left pleural effusion on chest X-ray film. Chest CT scans showed an anterior mediastinal tumor, left pleural dissemination and pleural effusion. Percutaneous needle biopsy yielded a diagnosis of epitherial carcinoma. The patient underwent 3 courses of systemic chemotherapy (CDDP + ADM + VCR + CPA). At achievement of partial response, the tumor was completely resected. Examination of the resected tumor revealed partial response to chemotherapy. A 49-year-old woman was admitted our hospital with supraclavicular lymph nodes swelling. Chest CT scans showed an large mediastinal tumor. Percutaneous needle biopsy yielded a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of thymus. The patient underwent 3 courses of systemic chemotherapy. At achievement of partial response, the tumor was completely resected. Examination of the resected tumor revealed partial response to chemotherapy. These cases indicate the usefulness of preoperative chemotherapy for advanced thymic carcinoma to reduce tumor size and to control local invasion, distant metastasis before operation.     

直径≤3cm的周围型非小细胞肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移规律的初步研究

目的探讨直径≤3cm的周围型非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)纵隔淋巴结转移的情况,分析早期周围型NSCLC纵隔淋巴结转移的规律。方法 2000年1月1日～2008年12月31日治疗直径≤3cm的周围型NSCLC161例,男89例,女72例,年龄(63.4±10.7)岁,行肺叶切除或肺局限性切除加系统性纵隔淋巴结清扫术,分析其临床特征、病理特点及纵隔淋巴结转移规律。结果全组手术顺利,无死亡及严重并发症发生。肺叶切除153例,肺楔形切除7例,肺段切除1例。全组共清扫淋巴结2456枚,平均每例4.5±1.6组、13.1±7.3枚。术后病理:腺癌99例,鳞癌30例,肺泡细胞癌19例,其他类型肺癌13例。术后TNM分期:ⅠA期50例,ⅠB期62例,ⅡA期6例,ⅡB期10例,ⅢA期33例。N1组淋巴结转移率为23.6%(38/161),N2组转移率为20.5%(33/161),其中隆突下淋巴结转移率为8.1%(13/161),跳跃式纵隔转移率为6.8%(11/161),全组未发现下纵隔淋巴结转移。肺泡细胞癌及直径≤2cm的鳞癌、直径≤1cm的腺癌均无pN2转移。上肺癌发生pN2转移时上纵隔100%(19/19)受累,其中21.1%(4/19)同时伴有隆突下淋巴结转移;下肺癌则除主要转移至隆突下外(64.3%,9/14),还常直接单独转移至上纵隔(35.7%,5/14)。转移的纵隔淋巴结左肺癌主要分布在第5、6、7组,右肺癌主要分布在第3、4、7组。结论对于直径≤3cm的周围型NSCLC,肿瘤直径越大,其纵隔淋巴结转移率越高,肺泡细胞癌、直径≤2cm的鳞癌和≤1cm的腺癌其纵隔淋巴结转移率相对较低;上肺癌主要转移在上纵隔,下肺癌则隆突下及上纵隔均可转移;第5、6、7组淋巴结是左肺癌主要转移的位置,第3、4、7组是右肺癌主要转移的位置,术中应重点清扫。     

Diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer – Non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and carcinoids

Summary BACKGROUND: The prognosis of lung tumors is determined by histology and staging (nodal status). The most common tumor is non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) with a 5-year survival rate of 67 % (stage IA) to <5 % (stage IV). METHODS: By reviewing the literature guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and neurendocrine tumors are presented. RESULTS: Functional operability provided, (bi)lobectomy or pneumonectomy with mediastinal lymph node dissection are the standard procedures. In case of positive mediastinal lymph nodes (stage IIIA/IIIB) induction chemo(radio)therapy is indicated. Cervical mediastinoscopy is performed in patients with enlarged mediastinal nodes (CT >1 cm), especially in PET-positive cases. Adjuvant chemotherapy is used in clinical trials. Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC, neuroendocrine tumor grade III) has a poor prognosis, and is treated with chemotherapy; resection may be performed in early stages. Neuroendocrine tumors grade I (typical carcinoid) are resected by segmentectomy, lobectomy, or bronchoplastic resection. Neuroendocrine tumors grade II (atypical carcinoids) are treated like NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of lung cancer is decreased by tobacco control, and the chances of survival are improved by early detection and multimodality regimens.      

电视纵隔镜手术在胸部疾病诊断中的价值

目的探讨电视纵隔镜手术(VMS)对胸部疾病的诊断价值及学习曲线。 方法收集2009年1月至2018年6月,大连大学附属中山医院胸外科同一手术组连续完成的111例VMS患者的临床资料。其中纵隔淋巴结肿大患者96例,依照手术先后顺序分为A、B、C、D四组,每组24例;根据每组患者术中出血量、手术时间、并发症发生率和术后住院时间,计算VMS的学习曲线。 结果111例VMS患者中,4例纵隔淋巴结肿大患者术后未获明确诊断,VMS的确诊率为96.4%(107/111)。8例胸腔积液和7例纵隔肿物均获得明确诊断。手术并发症发生率为9.0%,包括术中无名动脉出血1例、术后喉返神经暂时麻痹1例、切口延期愈合7例,术后因晚期肺癌大咯血死亡1例。针对60例患者肺癌纵隔分期,54例发现纵隔淋巴结转移,6例阴性患者经肺癌根治术得到证实,VMS肺癌纵隔分期的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率均为100%。A组和B组患者的出血量分别为(26.3±32.9)ml和(34.1±101.6)ml,明显多于C组和D组的(6.6±10.0)ml和(8.6±9.4)ml,四组间差异有统计学意义(P＝0.004);但四组患者的手术时间、术后并发症发生率和住院时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论在肺癌分期、胸部疾病诊断等方面,VMS是安全、微创且可靠的,临床医师应用VMS进行纵隔淋巴结活检的学习曲线为24～48例。     

Regional accuracy of computed tomography of the mediastinum in staging of lung cancer

To determine the regional accuracy of computed tomography of the mediastinum in staging lung cancer, we compared the results of preoperative computed tomographic staging to pathologic findings in lymph nodes taken at mediastinoscopy and/or thoracotomy in 61 patients. Twenty-two patients had adenocarcinoma, 24 had squamous cell carcinoma, eight had large cell tumors, and seven had small cell cancer or mixed cellular types. Sixteen patients had Stage I, eight had Stage II, and 37 had Stage III disease. Thirteen patients had mediastinoscopy only, and the remaining 48 patients had thoracotomy. Computed tomographic staging of the mediastinum as a whole had an accuracy of 88% with a negative predictive index of 96.1%. In examining the differential regional accuracy within the mediastinum we found results in the aortopulmonary window to be inferior to those of other regions, with an accuracy of 80% and a negative predictive index of 83.3%. The reliability of computed tomographic scan staging varied relative to cell type. The accuracy rate in adenocarcinoma was 94.7% compared to 70.6% in squamous cell carcinoma. Computed tomography is accurate for staging the mediastinum in lung cancer, and this accuracy holds over the regions of the mediastinum except the aortopulmonary window. Computed tomography is more accurate for staging adenocarcinoma than squamous cell cancer.