狂犬病病毒实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立和阳性对照的制备

目的 建立狂犬病病毒实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,制备狂犬病病毒(rabies virus,RV)的假病毒颗粒阳性对照.方法 在RV的N基因保守区设计引物和探针,建立反转录实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,克隆得到噬菌体MS2的装配蛋白和壳蛋白基因(MS2),将其重组到质粒pET-28b(+)中,再将RV的N基因片段重组到MS2下游,经原核表达得到RV假病毒颗粒.结果 实时荧光定量PCR检测RV重组质粒最低检测限为15拷贝/μl,重组表达质粒经原核表达可形成耐RNase的RV病毒样颗粒.结论 建立了反转录实时荧光定量PCR检测RV核酸的方法,成功构建了可耐受RNase且无传染性的RV阳性对照.     

反义RNA体外抑制丙型肝炎病毒基因表达的研究

目的 研究丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)基因调控方式及反义RNA对HCV基因表达的体外抑制作用。方法 采用业已建立的HCV基因调控细胞模型，以重组质粒共转染策略，将反义RNA重组质粒与HCV5′非翻译区(5′UTR)调控的报道基因——虫荧光素酶(luc)重组质粒共同转染人肝癌细胞系(HepG2)，并以不表达反义RNA的原核重组质粒和不含有HCV5′UTR的luc重组质粒做为对照。转染细胞经短期培养后制备细胞提取液，荧光检测法检测luc基因的表达。结果 针对HCV5′uTR的反义RNA可以在体外有效抑制由HCV5′UTR调控的luc基因的表达，并具有剂量依赖效应。对照重组质粒转染实验证明，上述抑制作用呈序列特异性。结论 HCV5′UTR具有调控下游目的基因表达的重要功能，反义RNA可以在体外有效抑制由HCV5′UTR介导的病毒基因的表达。     

肝病毒表面抗原“a”决定簇病毒样颗粒的构建和鉴定

目的 构建一个以乙肝核心抗原为骨架的病毒样颗粒,乙肝表面抗原＂a＂决定簇呈现在该病毒样颗粒的表面.方法 乙肝adr血清型的HBsAg蛋白＂a＂抗原决定簇（aa139～148,CSKPTDGNCT）插入到HBcAg的第78位天冬氨酸和第79位脯氨酸之间,密码子优化之后基因合成,酶切后连接到表达载体上,在大肠埃希菌中进行表达,纯化后对蛋白进行电镜观察、ELISA检测抗原性、免疫兔后检测免疫原性.结果 构建得到预期的原核表达质粒,并在大肠埃希菌中表达,纯化后电镜观察为病毒样颗粒,ELISA检测证实具有良好的抗原性和免疫原性.结论 成功获得预期的带乙肝表面抗原＂a＂决定簇的病毒样颗粒,为其应用奠定基础.     

HCV E1基因序列的原核高效表达及表达产物的初步应用

目的 在原核表达系统中对HCV E1基因进行克隆和高效表达,并初步探讨表达产物在抗－HCV筛选中的作用。方法 通过RT－PCR法从HCV RNA阳性的血清标本中扩增出HCV E1片段,并在扩增用的引物中引入克隆所需的酶切位点,克隆产物经Xba I和EcoR I酶切后,在T4DNA连接酶的作用下克降人经同样双酶切的原核表达载体PMS－31b中,并用此连接产物转化大肠埃杀菌POP2136,挑取具有氨苄抗性的菌东扩大培养后提取质粒进行酶切鉴定,鉴定出的阳性菌经42℃诱导后用SDS－PAGE检查其表达状况,并用Western blot鉴定表达产物有特异性,同时用初步纯化的表达产物用ELISA法检测病人血清。结果 经Sma I酶切后PCR产物被切成144bp和356bp的两个片段,在具有氨苄抗性的菌中提取的质粒经Sma I和Xba I酶切后产生了一356bp的片段;42℃诱导后在SDS－PAGE中出现了一条相对分子质量为31000的条带,其表达量约为17％,经Western blot鉴定后在该处出现了阳性信号;ELISA实验显示在抗HCV阳性的血清中的阳性率约为29．8％（26／90）,而在抗HCV阴性的 血清中其阳性率约为3．9％（3／76）。结论 通过RT－PCR方法将HCV E1基因从HCV RNA阳性的血清标本中调出,构建了HCV E1的原核表达载体－PMS－E1,其表达量为17％,表达产物具有良好的特异性,有望应用于抗HCV的检测中。     

增强型绿色荧光蛋白标记的重组丙型肝炎病毒体外细胞培养系统的建立

目的 构建一个易检测且灵敏度高的丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)细胞感染模型,为HCV致病机制的研究和抗病毒药物的筛选提供一个有效的体外细胞培养体系.方法 利用重组PCR技术在HCV的非结构蛋白NS5A的C端引入优势突变点V2440L,然后在其RsrⅡ酶切位点插入增强型绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein,EGFP)报告基因,基因测序及酶切鉴定重组基因序列构建成功后,体外转录获得RNA,然后转染入肝癌细胞系Huh7.5,用Western blot检测EGFP与NS5A融合蛋白,用细胞免疫荧光(IFA)检测病毒复制水平和EGFP表达情况.用RT-PCR检测转染细胞培养液不同时间点的HCV RNA水平.用IFN-α鉴定该系统用于抗丙型肝炎药物筛选的可行性.结果 在重组病毒JFH1-2440-EGFP RNA转染的细胞内可检测到EGFP的表达,EGFP表达水平与病毒复制水平一致.转染细胞的培养上清液能感染新的Huh7.5细胞,IFA结果显示转染后第9天培养上清液的病毒滴度为104 FFU/ml,提示JFH1-2440-EGFP RNA转染的细胞能释放有传染性的HCV病毒颗粒.RT-PCR检测结果显示转染细胞上清液中的HCV RNA在转染72 h后可达到3.06×105拷贝/ml,第9天可达到7.96×106拷贝/ml.EGFP的表达呈干扰素浓度依赖性.结论 构建的重组病毒HCVJFH1-2440-EGFP体外细胞培养系统具有经济、快速、敏感等优点,为HCV致病机制的研究和抗病毒药物的筛选提供了一个有效的工具.     

人Qki-5基因重组腺病毒的制备

目的:构建针对Qki-5人重组腺病毒表达载体,并在能在转染该病毒的人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231中观察到该基因过表达效果.方法:重组腺病毒穿梭载体pShuttle-Qki-5-IRES-EGFP与骨架载体共转化到大肠杆菌BJ5183中,同源重组得到重组腺病毒载体,后者转染HEK293细胞,包装并扩增出病毒颗粒.用获得的病毒感染Qki-5表达较低的人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231,收集细胞总RNA和总蛋白,采用RT-PCR和Western blot方法检测细胞中基因表达的变化.结果:经限制性内切酶酶切鉴定,证实针对Qki-5基因的重组腺病毒载体构建成功.RT-PCR和Western blot方法证实,在MDA-MB-231细胞中,Qki-5基因在mRNA和蛋白水平均有上升.结论:Qki-5腺病毒载体够建成功并且可以在乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231内表达.     

SD大鼠βB2-晶体蛋白的克隆、表达与纯化

目的得到大量纯的βB2-晶体蛋白,为研究其生物学特性及潜在的生理功能打下基础.方法从SD大鼠晶状体中抽提总RNA,用RT-PCR法克隆βB2-晶体蛋白的cDNA,装入原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1后用萘啶酮酸(IPTG)诱导表达;用GST纯化系统纯化并用蛋白水解酶对融合蛋白进行酶切.结果βB2-pGEX重组质粒经测序及限制性内切酶分析等鉴定,与预期结果一致;IPTG诱导后,蛋白质在大肠杆菌BL21中得到高效表达.纯化酶切后,经Westen blot 方法验证,得到了高纯度的βB2-晶体蛋白.结论成功构建了βB2-pGEX原核表达载体,高效表达了βB2-GST融合蛋白,经纯化和酶切得到了高纯度的βB2-晶体蛋白,为进一步研究其生物学特性及潜在的生理功能打下基础.     

SD大鼠βB2-晶体蛋白的克隆、表达与纯化

目的得到大量纯的βB2-晶体蛋白,为研究其生物学特性及潜在的生理功能打下基础.方法从SD大鼠晶状体中抽提总RNA,用RT-PCR法克隆βB2-晶体蛋白的cDNA,装入原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1后用萘啶酮酸(IPTG)诱导表达;用GST纯化系统纯化并用蛋白水解酶对融合蛋白进行酶切.结果βB2-pGEX重组质粒经测序及限制性内切酶分析等鉴定,与预期结果一致;IPTG诱导后,蛋白质在大肠杆菌BL21中得到高效表达.纯化酶切后,经Westen blot 方法验证,得到了高纯度的βB2-晶体蛋白.结论成功构建了βB2-pGEX原核表达载体,高效表达了βB2-GST融合蛋白,经纯化和酶切得到了高纯度的βB2-晶体蛋白,为进一步研究其生物学特性及潜在的生理功能打下基础.     

基于辛德毕斯病毒载体的重组丙肝病毒颗粒的制备与鉴定

目的 利用自主研发的辛德毕斯病毒载体构建含有丙型肝炎病毒( HCV)结构蛋白E1E2的重组病毒颗粒.方法 将编码HCV包膜糖蛋白的E1 E2基因克隆至辛德毕斯病毒载体,构建重组质粒pBR-XJE1E2和pVA-XJE1E2,转染BHK-21细胞后获得重组丙肝病毒颗粒.并通过RTPCR、间接免疫荧光和Western Blot方法鉴定表达E1E2蛋白的重组病毒颗粒.结果 酶切、PCR和测序分析表明重组质粒构建成功.RT-PCR、间接免疫荧光和Western-Blot鉴定结果表明重组质粒转染细胞后能包装出表达E1E2的丙肝病毒颗粒.结论 以辛德毕斯病毒载体为基础构建的重组质粒可在真核细胞中包装出重组丙肝病毒颗粒,这为进一步研究其在动物体内免疫反应奠定了基础.     

甲3型流感病毒M基因披甲RNA的研制

目的 研制内含甲3型流感病毒M基因RNA的披甲RNA.方法 将MS2噬菌体基因组中编码成熟酶蛋白、包膜蛋白和pac位点的DNA片段克隆到表达质粒pET30b中,构建重组质粒pAR-1.将甲3型流感病毒M基因连接到pAR-1 pac位点的下游,诱导表达出内含M基因RNA的披甲RNA AR-2,并进行纯化、定量和稳定性研究.结果 成功构建和表达了耐核糖核酸酶、内含M基因RNA的披甲RNA,每1 ml LB培养基可诱导表达出约8.9×1011个拷贝的AR-2.结论 制备的AR-2稳定,无生物传染危险性,可作为甲型流感病毒M基因核酸检测的标准品和质控品.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.