吉林省2007～2010年农村和城镇婴儿母乳喂养状况调查

目的:了解吉林省2007～2010年农村和城镇婴儿母乳喂养情况。方法:选择在吉林大学第二医院出生,居住农安、榆树、双阳(市)、宽城、南关(区)的部分产妇做调查对象,对1 600例0～8个月婴儿母乳喂养情况进行调查。结果:0～2个月婴儿母乳喂养率为75%;3～4个月婴儿混合喂养率为65%;8个月后婴儿纯母乳喂养率为10%,混合喂养率为86%,纯人工喂养率为4%。结论:吉林省城乡0～6个月婴儿母乳喂养率(纯母乳喂养+混合喂养)达到了《吉林省2007～2010年儿童发展规划》指标,也超过了《中国儿童发展纲要(2001-2010年)》的要求。     

吉安市862例4个月婴儿母乳喂养状况调查分析

目的:了解吉安市4个月婴儿母乳喂养状况。方法:用自制的调查问卷调查862例在吉安市医院儿科住院的患儿。通过母亲或者其他家属的回顾,调查4个月婴儿母乳喂养情况。结果:吉安市4个月婴儿纯母乳喂养率、混合喂养率、人工喂养率分别为60.21%、13.80%、25.99%。产妇的常住地、产妇有无产假、母亲主观原因是影响吉安市母乳喂养率的主要因素。结论:4个月婴儿纯母乳喂养率较低,应该积极倡导母乳喂养,促进婴儿健康成长。     

分娩方式与母乳喂养的关系

为了解婴儿母乳喂养与分娩方式的关系 ,提高纯母乳喂养率 ,我们对我镇 1999～ 2 0 0 0年出生的 12 4名婴儿作了调查 ,现将结果报告如下。对象与方法1　对象　为我镇 1999～ 2 0 0 0年在本院或上级医院分娩的婴儿 ,共计 12 4名。2　方法　详细了解母亲的分娩方式和婴儿 4 2天、 4个月内的喂养情况。分娩方式有顺产和剖宫产 ;婴儿喂养分纯母乳喂养、主要母乳喂养、混合喂养和人工喂养 4种。结　　果1　 12 4名婴儿 4个月纯母乳喂养有 73名 ,占 5 8 87% ,主要母乳喂养 2 8名 ,占 2 2 5 8% ,混合喂养 9名 ,占7 2 6 % ,人工喂养 14名 ,占 11 2 9…     

母乳喂养与婴儿生长发育状况的调查

目的 了解在我院出生的婴儿4个月内母乳喂养和生长发育状况。方法 对1998年10－12月出生婴儿的母亲用直接询问法。结果 满月婴儿、产后4个月婴儿母乳喂养率分别为76.83％、65.34%（扣除医学指征母乳喂养率分别为97.24%、81.71%）。纯母乳喂养组、混合喂养组、人工喂养组出生－产后4个月婴儿体重月均递增值分别为927.05、900.88和879.66g;身高月平均递增值分别为3.34、3.45、3.39cm。结论 母乳喂养组婴儿体重、身高递增值不低于人工喂养组。     

不同喂养婴儿方式对产妇产后体重变化的影响

目的 了解妇女生育后喂养方式对体重变化的影响.方法 对孕期和产后4～6个月的孕产妇进行纵向追踪调查,记录体重变化情况.根据产妇在4个月内喂养婴儿的方式分为基本纯母乳喂养组、混合喂养组和人工喂养组,比较各组体重变化情况.结果 产后4个月内基本纯母乳喂养率为63.8％.人工喂养组孕期增重和产后42d、产后4～6个月时体重减少值均显著高于基本纯母乳喂养组(P均＜0.01);产后4～6个月时,基本纯母乳喂养组妇女的体重和体重滞留量均显著低于人工喂养组(P均＜0.05).结论 妇女产后体重滞留与采用不同的喂养婴儿方式有关,进行母乳喂养婴儿的产妇产后体重恢复较慢,但是其孕期增重、产后体重和体重滞留量都较人工喂养者轻.因此,在加强产后纯母乳喂养宣传的同时,也要加强孕前保健知识的宣传.     

喂养方式与体格发育影响分析

目的:为提高母乳喂养率,了解喂养方式与民族、性别差异,探讨不同喂养方式对婴儿体格发育的影响。方法:对544例足月婴儿进行0~4个月时的喂养方式调查和生长监测,分别进行体重、身长、头围的比较。结果:0~4个月婴儿母乳喂养率为69.30%;其中,朝鲜族母乳喂养率为66.96%,汉族为69.93%。0~4个月母乳喂养方式的婴儿体重高于混合喂养及人工喂养,差异有显著性(P<0.05);2月龄母乳喂养与人工喂养组小儿身高有差异(P<0.05)。结论:母乳喂养对婴儿生长发育优于混合喂养及人工喂养。     

1296例婴儿母乳喂养现状分析

目的积极推动和巩固昌黎县的母乳喂养工作,提高婴儿母乳喂养率。方法对在我院住院的产妇宣传母乳喂养的方法和好处,用我院自行设计的母乳喂养状况调查表,了解2008年1-12月在我院住院分娩的产妇母乳喂养的实际情况。共发出调查表1600份,收回1296份,收回率81%,有效调查表1296份,有效率100%。结果6个月纯母乳喂养人数为1078人,纯母乳喂养率为83.18%,混合喂养人数为188人,混合喂养率为14.51%,人工喂养人数为30人,人工喂养率为2.31%。结论加强各级政府和有产科医院的重视,加大促进母乳喂养的措施,提高母乳喂养率,促进儿童健康生长。     

不同喂养婴儿方式对产妇产后体重变化的影响

目的了解妇女生育后喂养方式对体重变化的影响。方法对孕期和产后4～6个月的孕产妇进行纵向追踪调查,记录体重变化情况。根据产妇在4个月内喂养婴儿的方式分为基本纯母乳喂养组、混合喂养组和人工喂养组。统计学方法采用重复测量数据的方差分析。结果产后4个月内基本纯母乳喂养率为63.8%(287/450)。人工喂养组的体重显著高于基本纯母乳喂养组(F组间=25.679,P<0.01),并且孕产妇的体重在不同的喂养方式下不同时间变化的趋势不同(F交互=22.321,P<0.01),基本纯母乳喂养组不同时间体重变化较稳定,人工喂养组不同时间体重变化幅度较大,说明人工喂养组孕期增重较多。结论进行母乳喂养婴儿的产妇因为需要摄取较多能量,产后体重恢复较慢,停止母乳喂养后,尤其是长期的体重恢复情况与人工喂养者的比较还有待于进一步研究。     

临夏州6个月内婴儿纯母乳喂养现状及相关因素研究

目的调查分析临夏州6个月内婴儿纯母乳喂养现状并探讨其相关因素,为改善喂养状况提供理论依据。方法随机抽取2016年1月—12月临夏州妇幼保健院儿童保健门诊接受健康体检和计划免疫室接种疫苗的864例6个月内婴儿作为研究对象,自行设计问卷调查婴儿母乳喂养情况,分析不同喂养方式婴儿相关资料的差异,通过非条件logistic回归探讨影响纯母乳喂养的相关因素。结果 (1)出生7 d时婴儿纯母乳喂养所占比例最高,为90.05%,出生第1个月、3个月和6个月时纯母乳喂养所占比例分别为81.94%、68.52%和31.94%,呈逐渐下降趋势(χ~2=787.941,P0.05);(2)经非条件单因素logistic回归分析发现婴儿月龄、分娩方式、产妇年龄、妊娠期糖尿病、文化程度、工作性质、胎次及产假均为6个月内婴儿纯母乳喂养的影响因素(P0.05);(3)经非条件多因素logistic回归发现,剖宫产、产妇年龄≥30岁、文化程度为本科及以下、全职以及无产假均为导致6个月内婴儿纯母乳喂养率逐渐下降的独立影响因素(P0.05)。结论目前,临夏州6个月内婴儿纯母乳喂养率呈逐渐下降趋势,且剖宫产、产妇年龄≥30岁、文化程度为本科及以下、全职以及无产假均为其独立影响因素。     

6个月内婴儿母乳喂养现状及影响因素研究

目的了解永康市6个月内婴儿的母乳喂养现状及影响因素。方法采用随机整群抽样方法对永康市9个镇(街道)667名0~6个月婴儿的母亲进行调查。结果婴儿在出生7 d、1个月、3个月和4~6个月时纯母乳喂养率分别为69.72%、77.66%、58.32%和27.97%;几乎纯母乳喂养率分别为1.95%、0.45%、0.60%和1.69%;部分母乳喂养率分别为13.34%、14.39%、30.13%和47.46%;人工喂养率分别为14.99%、7.50%、10.95%和22.88%。各组之间比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。经非条件Logistic回归分析显示,母亲年龄30岁、初中及以下文化程度、非全职者均是母乳喂养的保护因素,其OR值及95%CI分别为0.464(0.315~0.682)、0.507(0.305~0.842)和0.517(0.352~0.758);家庭月收入6 000元是母乳喂养的危险因素,其OR值及95%CI为1.923(1.306~2.833)。结论永康市3个月内婴儿纯母乳喂养率较高,4~6个月时纯母乳喂养率急剧下降,母亲年龄≥30岁者、全职者、家庭收入较高者和受教育程度越高者,其母乳喂养率相对较低。     

Breast-feeding and fertility. Part I: Lactational amenorrhoea.

A cross-sectional survey describing the current fertility performance and breast-feeding of 1134 urban mothers, who gave birth within the last 2 years was carried out. Mothers were recruited from MCH centers in Alexandria governorate. The results indicated that the mean time elapsed since birth before return of menstruation was (5.1 +/- 4.3) months for breast-feeding mothers and (2.5 +/- 2.3) months for non-breast feeding mothers. At four-month of postpartum period, 50% of the mothers were still amenorrhoeic and at six-month, 31% of the mothers were still amenorrhoeic. A total confirmed pregnancies was 8.5% and 3% of new pregnancies occurred during amenorrhoea and while women were breast-feeding. Use of contraceptives was practiced by 57% of mothers, with 65% of all users starting as early as the second month.     

The duration of breast-feeding. A longitudinal prospective study in Denmark.

A longitudinal prospective study was performed to investigate the total duration of breast-feeding. Three hundred and sixty-six mothers were followed-up until 3 years after delivery. At 1 month 93% were breast-feeding, at 3 months 73%, at 6 months 52%, at 1 year 20% and 1% breast-fed more than 3 years. Correlations were found between duration of breast-feeding and maternal age, education and social class. Mothers who had breast-fed an older child usually breast-fed the next child for a period of similar length. Solid food was most frequently introduced when the infants were 4 months old. At 6 months 4% were still exclusively breast-fed. Breast-feeding has become popular: only 1% did not want to breast-feed at all and 89% of mothers intended to breast-feed their children for 6 months or more. Even though the mothers now breast-feed longer than earlier, only 39% succeeded in breast-feeding for as long as or longer than they had intended.     

Infant feeding patterns during the first year of life in Denmark: Factors associated with the discontinuation of breast-feeding

We prospectively studied 500 infants born consecutively in a university-affiliated community hospital in Copenhagen, Denmark, over the first 12 months of life using a detailed monthly mailed questionnaire (overall response RATE = 73%) which focused on feeding practices and illnesses. Seventy-seven percent of respondents breast-fed their infants at 1 month of life compared to 19% at 12 months of life. Analysis of breast-feeding behavior using survival analysis showed that 50% of the mothers who breast-fed since the first month of their infant's life were still breast-feeding at 7 months of life. Also, there was a greater than two-fold increase in the rate of discontinuation of breast-feeding for infants in daycare compared to infants not attending daycare (RR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.43, 3.01). Discontinuation of breast-feeding was not significantly associated with the number of children in the family or with social class.

These results give insight into infant feeding patterns in a developed country and suggest that: (1) breast-feeding is the dominant method of feeding during the infant's first year of life, and (2) the rate of discontinuation of breast-feeding is increased by the entry of these infants into daycare.     

The reasons for early weaning among mothers in Teheran.

In order to identify the reasons for early weaning in Teheran, we interviewed 900 mothers using a systematic randomized sampling method. A total of 15% of the mothers were illiterate, 93% were housewives, and 97% had given birth in hospitals. Only 3% of the newborns benefited from rooming-in facilities in hospital, and 68% were bottle-fed while still in hospital. In 3.1% of cases the mother had not breast-fed her newborn at all. Of those who had breast-fed their infant, 38% used only their own milk, whereas 62% used a combination of breast milk and infant formula. The median duration of breast-feeding was 16 months (mean, 14 months). A total of 74% of mothers who used supplementary formula and 39% of those who had completely stopped breast-feeding blamed milk insufficiency, although 67% of these mothers had reached this conclusion only because their infants cried or were irritable. The following factors had a negative influence on the duration of breast-feeding: use of supplementary formula and of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives; fathers with high incomes; and mothers with a high educational level. In contrast, the mother''s religious motive to breast-feed and her insistence on breast-feeding had a positive impact. Unfortunately, 21% of the mothers started using supplementary formula during the first month postpartum, and two-thirds before the end of the fourth month. Every month that bottle-feeding was started prematurely shortened the duration of breast-feeding by 20 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Does maternal employment affect breast-feeding?

A prospective survey of maternal employment and breast-feeding initiation and duration was conducted among 668 Black and 511 White women who delivered their first child in Washington, DC. Ninety-one percent of White women (n = 511) and 80 percent of Black women (n = 668) reported working during pregnancy. Black women who planned to return to work part time vs full time were more likely to breast-feed rather than formula-feed (adjusted odds ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 1.4, 3.7). Using Cox regression, Black women who returned to work had a shorter duration of breast-feeding than those not returning to work (hazard ratio = 0.5 (CI = 0.3, 0.9]. Black and White women returning to professional occupations had a longer duration of breast-feeding compared to women returning to sales or technical positions (hazard ratio for Black women = 2.4 (CI = 1.4, 44); hazard ratio for White women = 1.6 (CI = 1.0, 2.5]. In addition, White women in professional occupations had a longer duration of breast-feeding than women in clerical positions (hazard ratio = 1.7 (CI = 1.1, 2.6]. Until employers in the United States develop a maternity policy which does not discourage breast-feeding, the recommended six months of breast-feeding will be difficult to achieve for most employed women.     

Population-based Case–Control Study of the Common Cold During Pregnancy and Congenital Abnormalities

The common cold is the most frequent maternal disease during pregnancy. The possible association between different congenital abnormalities and the common cold in pregnant women was evaluated in the data set of the Hungarian Case–Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities between 1980 and 1996. Of 22,843 cases with congenital abnormalities, 3,827 (16.8%) had mothers with the common cold, while of 38,151 population controls without congenital abnormalities, 5,475 (14.4%) (adjusted prevalence odds ratio: POR: 1.26 with 95% CI: 1.20–1.32). Of 834 malformed controls with Down syndrome, 114 (17.3%) had mothers with the common cold (POR: 0.96 with 95% CI: 0.80–1.16). Nearly half of mothers with the common cold had secondary complications with antifever therapy. The comparison of cases with 25 congenital abnormalities and population control mothers with medically recorded common cold during the second and third months of gestation showed that five congenital abnormality groups: congenital hydrocephaly (3.6, 1.3–9.7), cleft lip±palate (2.3, 1.5–3.6), posterior cleft palate (2.3, 1.2–4.1), limb deficiencies (2.2, 1.1–4.1) and multiple CAs (2.0, 1.4–2.9) had adjusted POR 2 or more. The comparison of cases with different congenital abnormalities and malformed controls (including offspring with Down syndrome) as referent, indicated a higher prevalence of the common cold during the second and third month of gestation only in the mothers of cases with cleft lip±palate (adjusted POR: 1.7 with 95% CI: 1.2–2.5), however, congenital hydrocephaly, neural-tube defects and multiple CAs had also mothers with a somewhat higher occurrence of the common cold. The possible association between the common cold during early pregnancy and the above mentioned congenital abnormalities may be connected mainly with the indirect effect of secondary complications of maternal common cold, particularly high fever because antifever drugs were able to prevent the possible teratogenic effect of the common cold.     

Breast-feeding reduces maternal lower-body fat

The effect of breast-feeding on maternal anthropometric measures during the first 6 postpartum months was studied in 24 women. Mothers, who were seen in the hospital shortly after delivery and at monthly intervals thereafter, kept a record of their infant-feeding practices and provided three 24-hour dietary recalls per month. The women were placed in one of three groups according to their infant-feeding practices: breast-feeding exclusively, combination of breast- and formula-feeding, and formula-feeding only. Changes in anthropometric variables at 6 months postpartum were similar in the three groups, but mothers who breast-fed exclusively or partially had significantly larger reductions in hip circumference measurements (3.6% and 3.1%, respectively) and were less above their prepregnancy weights at 1 month postpartum (7.8% and 8.5% above prepregnancy weight, respectively) than mothers who fed formula exclusively (0.68% reduction in hip circumference and 13.7% above prepregnancy weight). Our findings indicate that a woman's choice of infant-feeding practice influences postpartum anthropometric changes, but these effects may be temporary.     

Effect of two types of hospital feeding gift packs on duration of breast-feeding among adolescent mothers

Two hundred forty-four adolescent mothers under 18 years of age during a 15-month period, and 53% elected to breast-feed. A subset of 60 primiparous breast-feeding adolescents were enrolled in an investigator-blind, randomized; prospective study to compare the effects on breast-feeding duration of a standard hospital discharge feeding gift pack containing for mula and a specially designed study pack that was free of infant formula. Thirty-five percent of the 60 women breast-fed less than 1 month; 22% nursed longer than 1 month but less than 2 months; and 43% breast-fed more than 2 months. There was no significant difference in breast-feeding duration among mothers by gift pack group, although those who received the study gift pack rated it higher in usefulness (p < (0.025). The provision of infant formula samples did not appear to have a deleterious effect on the duration of breast-feeding among a population of adolescent mothers.     

伊犁察布查尔县婴儿代乳品、辅食添加现状及原因分析

目的 了解伊犁察布查尔地区6个月以内婴儿母乳喂养与辅食添加现状,分析影响婴儿过早添加辅食的可能因素。方法 队列研究方法,对伊犁察布察尔地区2008年出生的婴儿母亲进行问卷调查及产后6个月的逐月随访,样本量226例。结果 （1）婴儿出生时纯母乳喂养率是82.06%,3个月时纯母乳喂养率（72.81%）开始明显下降,4个月时纯母乳喂养率降到55.92%,6个月仅有43.09%的婴儿是纯母乳喂养。（2）婴儿1月、2月、3月、4月、6月时辅食添加率分别是16.4%、16.8%、20.8%、27.4%、41.6%,其中有27.4%的婴儿在4个月前已经开始添加了一种或一种以上的辅食,已添代乳品、水、水果蔬菜、谷类、蛋类的比例分别占62.9%、53.2%、27.4%、27.4%、35.5%;6个月时大部分婴儿未及时添加辅食,辅食添加率仅为41.6%,代乳品、水、水果蔬菜、谷类、蛋类的比例分别占77.7%、40.4%、42.6%、35.1%、57.4%。（3）代乳品添加中鲜牛奶的比例最高,4个月时已达82.1%,6个月时所占比例为84.9%。（4）婴儿辅食添加过旱的影响因素有：母亲年龄、孩子是否第一个、吸吮时间、孩子每天睡眠时间等。结论伊犁察布查尔地区纯母乳喂养率低;在辅食添加时间上存在较大的问题;加强少数民族母亲婴儿喂养知识的教育,重点在及时合理的添加辅食。     

Influence of parental mental health on early termination of breast-feeding: a case-control study

BACKGROUND: The WHO recommends exclusive breast-feeding for babies up to 6 months of age. The association between maternal mental health and breast-feeding duration is contradictory. This is a case-control study to investigate this association. METHODS: 153 families with 4-month-old babies from an urban area in southern Brazil were investigated: in 51 families, breast-feeding had being discontinued (cases); in 102, babies were being breast-fed (controls). Two researchers evaluated maternal and paternal mental health during home visits using semistructured interviews and scales. RESULTS: Disorders were found in 59% of case mothers versus 48% of control mothers. Depression was the most prevalent disorder affecting both mothers and fathers. We did not identify a statistically significant association between maternal mental disorder at 4 months after delivery and early termination of breast-feeding. When the mother had mental problems during the first month after delivery, however, she was twice as likely to interrupt breast-feeding. Among the mothers with mental disorders during puerperium, 76% still had the problem 4 months postpartum. An association was observed between maternal and paternal mental health. CONCLUSIONS: Parental mental health does not seem to be associated with breast-feeding at 4 months in this culture setting where most mothers have good family and social support for breast-feeding. Maternal mental disorders during puerperium, however, may negatively affect the duration of breast-feeding.