用肺组织瓣重建胸段气管的动物实验与临床应用

目的 探讨用肺组织瓣重建胸段气管的可行性。方法 健康犬15只,切除其长6～8个气管软骨环、周径1／2以上的气管前、后壁,内置镍钛合金网架。游离邻近带血管蒂的肺组织瓣,缝合修补气管壁之缺损。分别于术后2～12个月处死动物,观察气管缺损部位的修复情况,并取材行光学显微镜及电镜检察。临床上用此方法治疗4例患者,其中1例右主支气管因瘢痕狭窄闭锁,1例主气管下段混合瘤恶变,2例左主支气管类癌。结果 实验犬呼吸道通畅、无狭窄及肉芽组织形成,用于修复的肺组织瓣和金属网架表面覆盖有较完整的假复层纤毛柱状上皮。临床治疗的4例患者,均顺利恢复正常呼吸功能,随访疗效稳定。结论 肺组织瓣是较理想的胸段气管重建材料。     

胸壁肿瘤切除与重建方法探讨

目的探讨胸壁肿瘤切除及胸壁缺损修补重建的方法。方法回顾性分析7例胸壁肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中肋骨分化型软骨肉瘤、肋骨分化型骨肉瘤、肋骨骨巨细胞瘤及肋骨骨旁骨肉瘤各1例,肺癌胸壁转移癌2例,乳腺癌复发胸壁转移1例。行扩大根治切除4例,姑息性切除2例,限制性切除1例。切除肋骨1-3根,胸壁骨性缺损面积（4 cm×15 cm）-（15 cm×15 cm）。胸壁缺损重建6例：用部分膈肌修补加固下胸壁缺损1例,应用钢丝支架并腹壁转移肌皮瓣修补缺损1例,应用M arlex网片修补骨性缺损并同时覆盖周围肌肉瓣4例。1例限制性切除患者仅行拉拢缝合,未行胸壁重建。结果应用双层M arlex网片修补骨性缺损并同时覆盖周围肌肉瓣的3例术后胸壁稳定性满意,限制性切除的1例胸壁外观正常,余3例均出现反常呼吸。术后随访6例,时间5月-6年,4例原发性肋骨肿瘤患者均健在,3例转移癌患者死亡1例,失访1例,健在1例。结论依据胸壁缺损的位置和大小,应用双层聚丙烯网片结合自体肌肉瓣覆盖是修补重建胸壁的可靠方法 。     

带肋间血管蒂的胸壁组织瓣在气管外科中的应用

手术切除气管病变后，其缺损部位的修补是临床难题。作者用带肋间血管蒂的胸壁组织瓣行气管侧壁缺损修补术和气管重建术共１１例。适应证为气管一侧壁良、恶性肿瘤、右上叶肺癌侵及气管、隆突侧壁。肿瘤切除后气管缺损横径不超过周径的二分之一。此外，气管肿瘤、良性狭窄等行长段气管切除后对端吻合困难时，用胸壁软组织瓣做成管型，内衬临时支架行气管重建是可行的。本组１１例术后均未形成气管狭窄，良性病变患者术均可正常生活，作者还就手术方法和注意事项进行了讨论。     

侵犯气管的甲状腺癌切除后锁骨头带蒂软骨修补术12例报告

目的探讨甲状腺癌侵犯气管的外科处理及预后。方法分析2001年1月至2005年12月对12例甲状腺癌侵犯气管2～4个软骨环,周径<50%的患者,行气管窗式切除后采用自体胸锁关节的锁骨头带骨膜肌瓣软骨修补气管缺损区的疗效。结果本组乳头状癌9例,滤泡状癌1例,髓样癌1例,B细胞淋巴瘤1例,均行甲状腺全切除术加患侧颈淋巴结清扫术。分化性甲状腺癌术后辅助Ⅰ治疗;B细胞淋巴瘤术后辅助化疗。术后半年纤维气管镜检查可见气管修补处已骨化,气管内黏膜拉网脱落细胞检查未找到癌细胞。全组随访6个月至4年,1例滤泡状癌于术后3年气管内局部肿瘤复发行气管镜下微波治疗和再次Ⅰ治疗后病情得到控制,仍然存活,其他病例无复发转移及死亡,生活质量较好。结论甲状腺癌侵犯气管采用前侧壁窗式切除结合自体带蒂软骨修补气管壁缺损是一种有效的治疗方法。     

自体脂肪颗粒移植联合局部组织瓣在血管瘤治疗后继发上唇畸形修复中的临床应用

目的探讨自体脂肪颗粒移植联合局部组织瓣在血管瘤治疗后继发上唇畸形修复中的临床应用。方法自2006年7月至2014年5月，根据唇部组织缺损程度以及移植脂肪成活情况，对11例血管瘤治疗后继发上唇畸形患者行1、2次自体脂肪移植术，以填充唇部缺损，并对其中4例患者红唇矫正不足的部分，采用联合局部组织瓣转移的方法进行修补。结果本组11例患者均获随访6个月至8年，效果满意。结论对于血管瘤治疗后继发上唇畸形的轻度患者，可以仅采用自体颗粒脂肪移植的方法进行修补；对中、重度患者，采用单纯脂肪颗粒移植而无法矫正的红唇部分，可采用联合局部黏膜组织瓣转移修复。该方法术式简单，易于操作，有利于恢复唇部的最佳形态及功能。     

肺组织瓣内衬壳聚糖管修补食管缺损的实验研究

目的探讨肺组织瓣内衬壳聚糖管修补食管缺损的可行性，以完成食管缺损的修复重建。方法15只日本大耳白兔，随机分为2组，对照组：5只，用自体肺组织瓣（无内衬壳聚糖管支架）修补中段食管部分缺损；实验组：10只，用自体肺组织瓣内衬壳聚糖管支架修补中段食管部分缺损。于术后第2周、4周和8周经大体和组织学观察缺损修补处肺组织瓣情况，术后10周对存活的兔行食管X线钡餐透视，观察食管通畅情况。结果围术期死亡5只。实验组6只兔存活超过2周以上，肺组织瓣与食管缺损处牢固愈合，肺组织瓣表面有鳞状上皮化生；术后10周食管X线钡餐检查见钡剂通过顺利，无明显狭窄和反流，蠕动良好。对照组4只兔存活超过2周以上，肺组织瓣与食管缺损处牢固愈合，肺组织瓣表面有纤维组织增生，术后10周食管X线钡餐检查见钡剂通过顺利，轻度狭窄，蠕动差，无明显梗阻和反流。结论采用肺组织瓣修补食管缺损是一种可行的方法，壳聚糖管可以作为内衬支架，以防止食管狭窄。     

外科治疗气管及主支气管肿瘤30例

目的探讨气管及主支气管肿瘤的外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2015年12月中国医科大学附属盛京医院30例气管、主支气管肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中男12例、女18例,年龄22~80岁。结果 10例行气管肿瘤核除术,12例行气管肿瘤切除+端端吻合术,1例行气管肿瘤窗形切除术,1例行气管肿瘤楔形切除术,5例行气管肿瘤切除+利用肺组织瓣行气管重建术,1例行左全肺切除术。1例患者于术后26 d突发大咯血死亡,2例患者出现围术期并发症,其余患者均恢复良好。随访11个月至14年,8例患者术后随访未满5年,1例术后14个月突发大咯血死亡,其余健在;21例患者随访超过5年,其中失访5例。结论气管、主支气管肿瘤首选外科治疗,良性病变且长度较小,可考虑行气管肿瘤局部切除,气管节段切除+端端吻合术是经常采用的手术方式,气管病变超过全长的1/2或存在吻合口缺血坏死风险的病例可选择气管重建。     

医源性气管、支气管食管瘘的外科治疗

目的 探讨医源性气管、支气管食管瘘的病因及外科治疗方法,为临床治疗提供经验. 方法 1995年1月至2008年12月上海市胸科医院及上海市第六人民医院共收治气管、支气管食管瘘患者21例,其中医源性12例,男8例,女4例;年龄35～74岁,平均年龄47岁.原发病主要为肿瘤,在治疗原发病21 d～5年后发生瘘,其中气管食管瘘2例,支气管食管瘘10例;右侧支气管瘘6例,左侧支气管瘘4例.采用单纯瘘管切除、气管或支气管及食管瘘口修补2例,肺叶切除、食管瘘口修补5例,气管瘘修补或全肺切除合并消化道重建5例. 结果 全组无手术死亡,术后发生并发症2例,均治愈,无术后复发.12例患者术后均随访1年,无气管、支气管食管瘘发生. 结论 医源性气管、支气管食管瘘病情复杂、严重,手术是最有效的治疗手段.     

胸壁缺损修补重建方法探讨

胸壁肿瘤切除后，缺损的修补与重建是手术成败的关键。重建时使用的材料多样，方法各异。我们总结７５例胸壁肿瘤术后缺损修补的经验，比较自体组织与替代品修补重建的优缺点，认为使用自体组织作为缺损重建材料优点为取材容易方便，术后不易感染，值得推荐。     

腹外斜肌转移肌瓣技术修补腹直肌缺失的临床应用

目的探讨肿瘤或外伤等导致腹直肌缺失的患者使用腹外斜肌转移肌瓣技术行腹壁缺损修补和重建的临床应用效果。 方法2014年12月至2018年12月,浙江大学医学院附属杭州市第一人民医院收治腹直肌缺失患者10例,采用腹外斜肌转移肌瓣技术进行腹壁缺损修补和重建。收集并回顾性分析患者的临床资料。通过问诊、查体和腹壁CT检查评估患者腹壁重建和恢复情况。 结果10例腹直肌缺失患者中,腹直肌肿瘤9例（其中男性1例,女性8例）,腹直肌外伤毁损1例（男性）。平均年龄（46.90±13.25）岁,体质量指数（23.10±3.98）kg/m²。9例腹直肌肿瘤中,原发性肿瘤8例,转移性肿瘤1例,均行腹直肌复合体屏障性切除。腹直肌外伤患者行毁损腹直肌切除。切除后腹壁缺损平均宽度为（11.70±1.89）cm,均采用单侧腹外斜肌转移肌瓣技术进行腹壁缺损修补和功能重建,并采用补片加强修补。补片均为聚丙烯补片,平均大小为（420.00±154.91）cm²。平均手术时间（132.50±38.96）min,平均术中出血量（107.00±74.54）ml,平均住院时间（11.50±4.30）d。术后无腹外斜肌肌瓣缺血坏死,无切口裂开、手术部位感染、肠瘘等并发症。在术后随访行问诊、体格检查及腹壁CT检查,显示患者腹壁完整,功能恢复良好。平均随访时间（35.50±11.35）个月,随访期内未发现肿瘤复发、切口疝形成或腹壁膨出病例。 结论腹外斜肌转移肌瓣修补技术是一种安全有效腹壁缺损修补技术,在腹直肌缺失患者中具有较好的临床效果。     

气管及其隆突部肿瘤的外科治疗与预后

目的 总结分析气管及其隆突部肿瘤的临床表现、诊断、手术方法以及预后.方法 回顾性分析1986年6月至2005年6月手术治疗的32例气管及其隆突部肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中男性22例,女性10例,年龄14～63岁,中位年龄48岁.32例患者中气管肿瘤切除+端端吻合10例;全肺隆突切除+气管与主支气管端端吻合8例(右侧6例,左侧2例);右上肺隆突袖式切除重建术4例;隆突切除重建术4例;气管开窗行肿瘤及气管壁部分切除6例,其中2例因气管壁切除范围过大,以涤纶布内衬修补.结果 32例中鳞状细胞癌19例,腺样囊腺癌8例,腺癌2例,类癌1例,平滑肌肉瘤1例,腺瘤1例.手术并发症包括术后1例胸腔感染,3例出现心律失常.全组患者无手术死亡.随访时间5个月～3年,随访率100%.Kaplan-Meier法计算1、2和3年生存率为93.7%、59.4%和50.0%.结论 鳞状细胞癌和腺样囊性癌是气管及其隆突部肿瘤最常见的组织类型,术前气管镜和CT可帮助诊断,手术方式的正确选择是提高治疗效果的关键.     

Reconstruction of large composite buccal defects using single soft tissue flap—analysis of functional outcome

Resection of advanced gingivo‐buccal tumors results in a posterolateral mandibular and large soft tissue defect. Because of large soft tissue requirement, these defects are difficult to reconstruct using a single osteocutaneous flap. A double free flap reconstruction of such defects is recommended. However, double flap may not be feasible in certain situations. In this study, we objectively evaluated functional and cosmetic outcomes following single soft‐tissue flap reconstruction in a group of patients where double flap reconstruction was not feasible. Patient and defect characteristics were obtained from charts. The speech and swallowing functions of patients were prospectively assessed by a dedicated therapist. The cosmetic outcome of reconstruction was evaluated by an independent observer. Fifty‐six patients with large soft tissue and segmental posterolateral mandible defect, reconstructed with anterolateral thigh or pectoralis major flap from May 2009 till December 2010 were included. In this series, none of the flaps were lost; two patients with pectoralis major flap developed partial skin paddle loss. Most of the patients developed mandibular drift; however, majority of these patients had no postoperative trismus. All patients resumed regular or soft solid oral diet. The mean speech intelligibility was more than 70%. Majority of patients had satisfactory cosmetic outcome. The defects were classified into regions resected to develop a reconstruction algorithm for optimal reconstruction using a free or pedicle flap. In conclusion, patients with large oro‐mandibular defect undergoing single soft tissue flap reconstruction have satisfactory functional and cosmetic outcome. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2013.     

Reconstruction modality based on the spare part concept for massive soft tissue defects following oncological hemipelvectomy

Background  Hemipelvectomy for massive malignancy can result in large soft tissue defects that cannot be reconstructed using conventional posterior flaps. For such cases, reconstruction methods, including a latissimus dorsi flap or a rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap, may be applied, resulting in donor site morbidity. Recent innovations in plastic surgery have resulted in the development of novel reconstruction modalities based on “the spare part concept,” applying tissues from amputated limbs. Methods  Five subjects with pelvic malignant tumors underwent hemipelvectomy with reconstruction using the spare part concept. Femoral artery-based myocutaneous flap and free fillet lower leg flap were used for three and two cases, respectively. The clinical results, including postoperative complications and oncological outcomes, were assessed. Results  The mean follow-up period was 43.2 months (range 12–94 months). No local recurrence was encountered in any cases throughout follow-up. As of the final follow-up, three patients remained alive and two patients were dead due to distant metastasis. Minor postoperative infection was observed in two cases. Conclusions  The femoral artery-based myocutaneous flap and the free fillet lower leg flap are both useful, safe options for reconstruction of the large defect following extensive hemipelvectomy for malignant bone and soft tissue tumors. The present data support the continued application of these flap reconstruction techniques based on the spare part concept.     

Design of a New Technique Using a Free Tracheal Autologous Graft for Reconstruction of the Cricoid Cartilage and Trachea

PURPOSE: We devised a new operative procedure to recreate a supporting framework using a free tracheal autologous graft for cricoidal and tracheal defects. METHODS: We used this new transplantation method to repair the airway defect in five patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with resection of the airway for advanced thyroid cancer. A free graft was taken from the anterior aspect of the trachea and placed over the defect. The surface of the transplanted graft was then surrounded by the adjoining muscle flap. The orifice created by taking the graft was used as a temporary tracheostomy during the early postoperative period. RESULTS: Fiberscopic examinations and computed tomography scans done over 3-7 years postoperatively showed no airway deformity, subglottic stenosis, graft necrosis, or local recurrence in any of the five patients. The tracheal stoma closed spontaneously within 5 months after the operation in three of the five patients. CONCLUSION: The advantages of this procedure are: the free tracheal graft has as much strength as a prosthesis to support the respiratory tract; the autologous graft is biologically compatible; and the procedure can be completed in one surgical field and adopted for primary and secondary repair of the tracheal defect.     

会厌在外伤性喉气管狭窄整复中的应用

目的探讨会厌在外伤性喉气管狭窄整复中的应用及术后疗效。方法1988年1月～2002年2月，收治外伤性喉气管狭窄42例，其中喉狭窄33例，喉气管狭窄9例。年龄9～48岁，平均28．2岁。病程1～26个月，平均10．2个月。均采用手术治疗，方法：①会厌下移 胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣整复术；②会厌下移 胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣 胸锁乳突肌锁骨膜瓣整复术。结果术后37例10～75d拔除气管套管，拔管率为88．1％，5例戴管，占22．9％；42例均于术后9～24d拔除胃管，其中5例轻度误吸，经练习后1周内均恢复正常进食；25例放置扩张子，拔除时间为9～19d；42例中5例术后2～5个月有肉芽组织生长，经支撑喉镜下激光治疗1～3次治愈；术后均获1年～3年4个月随访，37例拔管者喉功能完全恢复，5例戴管者部分恢复喉功能。结论会厌用于整复喉气管狭窄，具有取材简便、抗感染能力强、成活率高及结构稳定等优点，与双肌蒂胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣联合应用能修复较大范围的缺损。胸锁乳突肌锁骨膜瓣其骨膜面光滑而致密，不易发生萎缩，是修复气管壁缺损的理想材料。     

Reconstruction of large infected tibia defects.

Twenty-nine patients are reported who underwent free tissue transfer reconstruction of contaminated tibia defects with both soft tissue defects and osteomyelitis. Infection was controlled through the use of a two-stage composite tissue reconstruction. In the first stage, the wounds were closed with the free muscle or skin flap. Bone defects were bridged with vascularized bone grafts within 6 to 12 weeks after soft tissue closure. Twenty patients underwent reconstruction using iliac crest, whereas nine patients were treated with fibular transfer. The follow-up period for 28 patients ranged from 10 months to 6 years until bone union was completed. The bone united smoothly in 22 patients, but union of the other six grafts was delayed and required additional cancellous bone grafting.     

软组织重建在骨与软组织肿瘤外科治疗中的应用

目的回顾不同部位骨与软组织肿瘤切除术后软组织重建方法及临床疗效,探讨合理的软组织重建策略。方法 2003年6月-2010年12月,收治因骨或软组织肿瘤进行外科切除并接受皮瓣、肌瓣或肌皮瓣修复重建患者90例。其中男59例,女31例;年龄9～85岁,中位年龄37.2岁。骨原发或转移性肿瘤52例,软组织原发肿瘤38例。75例为肿瘤切除后一期软组织重建;7例因伤口不愈合行清创后软组织重建;8例因伤口感染行清创、负压封闭引流,二期软组织重建。皮瓣类型:腓肠肌肌瓣40例,背阔肌肌(皮)瓣6例,腹直肌肌(皮)瓣4例,臀大肌肌皮瓣、胸大肌肌瓣、交腹皮瓣各1例,局部转移皮瓣27例,带血管蒂皮瓣5例,单纯游离植皮5例。皮瓣范围为6.5 cm×4.5 cm～21.0 cm×9.0 cm。结果术后87例皮瓣成活;Ⅰ期愈合81例;Ⅱ期愈合6例,其中2例皮瓣部分坏死,经换药后成活,3例皮瓣延迟愈合,1例伤口轻度感染,经保守治疗后愈合。软组织重建失败3例,均为皮瓣坏死合并感染,经清创二次皮瓣转移后愈合。供区创面均Ⅰ期愈合,移植皮片完全成活。73例获随访,随访时间10～102个月,平均36.1个月。6例患者于术后2～27个月,平均8.2个月出现局部复发并接受二次手术切除。13例于术后6～34个月,平均19.2个月死于原发病。结论骨与软组织肿瘤切除后常造成较大的软组织缺损,选择适当的肌(皮)瓣进行软组织重建可以达到理想的伤口闭合,减少术后伤口并发症,有利于术后功能恢复。     

22例原发性气管肿瘤的诊断与外科治疗

目的总结22例原发性气管肿瘤手术治疗的临床经验,以提高手术疗效。方法22例原发性气管肿瘤患者,其中良性肿瘤4例,恶性肿瘤18例。行气管对端吻合14例,隆凸重建4例,纤维支气管镜下摘除肿瘤1例,局部搔刮2例,气管修补1例。气管切除长度2．0～5．2cm,平均3．8cm。结果22例中确诊前有17例在门诊误诊,误诊率77．3％,大多数患者被误诊为支气管哮喘。术后30d内死亡1例,死于急性呼吸衰竭。发生并发症7例（31．8％）,分别为肺部感染4例,吻合口瘘1例,乳糜胸2例;远期并发症吻合口狭窄3例,经再次手术治疗,狭窄改善。随访20例,随访时间1个月～8年。4例良性肿瘤患者在随访期间均无瘤生存;16例恶性肿瘤患者术后随访满5年以上生存6例,因肿瘤脑、肝和骨远处转移死亡3例。结论手术切除是治疗气管肿瘤最有效的方法,气管节段切除是治疗气管恶性肿瘤的主要术式,良性肿瘤可以考虑保守术式,降低手术并发症是取得良好手术疗效的关键,掌握气管肿瘤的临床特点、提高对该病的认识是减少误诊的有效手段。     

A ten-year experience of multiple flaps in head and neck surgery: how successful are they?

Ablative surgery in the head and neck often results in defects that require free flap reconstruction. With improved ablation/reconstructive and adjuvant techniques, improved survival has led to an increase in the number of patients undergoing multiple free flap reconstruction. We retrospectively analyzed a single institution's 10-year experience (August 1993 to August 2003) in free flap reconstruction for malignant tumors of the head and neck. Five hundred eighty-two flaps in 534 patients were identified with full details regarding ablation and reconstruction with a minimum of 6-month follow-up. Of these 584 flaps, 506 were for primary reconstruction, 50 for secondary reconstruction, 12 for tertiary reconstruction, and 8 patients underwent two flaps simultaneously for extensive defects. Overall flap success was 550/584 (94%). For primary free flap surgery, success was 481/506 (95%), compared with 44/50 (88%) for a second free flap reconstruction and 9/12 (75%) for a third free flap reconstruction ( P < 0.05). Eight extensive defects were reconstructed with 16 flaps, all of which were successful. More than one free flap may be required for reconstruction of head and neck defects, although success decreases as the number of reconstructive procedures increases.     

气管假体重建气道的研究进展

目的对气管假体的基础与临床应用研究进展进行综述。方法广泛查阅近年国内外气管假体方面的文献,并对其目前的研究成果进行回顾与综合分析。结果气管病变可以手术切除并实施原位重建,但存在长度的限制,对病变段气管实施假体置换不失为一种有效可行的方法。结论组织工程气管、气管移植及新型材料人工气管在内的新技术的出现,为气管外科的发展开辟了新的途径,极大推动了这一领域的发展。