胰头癌的内镜支架引流治疗

目的探讨经内镜支架引流姑息性治疗胰头癌的临床意义。方法2003年8月至2007年8月对197例胰头癌患者进行内镜支架引流姑息性治疗,并观察其疗效。结果197例均伴有胆道梗阻,伴有远端胰管扩张126例,伴有胰体尾萎缩91例。放置胰管支架108例,成功率96．4％;放置胆管支架197例,成功率为99．0％。内镜治疗成功的195例术后黄疸均消失,101例疼痛患者完全缓解98例,部分缓解3例。术后24例出现血清淀粉酶升高,对症处理后恢复正常。随访率93．8％,平均生存期（373．57±157．35）d,最长生存期842d。结论经内镜支架引流姑息性治疗胰头癌是一种确实有效的方法,可以提高患者生存质量,延长生存期。     

肝门区转移癌所致梗阻性黄疸的内镜支架引流治疗临床效果分析

目的探讨内镜治疗肝门区转移癌所致梗阻性黄疸的临床应用价值。方法2006年开始随机选择自愿应用内镜治疗的晚期肝门区转移癌所致梗阻性黄疸患者,应用内镜胆道塑料内支架技术解除胆道梗阻,观察操作成功率、生存期等评价指标。共治疗肝门转移癌梗阻性黄疸患者38例,其中肝癌13例,胆囊癌3例,胃癌14例,食管癌2例,回肠腺癌1例,胰腺癌5例。结果所有患者治疗成功且临床黄疸完全消退,随访生存期92～521d,平均（185．42±104．41）d。随访观察5例患者更换胆道支架,更换时间3～14个月,平均（8．6±4．1）个月,其中支架移位1例,胆泥阻塞2例,肿瘤阻塞2例。结论内镜支架引流术是肝门区转移癌所致梗阻性黄疸的一种有效治疗方法,具有较高的治疗成功率,可以一定程度延长患者的生存期。     

经内镜塑料支架置入治疗恶性胆道梗阻17例

恶性胆道梗阻在临床上十分常见,主要病因包括胆囊癌、胆管癌、肝门部肝癌、胰头癌、壶腹癌及各种转移性肿瘤。恶性胆道梗阻可引起进行性加重的梗阻性黄疸,导致肝脏功能迅速恶化,并易发生严重的感染、胃肠道出血及肾功能衰竭,病死率极高,该院经内镜塑料支架置入（ERBD）治疗恶性胆道梗阻17例,取得了较好的疗效。报告如下。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸的治疗策略新进展

大多数胰腺癌及壶腹周围癌可以表现出恶性梗阻性黄疸,治疗主要包括缓解症状,改善并发症发病率及死亡率.首选的治疗方案是内镜下胆道支架置入.最近,使用塑料支架和自费的金属支架的研究数据表明金属支架的开放时间更长,是否需要治疗梗阻性黄疸及使用何种方法治疗主要根据临床情况而定.对于肿瘤可切除的患者,术前胆道引流仅仅适用于手术会被推迟和存在黄疸并发症的患者;对于局部浸润化疗后可手术切除的患者,使用自费的金属支架更优于塑料支架;对于不可手术的侵袭性的患者,支架的使用类型根据患者的生存预期而定.当内镜放置支架失败时,超声引导下的胆道引流,经皮肝穿胆道引流或行旁路手术都是合适的治疗方案.     

恶性胆道梗阻内镜支架治疗的荟萃分析

恶性胆道梗阻是指由胰头癌、壶腹癌、胆管癌或其他肿瘤侵犯胆道、转移的淋巴结压迫远端胆道等引起的梗阻性黄疸。由于患者就诊时往往已是肿瘤晚期，黄疸较深，结合肝胆胰区的解剖特点，这类患者不适合进行手术根治性治疗，通过内镜放置支架解除胆道梗阻症状成为该类患者的首选姑息性治疗手段。但到目前为止，对于具体的恶性胆道梗阻（远端胆道梗阻，非肝门部）患者选择哪一种支架没有一个明确的结论。     

经内镜胆道金属支架引流术治疗恶性胆道梗阻76例

恶性肿瘤引起的梗阻性黄疸,多需外科手术治疗,但部分患者就诊时已不能作根治性切除术.经内镜胆道金属支架引流术(endoscopic metal biliary endoprothesis,EMBE)是在经内镜塑料内支架引流术(ERBD)技术基础上为扩大支架口径、提高引流效果、延长通畅期而开发应用的.我院对76例无法行手术根治性切除的恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸患者行EMBE治疗,取得了较好疗效,报道如下.     

胆胰疾病双支架置入适应证的探讨

对部分胆胰疾病的胆胰管置入单支架目前已相当普及,但同时置入双支架还不多见,仅见于胰头癌双管受阻时插入胆胰管双支架。双支架具有能持续加倍扩张的优点。我们对20余例患者采用双支架或多支架引流后获得了更好的效果,现介绍几例典型病例对其适应证作一探讨,以便使更多的患者得益于微创的内镜治疗。     

内镜下诊治伴发胰管结石慢性胰腺炎的价值

目的探讨ERCP在胰管结石诊断和治疗中的临床价值及其安全性评估。方法分析2008年2月～2008年10月期间共20例接受ERCP诊断和治疗的伴发胰腺结石慢性胰腺炎患者的临床资料。结果20例病例中,16例（80％）胰管结石位于胰头处,3例（15％）位于胰头及胰体处,1例（5％）累及全程胰管。14例（70％）患者一次性取石完全,5例患者术后接受体外震波碎石（ESWL）,1例患者未能完成取石,建议其外科手术治疗．18例表现为腹痛的病例,在接受内镜下治疗结石后,腹痛症状均消失,在接受治疗后2～10d内出院,平均（5．3±2．43）d。术后2例（10％）出现一过性的血淀粉酶升高。结论对于伴有胰管结石的慢性胰腺炎病例而青,内镜下取石是安全有效的方法,同时应川支架及鼻胰管引流,不仅对胰管结石的治疗有效,而且充分的胰液引流对于缓解腹痛症状、减少术后的胰腺炎、高淀粉酶m症的发乍有着重要的作用。     

内镜鼻胆引流在梗阻性黄疸中的应用

23例梗阻性黄疸患者进行了鼻胆引流术(ENBD),其中胆总管结石8例,胆总管末端及乳头部狭窄4例,胆管、壶腹和胰头部癌11例,4例并发急性化脓性胆管炎.结果.21例内镜下插管成功,成功率力91.3%.21中除2例术后鼻胆引流管堵塞外,其余病例均获得较好的疗效,有效率为82.6%.血清总胆红素、ALP刊r-GT治疗后明显下降.结论:ENBD是一种简便有效的胆道引流手段,临床上可以广泛地应用于各种原因所致的梗阻性黄疸.     

胆道支架以及选用

支架在临床的应用很广,胆道是使用支架最为频繁的部位之一。对手术无法切除的胰头癌、胆管癌、胆囊癌以及胃癌淋巴结转移造成的恶性梗阻性黄疸,放置一定的支架内引流可取得与姑息性减黄手术相似的效果,但侵袭性远较手术为低,尤其适用于老年高危患者。目前已研制成功并投向医疗市场的胆道支架有多种,根据每种支架的具体特点,择善     

Palliation for Extrahepatic Biliary Obstruction by Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma

Objectives: Extrahepatic biliary obstruction due to metastatic colorectal carcinoma, though rare, can account for the occurrence of obstructive jaundice even in the presence of hepatic metastases. The present report aims at reviewing our experience with the palliative treatment of these patients. Methods: During a 5-yr period, 11 patients with obstructive jaundice had documented extrahepatic biliary obstruction secondary to metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Their clinical records were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Nonoperative drainage was performed in eight patients by either the endoscopic (n = 5) or percutaneous (n = 3) route. Palliation was achieved in six patients with a mean hospital stay of 24.5 days (14 % of survival). Three patients died of hepatorenai failure before a drainage procedure could be performed. Blocked stent and cholangitis were noted in two patients. The mean survival was 5 months in the drainage group. Conctusions: The occurrence of obstructive jaundice in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma deserves routine investigation to exclude extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Endoprosthesis insertion by nonoperative means should be considered for palliation.     

Late-onset severe biliary bleeding after endoscopic pigtail plastic stent insertion

Here, we report our experience with a case of severe biliary bleeding due to a hepatic arterial pseudoaneurysm that had developed 1 year after endoscopic biliary plastic stent insertion. The patient, a 78-year-old woman, presented with hematemesis and obstructive jaundice. Ruptured hepatic arterial pseudoaneurysm was diagnosed, which was suspected to have been caused by long-term placement of an endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage(ERBD) stent. This episode of biliary bleeding was successfully treated by transarterial embolization(TAE). Pseudoaneurysm leading to hemobilia is a rare but potentially fatal complication in patients with long-term placement of ERBD. TAE is a minimally invasive procedure that offers effective treatment for biliary bleeding.     

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary stent placement using Soehendra stent retriever.

Symptomatic bilary obstruction with duodenal nar-rowing requires either surgical or percutaneous biliary drainage procedure. We report a 54-year-old woman suffering from carcinoma of the head of pancreas, who had combined duodenal and bilary obstruction and underwent successful endoscopic ultrasound-guided transduodenal biliary stent placement.     

ENDOSONOGRAPHY‐GUIDED BILIARY DRAINAGE IN CASES WITH DIFFICULT TRANSPAPILLARY ENDOSCOPIC BILIARY DRAINAGE

Background: Recently, reports on a new endoscopic biliary drainage technique utilizing endosonographic guidance (endosonography‐guided biliary drainage [ESBD]) have been increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ESBD in cases with difficult transpapillary endoscopic biliary drainage (EBD). Patients and Methods: Sixteen patients with obstructive jaundice who underwent ESBD because of difficult EBD between January 2007 and September 2008 were included. The technical success, complications, and clinical efficacy of ESBD were prospectively evaluated. Results: ESBD was performed via the duodenum, stomach, and esophagus in eight, six and two patients, respectively. Stent placement was successful in all cases and excellent biliary decompression was achieved in all but one patient. One patient developed localized peritonitis following guidewire migration and re‐puncture of the bile duct. In another patient, stent migration was observed one week after ESBD and re‐ESBD was carried out. Three patients underwent surgery for their primary diseases, and stent exchange was carried out in 10 patients during the course. Conclusions: ESBD is an effective treatment for obstructive jaundice that will replace percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage in cases of difficult EBD and is a possible alternative to EBD in selected cases.     

Endoscopic palliative treatment in pancreatic cancer

Patients with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas will develop obstructive jaundice at some point in their course in 80% to 90% of the cases. Surgical biliary digestive anastomosis carries a high 30-day mortality (20%), and hospitalization may be prolonged for several weeks owing to postoperative morbidity. We attempted endoscopic endoprosthesis placement in 221 patients with pancreatic carcinoma for palliation of obstructive jaundice. The procedure was successful in 200 of 221 (90%) with a procedure-related mortality of only 2% and a 30-day mortality of 10%. The serum bilirubin level normalized in 92% of those who survived, and the mean survival of 6 months is comparable to that achieved with biliodigestive anastomosis. Early cholangitis (8%) and late clogging of the endoprosthesis (21% at a mean of 5 months) are problem areas that need to be improved. We believe these results justify considering endoscopic biliary prosthesis as the treatment of choice in nonresectable jaundiced patients with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas.     

Endoscopic biliary drainage in chronic pancreatitis

Between April 1982 and March 1988, 25 patients with chronic pancreatitis presented with biliary stenosis and significant cholestasis. They were treated by endoprosthesis placement. Nineteen patients had jaundice, and, initially, seven had cholangitis (including three with hepatic abscesses). ERCP was successful in all 25 patients. Cholangitis, cholestasis, and jaundice resolved in all cases after stent placement. Two patients died in the 2 months after treatment. Complete follow-up (mean duration, 14 months, range 7 to 42 months) was available for 19 of the 23 remaining patients. Migration of the stent occurred in 10 patients and stent blockage in 8 patients, with relapsing cholestasis (N = 12), cholangitis (N = 4), or without symptoms (N = 2). Only three of these patients are now asymptomatic without a stent in place after 12 to 72 months. In all of the other cases, stents have been replaced or patients have been treated by surgery. We conclude that endoscopic biliary drainage is an effective treatment for resolving cholangitis or jaundice in patients with chronic pancreatitis and biliary stenosis, but that the results of definitive endoscopic drainage for these patients are less satisfactory because resolution of the stricture after removal of the stent is rarely obtained.     

Preoperative endoscopic stent placement before pancreaticoduodenectomy: a meta-analysis of the effect on morbidity and mortality

BACKGROUND: Pancreaticoduodenectomy is the only potentially curative treatment for peripapillary pancreatic tumors. However, postoperative morbidity and mortality are high, and different approaches have been tried to improve results, such as preoperative biliary drainage in patients with jaundice. This meta-analysis investigated the effect on postoperative outcome of preoperative biliary drainage by endoscopic biliary stent placement in patients who are jaundiced and who have peripapillary pancreatic tumors. METHODS: A Medline search for the period 1985 to 2001 was performed. Eight retrospective studies and 2 prospective randomized controlled trials were included. Selection criteria for the primary analysis were as follows: patients with peripapillary pancreatic cancer, endoscopic stent placement versus no stent, radical surgery, and assessment of postoperative morbidity and mortality. A secondary analysis included both radical and palliative surgery. RESULTS: In the primary analysis, 337 patients underwent preoperative endoscopic biliary stent placement, and 412 patients had no endoscopic biliary stent placement (controls). The overall odds ratio for postoperative complications (stent vs. no stent) is estimated as 0.79: 95% CI [0.36, 1.73] and the estimated odds ratio for postoperative mortality is 0.81: 95% CI [0.33, 1.99]. In the secondary analysis, 1008 patients underwent preoperative EBS versus 720 control patients. The odds ratio for postoperative complications in this analysis was 0.93: 95% CI [0.65, 1.33] and for postoperative mortality is 1.12: 95% CI [0.62, 2.01]. CONCLUSION: No evidence was found of either a positive or adverse effect of preoperative endoscopic biliary stent placement on the outcome of surgery in patients with pancreatic cancer.     

Stent versus surgery

Following the introduction of percutaneous and endoscopic biliary drainage there has been an ongoing debate about the indications and outcomes of endoscopic versus surgical drainage in a variety of bilio-pancreatic disorders. The evidence-based literature concerning four different areas of pancreatobiliary diseases have been reviewed. Preoperative endoscopic biliary drainage in patients with obstructive jaundice should not be used routinely but only in selected patients. For patients with biliary leakage and bile duct strictures after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, endoscopic stent therapy might be first choice and surgery should be used for failures of endoscopic treatment. Surgery is the treatment of choice after transection of the bile duct (the major bile duct injuries). The majority of patients with obstructive jaundice due to advanced pancreatic cancer will undergo endoscopic drainage but for relatively fit patients with a prognosis of more than 6 months, surgical drainage or even palliative resection might be considered. For patients with persistent pain due to chronic pancreatitis surgical drainage combined with limited pancreatic head resection might be first choice for pain relief. Most importantly, the management of patients with these pancreatobiliary diseases should be performed by a multidisciplinary HPB approach and teamwork consisting of gastroenterologists, radiologists and surgeons.     

PTCD＋金属支架治疗恶性阻塞性黄疸600例分析

目的观察经皮经肝胆管穿刺置管引流（PTCD）＋金属支架置入术对恶性阻塞性黄疸的疗效。方法对600例恶性阻塞性黄疸患者进行回顾性分析,其中胆管癌261例,胰头癌109例,肝癌107例,胆囊癌25例,胃癌术后43例,肝转移癌43例,Vater壶腹癌12例,均采用PTCD＋金属支架置入术治疗。结果技术成功率100%。2例术后2 h出现胆道出血,经积极治疗出血停止;5例术后出现胆道感染,经治疗后感染得到控制。无其他严重并发症。术后患者全身状况改善,血清总胆红素水平显著下降。中位生存期6.5个月。术后存活半年以上298例,其中129例于术后6、7、12个月再次出现阻塞性黄疸。结论 PTCD＋金属支架置入术具有操作简单、疗效显著的优点,是治疗恶性阻塞性黄疸的理想方法。