微创经皮肾镜与后腹腔镜治疗输尿管上段嵌顿结石的疗效比较

目的比较微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石与后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管上段嵌顿结石的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2011年3月~2012年12月我院收治的65例输尿管上段结石患者的临床资料。其中,35例行微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石,30例行后腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石术。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、结石清除率及平均住院日等指标。结果微创经皮肾镜组手术时间明显短于后腹腔镜组((62.2±20.2)min vs(73.5±22.4)min),术中出血量明显多于后腹腔镜组((63±12)ml vs(36±14)ml),差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);而两组结石清除率及平均住院日比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。经皮肾镜组术后出现大出血1例,发热2例,结石残留(4 mm)1例。后腹腔镜组出现发热1例,尿瘘1例。所有患者术后随访3个月,复查B超未见残留结石。结论微创经皮肾镜取石术和后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术均可有效治疗输尿管上段嵌顿结石,应根据临床具体情况选择适合的手术方法。     

多通道微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石的效果观察

目的探讨多通道微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石的效果。方法将2014-01—2015-12间治疗的198例复杂性肾结石患者根据治疗方式不同分为2组。单通道组(96例)行单通道微创经皮肾镜取石术,多通道组(102例)行多通道微创经皮肾镜取石术。比较2组患者手术情况、Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期结石清除率及术后并发症发生率。结果 2组患者手术时间、术中出血量及住院时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。多通道组患者Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期结石清除率明显高于单通道组,术后并发症发生率低于单通道组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论多通道微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石,能提高结石清除率及降低术后并发症发生率。     

斜卧位与侧卧位超声引导微创经皮肾镜取石术的对比研究

目的 比较斜卧位与侧卧位超声引导微创经皮肾镜碎石取石术治疗肾及输尿管上段结石的安全性和疗效.方法 肾和(或)输尿管上段结石患者62例,随机分成2组,斜卧位组32例,侧卧位组30例,在超声引导下进行微创经皮肾镜碎石取石术,监测记录经皮肾工作通道数目、术中出血量、手术时间、结石清除率及术中患者舒适度等,并进行统计学分析.结果 术前斜卧位组与侧卧位组在性别、年龄、结石类型、术前的合并症方面均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).斜卧位组手术时间为105±24.6 min,而侧卧位为162±40.8 min,P＜0.05.术中出血量斜卧位组为106±35ml,而侧卧位为150±45 ml,P＜0.05.斜卧位组的结石清除率(95.6％)高于侧卧位组(90.8％),两组比较有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术中患者舒适度斜卧位组明显优于侧卧位组.结论 斜卧位经皮肾镜取石术在手术时间、术中出血量、结石清除率、患者术中舒适度等方面优于侧卧位,是可供选择的经皮肾镜取石术体位.     

二期微创经皮肾镜联合输尿管软镜处理孤立肾鹿角状结石

目的观察二期微创经皮肾镜取石术联合输尿管软镜治疗孤立肾鹿角状结石的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2013年12月至2014年6月二期微创经皮肾镜取石术联合输尿管软镜治疗60例孤立肾鹿角型结石患者的临床资料。平均结石负荷(1 023.9±743.95)mm2。结果 I期均成功建立单通道碎石取石,二期联合手术顺利完成。1月结石清除率86.7%。总并发症率25%,4例输血,无介入。8例慢性肾功能不全(CKD)Ⅳ期患者恢复为Ⅲ期。术后1月的平均血肌酐为(130.99±47.32)μmol/L,明显低于术前的(177.16±84.12)μmol/L(P=0.024)。中位随访期12个月,患者的肾功能都保持稳定(P0.05)。结论二期微创经皮肾镜取石术联合输尿管软镜治疗孤立肾鹿角状结石安全有效,结石清除率高,出血并发症少,对近远期肾功能影响小。     

输尿管软镜碎石术联合微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗部分鹿角状肾结的临床疗效分析

目的分析输尿管软镜碎石术联合微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗鹿角状结石的临床疗效。方法部分鹿角状肾结石患者84例,随机分为A、B两组,每组各42例。A组患者以俯卧位接受常规微创经皮肾镜取石术,B组患者以改良Valdivia体位接受输尿管软镜碎石术联合微创经皮肾镜取石术。记录两组患者术后的无石率及并发症情况。结果 B组和A组患者的手术时间分别为(106.44±18.46)分钟和(83.69±10.29)分钟,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。B组患者的首次碎石术后无石率为85.71%,出血量为(70.02±9.15)ml,A组患者分别为59.52%和(87.41±9.89)ml,两组比较,差异有统计学意义,(P0.05)。两组患者术后的常见并发症均为发热(体温38.5℃),但差异无显著统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与单纯微创经皮肾镜取石术比较,输尿管软镜碎石术联合微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗部分鹿角状肾结石手术时间更短,出血量更少,首次碎石术后无石率高,且未见明显并发症。     

内窥镜微创技术治疗结石性脓肾疗效观察(附48例报告)

目的:探讨内窥镜微创技术治疗结石性脓肾的有效性。方法:在48例结石性脓肾患者中,34例采用微创经皮肾镜取石术,8例采用经尿道输尿管镜取石术,6例同时采用微创经皮肾镜取石和经尿道输尿管镜取石术进行治疗。结果:术后32例获得6个月～2年随访,其中患肾功能恢复或部分恢复26例(81.2%),患肾萎缩(无功能)6例(18.8%),无患肾切除病例。结论:采用内窥镜微创技术治疗结石性脓肾安全、有效,适合于结石性脓肾的保肾治疗。     

微通道经皮肾镜取石术与标准通道经皮肾镜取石术对比研究

目的总结微创经皮肾镜取石术与标准通道经皮肾镜取石术经验和手术技巧以及适应证。方法回顾性分析本人于2007年1月至2013年12月采用B超引导下微创经皮肾镜取石术与标准通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗3324例肾、输尿管结石患者的临床资料,分析其疗效及并发症进而总结两种手术的优缺点及适应证。结果 3324例患者完成手术,其中1723例行微通道经皮肾镜手术,1601例行标准通道经皮肾镜术。2组术后结石清除率分别为95.4%、99.5%;手术时间分别为(67±31.4)分钟、(45.1±22.4)分钟;术中出血量分别为(101±25.6)ml、(159±34.2)ml;术后并发症发生率分别为12.2%,23.6%。结论微通道经皮肾镜取石术与标准通道经皮肾镜取石术都是安全微创的手术方式。微通道经皮肾镜取石术并发症及出血风险较低,但是取石效率低于标准通道经皮肾镜取石术,要根据具体病人合理选择两种术式。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石效果分析

目的分析与总结微创经皮肾镜取石术在临床治疗肾结石的应用效果。方法将2015-11—2017-07间在永城市人民医院接受微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗的78例肾结石患者作为研究对象,观察手术时间、术中出血量、Ⅰ期结石取净率、并发症及住院时间等指标。结果本组手术时间(65. 00±11. 20) min,术中出血量(120. 43±28. 80) m L。术后第5天复查尿路平片,74例(94. 87%)患者一次结石取净,4例患者经二次取石术后取净。住院时间(9. 02±2. 36) d。术后并发症发生率为7. 69%(6/78),均经对症处理后痊愈。无胸、腹腔脏器损伤,尿液外渗等并发症。术后均进行12个月的随访,其间未出现结石残留及复发患者。结论对肾结石患者实施微创经皮肾镜取石术,创伤小、结石取净率高,术后并发症少,安全可靠。     

经输尿管硬通道下软硬镜联合钬激光碎石术与微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾盂结石的比较研究

目的:比较经输尿管硬通道下软硬镜联合钬激光碎石术与微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾盂结石的临床疗效及安全性。方法:回顾分析于2012年3月~2013年12月期间进行经输尿管硬通道下软硬镜联合钬激光碎石术或者微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗的132例肾盂结石患者资料,其中73例采用经输尿管硬通道下软硬镜联合钬激光碎石术,59例采用微创经皮肾镜取石术,比较两组手术时间、血红蛋白下降量、术后住院天数、结石残留率和并发症等指标。结果:两组患者在年龄、性别、病程、左右侧部位、积水程度、结石大小方面均无统计学差异。经输尿管硬通道下软硬镜联合钬激光碎石术组:66例完成手术,手术平均时间为(40.3±8.3)min,血红蛋白平均下降量为(1.3±5.7)g/L,术后平均住院(2.2±0.7)天,结石残留率为9.1%(6例残留结石),2例术后有发热,1例出现肾绞痛,无输尿管离断、撕脱、肾盂撕裂等严重并发症,术后3个月随访未发现输尿管反流。微创经皮肾镜取石术组:59例均完成手术,手术平均时间为(74.6±12.2)min,血红蛋白平均下降量为(20.4±10.4)g/L,术后平均住院(5.1±0.7)天,结石残留率为5.1%(3例残留结石),2例出现大出血,未见其他并发症。两组在手术时间、血红蛋白下降量、术后住院天数方面差异有统计学意义(均P0.01);两组在结石残留率(P=0.387)、并发症发生率(P=0.742)方面,均差异无统计学意义。结论:经输尿管硬通道下软硬镜联合钬激光碎石术治疗肾盂结石的手术时间短,创伤小,康复快,并发症严重程度低,比微创经皮肾镜取石术具有更大的优势。     

微创经皮肾镜碎石取石术治疗肾结石的疗效观察

目的分析应用微创经皮肾镜碎石取石术(MPCNL)治疗肾结石的体会。方法对32例肾结石患者采用微创经皮肾穿刺取石术,观察治疗效果及并发症情况。结果 31例患者一期取石成功,一期结石清除率及总结石清除率96.8%。1例因术中出血,留置肾造瘘管后改二期取石,平均术中出血量(186.4±35.8)mL,平均手术时间(78.6±18.4)min,平均住院时间(8.30±1.56)d。患者均获6个月随访,术后肾功能均恢复较好,未出现结石复发病例。结论 MPCNL治疗肾结石,创伤小、并发症低、预后良好。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.