利拉利汀的合成工艺研究

目的研究利拉利汀的合成工艺。方法以甲基脲为原料,经环合、亚硝化、还原、环合、溴代、取代6步反应得到关键中间体8-溴-7-(2-丁炔基)-3,7-二氢-3-甲基-1H-嘌呤-2,6-二酮(8);再以邻氨基苯乙酮为起始原料,经缩合、环合、还原反应得到中间体2-氯甲基-4-甲基喹唑啉(11);中间体8与中间体11经亲核取代反应得到中间体12,继而与(R)-3-(叔丁氧羰基氨基)哌啶发生取代反应、脱Boc保护基得到目标产物(1),其结构经1H-NM R、M S确证。结果与结论该合成路线,总收率达21.9%(以甲基脲计),原料价廉易得,反应条件温和,后处理简单,为工业化生产奠定了基础。     

磺达肝癸钠二糖中间体的合成工艺研究

目的设计并合成磺达肝癸钠的二糖中间体。方法以β-1,2,3,4,6-五乙酰基葡萄糖为起始原料,经硫化、苄基化、TEMPO氧化、溴化等反应得到葡萄糖醛酸供体E;以3,4,6-三乙酰-D-葡萄糖烯为起始原料,经碘化、叠氮化等反应得到内醚糖受体F;单糖供体E与受体F经偶联反应得到全保护二糖EF。结果合成了目标化合物,并利用1H-NMR和MS确证了结构;HPLC归一化法测得质量分数为99.01%,目标化合物的总收率为11.1%。结论磺达肝癸钠二糖中间体的合成可以为磺达肝癸钠和其他多糖的合成提供重要的中间体原料。     

6-氨基-1-丙基-尿嘧啶的合成

6-氨基-1-丙基-尿嘧啶是合成嘌呤及嘌呤衍生物的医药中间体,目前为止国内没有生产的,经多次试验确定以丙基脲,氰乙酸,酸酐为原料,通过亲核反应,再在氢氧化钠的作用下合环生成6-氨基-1-丙基-尿嘧啶,此合成总收率〉70%。     

洛索洛芬钠的合成新方法研究

目的 研究消炎镇痛药洛索洛芬钠的关键中间体2-(4-溴甲基）苯基丙酸的合成新方法。方法 以4-甲基苯乙酮为原料,经还原、氯化、氰化得到2-(4-甲基)苯基丙腈（Ⅲ）,然后经水解、溴化得到关键中间体 2-(4-溴甲基）苯基丙酸（Ⅴ）,该中间体再Ⅴ经过4步反应可制得洛索洛芬钠。结果与结论 关键中间体2-(4-溴甲基）苯基丙酸的结构经¹H-NMR、FT-IR、MS谱确证,目标化合物的总收率为38%。该工艺路线具有原料易得,操作简便,副产物少、收率高的特点,适合于工业化生产。     

肿瘤坏死因子-α抑制剂doramapimod的合成工艺改进

以4-硝基-1-萘酚为起始原料经烷基化、还原、成脲得到新型肿瘤坏死因子-α抑制剂doramapimod,总收率为31.1%。目标化合物和中间体的结构经1H-NMR和FAB-MS确证。该合成路线原料易得,路线短,成本低廉,操作简单。     

格列本脲衍生物的设计、合成与降血糖活性

目的设计合成格列本脲衍生物并进行降血糖活性研究。方法以5-氯-2-甲氧基苯甲酸为原料,经甲基化、胺解、氯磺化、氮化、缩合反应得到格列本脲二氟衍生物。通过链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)配合高脂饲料诱发大鼠Ⅱ型糖尿病模型,评价其降血糖作用。结果经过5步反应合成目标化合物格列本脲二氟衍生物,总收率为28.1%,目标化合物和中间体的结构经1H-NMR和MS确证。活性实验显示格列本脲二氟衍生物具有明显降糖作用。结论在格列本脲的环己烷对位上用2个氟原子取代有利于增加其降血糖活性。     

鱼腥草素钠的合成

目的　研究鱼腥草素钠的工业化生产。方法　以乙酰乙酸乙酯为原料 ,经取代、碱水解及脱羧制得关键中间体甲壬酮 ;再经缩合、加成反应 ,制得鱼腥草素钠 ,总收率 30 .0 %。结果　所得产物的结构经1HNMR和13 CNMR确证 ,其熔点与文献报道的一致。结论　所用方法成本低廉 ,反应条件温和 ,适于工业化生产。     

1,3-二甲基-6-[2-(对甲苯磺酰氧基)乙基氨基]尿嘧啶的合成

目的:合成盐酸尼非卡兰中间体1,3-二甲基-6-[2-(对甲苯磺酰氧基)乙基氨基]尿嘧啶.方法:以二甲基脲和氰乙酸为原料经3步反应合成目标产物.结果:以氰乙酸计,总收率44.4%.目标产物的光谱数据与文献报道一致.结论:新的合成方法所用原料价廉易得,适合生产.     

盐酸尼非卡兰的合成

以1，3－二甲基脲为原料，经环合、氯化、胺解和磺酸酯化反应合成中间体6－[[2－（p－甲苯磺酰基氧基）乙基]氨基]－1，3－二甲基－2，4（1H，3H）－嘧啶二酮，再与中间体2－[3-(4-硝苯基）再基氨基]乙醇缩合、成盐得盐酸尼非卡兰，总收率26．6％。     

3-(2′-氯-6′-氟苯基)-5-甲基-4-异噁唑甲酰氯的合成

目的 研究抗生素氟氯西林钠的关键中间体3-(2'-氯-6'-氟苯基)-5-甲基-4-异噁唑甲酰氯的合成方法,使之适合工业化生产.方法 以2-氯-6-氟苯甲醛为原料,经肟化、氯化、环合、水解、酰氯化等步骤制得目标化合物.结果 合成产物的化学结构经IR,1H-NMR,13C-NMR and MS确证,总收率为60.2%.结论 此方法收率高,成本低,适合工业化生产.     

磷霉素钠联合头孢哌酮/舒巴坦治疗下呼吸道感染疗效观察

目的:观察磷霉素钠联合头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠治疗下呼吸道感染的疗效与安全性。方法:79例下呼吸道感染住(?)患者按入院顺序分为两组,观察组给予磷霉素钠注射剂4.0 g,ivd qd,给药后1h给予头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠注射剂2.0 g,ivd bid;对照组单独应用头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠注射剂2.0 g,ivd bid。两组疗程均为7～14 d,比较两组有效率、细菌清除率及不良反应情况。结果:观察组有效率和细菌清除率分别为92.50%和85.71%,对照组分别为74.35%和62.96%,两组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组不良反应发生率分别为2.50%和2.56%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:磷霉素钠联合头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠治疗下呼吸道感染,疗效优于单用头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠,且安全性良好,值得临床推广应用。     

头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠治疗妇科感染206例

目的观察评价注射用头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠治疗妇科感染的临床疗效及不良反应。方法选取妇科感染患者413例,分为试验组(206例)和对照组(207例)。试验组静脉滴注注射用头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠每次(中度)1.5 g或(重度)3.0 g、每8 h给药1次。对照组静脉滴注注射用头孢他啶,每次1.0 g(中度)或2.0 g(重度)、每8 h给药1次。结果试验组的临床痊愈率为50.97%,高于对照组的42.03%(P<0.05);两组总有效率分别为90.78%和81.64%,细菌清除率分别为89.19%和77.53%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组均未发现严重不良反应。结论注射用头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠治疗妇科感染的效果优于单用头孢他啶治疗,且未见明显不良反应。     

Effects of mono- and divalent ions on the binding of the adenosine analogue CGS 21680 to adenosine A2 receptors in rat striatum.

The effect of monovalent and divalent cations on equilibrium binding of the adenosine A2-selective agonist ligand CGS 21680 (2-[p-(2-carbonylethyl)phenylethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxami doadenosine) to membranes prepared from rat striatum was examined. Competition experiments with cyclohexyladenosine, 2-chloroadenosine, N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine and CGS 21680 suggest that at 2 nM [3H]CGS 21680 binds to a single site with the pharmacology of an A2a receptor. Magnesium and calcium ions caused a concentration-dependent increase in binding that reached about 10-fold at 100 mM. Manganese ions had a biphasic effect on binding with a maximal increase at 5 mM. Lithium, sodium and potassium ions all caused a concentration-dependent decrease of binding. Sodium was most potent, potassium least. At 200 mM ion concentration, the inhibition of binding was 88% by sodium, 47% by lithium and 29% by potassium ions. The effect of sodium chloride was the same as that of sodium acetate. The effect of sodium ions was essentially similar to that of Gpp(NH)p. However, sodium ions produced a larger effect than even maximally effective concentrations of Gpp(NH)p. The maximal inhibition by Gpp(NH)p was about 55% at 2 nM radioligand concentration irrespective of the magnesium concentration. The maximal effect of sodium ions was reduced by increasing concentrations of magnesium ions. Increasing magnesium ion concentration from 1 to 100 mM increased the half-maximally effective concentration of Gpp(NH)p almost 10-fold and that of sodium ions less than 2-fold. Furthermore, sodium ions and Gpp(NH)p had additive effects. The binding of an agonist to striatal A2a receptors shows an unusually large dependence on both divalent and monovalent cations that can only partly be explained by a change in the coupling to Gs proteins.     

五水头孢唑林钠与头孢唑林钠在兔体内的药动学比较

目的:比较五水头孢唑林钠和头孢唑林钠在兔体内的药动学差异。方法:取兔随机分为两组,每组6只,分别耳缘静脉注射五水头孢唑林钠和头孢唑林钠200 mg/kg(以头孢唑林钠计),分别于给药前和给药后5、15、25、35、65、95、125、155、215、275、335 min耳缘静脉取血甲醇沉淀血浆蛋白后,高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,间隔1周后进行交叉实验;采用3p97软件计算药动学参数。结果:五水头孢唑林钠和头孢唑林钠在兔体内的药动学特征均符合二室模型,主要药动学参数分别为t1/2α:18.46、16.06 min,t1/2β:40.85、55.12 min,AUC0-335 min:20 635.30、35 056.86μg·min/ml,CL:0.009 7、0.005 7 L·kg/h;五水头孢唑林钠的相对生物利用度为58.86%,五水头孢唑林钠的AUC0-335 min对数90%置信区间为头孢唑林钠相应参数的95.47%¹06.55%。结论:与头孢唑林钠比较,五水头孢唑林钠在兔体内的消除更快、生物利用度较低,二者生物学不等效。     

替卡西林钠的合成新工艺

目的:制备替卡西林钠。方法:以3-噻吩丙二酸为起始原料,经过酰氯化、酰胺化、成盐反应制得替卡西林单钠。替卡西林单钠与碳酸氢钠在水溶液中反应后,真空冷冻干燥制得替卡西林钠。结果:总收率62.8%,含量>98.0%。结论:该方法制备的替卡西林钠收率高,质量好,易于实现工业化。     

Biopharmaceutics: Cytotoxicity of Absorption Enhancers in Caco-2 Cell Monolayers

This study was performed to evaluate the utility of absorption enhancers with reference to mucosal cell cytotoxicity. Overall assessment of the damage to plasma, lysosomal and nuclear membranes by three absorption enhancers, sodium deoxycholate, sodium caprate and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, was performed on Caco-2 cell monolayers. The cytotoxicities of sodium deoxycholate (0.02–0.1% w/v), sodium caprate (0.1–0.5% w/v) and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (0.5–2% w/v) were evaluated by the trypan blue-exclusion test, the protein-release test, the neutral-red assay, the DNA-propidium iodide staining test and the test for recovery of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) up to 24 h after treatment with each enhancer. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS; 0.1% w/v), a potent surfactant, was used as positive control. SDS at this level was significantly cytotoxic whereas dipotassium glycyrrhizinate was not cytotoxic in any tests. Results from the trypan blue-exclusion and protein-release tests showed that high concentrations of sodium caprate (0.5% w/v) and sodium deoxycholate (0.1% w/v) were significantly cytotoxic to the plasma membrane. The neutral-red assay, an indicator of damage to lysosomal membranes, revealed that 0.5% (w/v) sodium caprate had no effect whereas the uptake of neutral red was slightly increased by treatment with 0.1% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate, implying that the compound had cell-growth-enhancing activity. Nuclear-membrane damage, as evaluated by the DNA-propidium iodide staining test, was severe in cell monolayers treated with 0.5% (w/v) sodium caprate compared with that induced by 0.1% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate. In the TEER recovery test, TEER failed to recover 24 h after treatment with 0.5% (w/v) sodium caprate and 0.1% (w/v) SDS, but recovered after treatment with 0.1% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate. The recovery of TEER might be related to nuclear membrane damage and cell-growth-enhancing activity. These results indicate that of the three classes of enhancer, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate was not cytotoxic and that high concentrations of sodium caprate and sodium deoxycholate could damage plasma and nuclear membranes.     

安乃近微型灌肠剂兔生物利用度研究

以安乃近在兔体内活性代谢物4-甲基氨基安替比林为考察对象,安乃近注射剂为参制剂,测得复方与单方安乃近微型灌肠剂的生物利用度分别为142.68%、70.77%。并对三种制剂中4-甲基氨基安替比林的药时曲线参数进行显著性检验。结果表明盐酸氯丙嗪使安乃近在兔体内代谢速度提高近1倍。     

Induction of DNA synthesis by sodium phenobarbital, uracil, and sodium saccharin in urinary bladder of the F344 rat

DNA synthesis in urothelial cells was determined 2, 4, 6, 10, and 16 weeks following dietary administration of promoters of bladder tumors to weanling male F344 rats. The experimental groups were fed AIN-76A diet or this diet containing 0.15% sodium phenobarbital, 3% uracil, 5% sodium saccharin, 2% sodium bicarbonate, or a combination of 5% sodium saccharin and 2% sodium bicarbonate. Two other groups were given Wayne rodent chow alone or in combination with 5% sodium saccharin. A group of rats given a drinking water containing 0.01% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine served as a positive control. With the exception of phenobarbital which increased the labeling index but did not induce hyperplasia, all other compounds increased the labeling index and induced hyperplasia. The combination of sodium saccharin and sodium bicarbonate was more effective than either compound alone in increasing the labeling index. Sodium saccharin was equally active when incorporated in either the AIN diet or the Wayne rodent chow. The present results suggest that a fundamental mechanism of bladder tumor promotion may be due to an increased DNA synthesis which leads to an increased turnover rate of urothelial cells rather than hyperplasia. However, since sodium saccharin is a promoter when incorporated into the Wayne diet but not into the AIN diet, the ability to stimulate DNA synthesis may be an important but insufficient condition for promotion by saccharin.     

泮托拉唑钠肠溶微丸的制备

以泮托拉唑钠、羟丙甲纤维素、无水碳酸钠、吐温-80、十二烷基磺酸钠和水混合制成主药层包衣溶液.采用流化床包衣技术,对空白丸芯依次包主药层、隔离层和肠溶层,制得泮托拉唑钠肠溶微丸,并优化了处方和工艺.将所得肠溶微丸装入普通胶囊中制成泮托拉唑钠肠溶微丸胶囊,3批制品在pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液中45 min时的释放度分别为(97.6±1.1)%、(98.1±1.3)%、(98.4±1.9)%,在0.1 mol/L盐酸中2h时的释放量分别为(2.9±1.7)%、(2.9±1.4)%、(2.3±2.1)%.     

氧氟沙星与哌拉西林治疗伤寒疗效比较

目的：观察氧氟沙星与哌拉西林治疗伤寒疗效。方法：本院经血、骨髓、粪培养有伤寒杆菌生长的102例住院患者随机分成2组,分别给予氧氟沙星0．2g或哌拉西林4g,加入5％GS250ml ,iv gtt,q12h,疗程14d。观察2组总有效率、细菌清除率、体温恢复正常时间及不良反应。结果：2组总有效率细菌清除率均为100％,体温恢复正常时间2组差异无显著性,不良反应发生率分别为21．2％及16％。结论：氧氟沙星与哌拉西林均为治疗伤寒的有效药物,均有治愈率高、退热快的特点,但哌拉西林的不良反应明显低于氧氟沙星。