肝性腹水与非肝性腹水的鉴别诊断

肝性腹水与非肝性腹水的鉴别诊断周平张木森腹水是临床上常见的体征之一，病因较复杂。尽管约８０％的原因系肝实质性疾病和肝硬化所致〔１〕。但腹水分析仍然是临床上的难题之一。传统的渗出液和漏出液检查，虽然有一定的价值，但对于肝性与非肝性腹水的鉴别诊断并不敏感...     

肝性脑病合并肝性皮质盲11例临床分析

目的 分析失代偿期肝炎肝硬化患者出现肝性脑病合并肝性皮质盲的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析我院近10年来11例失代偿期肝炎肝硬化患者在肝性脑病基础上并发肝性皮质盲的发病率、临床表现、治疗及转归.结果 11例肝性脑病患者肝性皮质盲发病率为3.1%,平均年龄38.8岁,随访2年,6例在2年内死亡,其余5例患者均随其肝性脑病治愈后视力恢复,无后遗症.结论 肝性皮质盲男性较女性多见,中青年患者发病比例较高,该病本身在大多数情况下是可逆的,不留后遗症,其预后取决于原发病.     

原发性肝Ca和肝局灶性增生结节的超声临床对比分析

目的比较原发性肝Ca和肝局灶性增生结节的临床特点,为临床诊断提供理论依据。方法选取我院收治的25例原发性肝Ca患者以及25例肝局灶性增生结节患者,入选病例均经病理学检查确诊,经患者允许,均给予超声造影检查,做好相关记录。结果原发性肝Ca的造影方式表现为典型的快进快退型,肝局灶性增生的造影方式呈中央向周边逐渐充填,除充盈方式不同外,肝局灶性增生病灶的消退时间显著短于原发性肝Ca（P〈0.05）。结论超声造影检查可有效显示肝局灶性结节增生及原发性肝Ca的充填方式及充填过程,能清除鉴别病变类型,值得在临床上应用并且具有较高的临床诊断价值。     

肝性皮质盲12例临床分析

目的探讨肝性皮质盲的临床特点、发病机制及诊治措施。方法对12例肝性皮质盲患者的发病诱因、临床特点、治疗及转归加以分析。结果 12例肝性皮质盲均在重型肝炎或肝硬化基础上发生,其发病率2.05%,起病前多有劳累、消化道出血、高蛋白饮食、不当应用药物等诱因;临床以一过性视觉丧失,可伴有不同程度意识障碍,强光照射及外界恐吓性刺激时眼睛无闭合反应,双侧瞳孔大小相等、对光反应存在,眼底、视觉通路及颅内无器质性病变为特征;积极治疗肝性脑病可100%好转。结论肝性皮质盲发病率低,临床较为罕见,易于漏诊或误诊,一旦罹发,可视为肝性脑病的特殊表现之一     

肝性皮质盲2例

肝性皮质盲又称肝脑眼综合症,是终末期肝病合并肝性脑病的一种特殊表现,临床较少见。我院在近期收治2例,现报告如下： 病例摘要 例1女性,32岁。     

解剖性肝切除在肝癌治疗中临床价值的再认识

肝癌手术切除方式有解剖性切除和非解剖性切除,这两种术式在临床上的具体运用还存在争议。介绍了解剖性和非解剖性肝切除的技术要点。分析了解剖性肝切除对患者无瘤生存率和总体生存率的影响,非解剖性肝切除在合并有基础肝病的肝癌患者中的应用。对肝癌切除术后复发的机制进行了探讨。最后对解剖性肝切除的安全性、非解剖性肝切除和腹腔镜肝切除的优势进行简要总结。对于合并有肝硬化的肝癌患者,需要综合评估其肝功能和肿瘤情况来选择合适的肝癌手术切除方式。     

肝性皮质盲1例

肝性皮质盲又称肝-脑-眼综合征、肝脑中枢盲,是各种重症肝病合并肝性脑病的一种特殊表现,临床较少见。我科在长期收治的肝炎患者中,曾发现一例,现报道如下。     

肝性胸水的特殊类型

肝性胸水的特殊类型湖南省怀化地区第一人民医院彭吉军综述钟嘉惠审校肝性胸水临床上并非少见，但临床误诊率仍达５０％［１］，往往是由于对肝性胸水中一些表现特殊的类型认识不足。作者就国内文献中报道的特殊类型肝性胸水作一概述，以期进一步提高对本病的认识。一、单...     

肝络与肝窦的关系探讨

肝脏通过肝络发挥其渗灌气血、溢泄浊邪功能。肝络病变是各种慢性肝病共同的病理基础。作为肝脏微循环基本单位的肝窦,其在解剖结构、生理功能、病理改变、临床症状等方面的表现,与肝络具有相似和相通性。临床及实验研究证实,基于络病理论论治慢性肝病,不但能改善临床症状,还能减轻或阻断肝窦毛细血管化病理进程。本文从以上角度探讨肝络与肝窦的关系。     

肠道菌群在肝性脑病中的作用机制

肝性脑病临床症状多样,病因及发病机制目前尚未完全清楚,近年来研究发现肠道菌群组成与肝性脑病患者的中枢神经系统改变有关。在近年来国内外相关研究的基础上,从微生物学、神经系统及免疫学的角度分析并总结了肠道菌群通过肝-脑轴对肝性脑病的调控机制,认为深入研究肠道菌群的作用机制对肝性脑病的治疗很有必要,可为临床提供更明确的诊疗依据。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.