气肿性胰腺炎3例报告并文献复习

背景与目的:气肿性胰腺炎(EP)被认为是急性坏死性胰腺炎的一种罕见类型,具有较高的病死率。然而,目前国内外尚未对其进行明确归类,治疗原则方面也无共识。笔者对收治的3例EP患者的临床特征、发病原因、治疗及转归进行总结,以期为今后此类患者的临床诊治提供帮助。方法:回顾性分析收治诊断为EP的3例患者的临床资料并进行相关文献复习与讨论。结果:患者1,男,72岁;因腹痛12 h入院,CT提示急性胰腺炎征象,入院第5 天出现高热,当日复查腹部CT提示胰腺坏死、胰周大范围气体影,急诊行胰周坏死组织清除术,术后28 d出现腹膜后大出血,保守治疗无好转当日自动出院并于当日死亡。患者2,女,70岁;腹痛1 d入院,入院时即表现为感染性休克,入院CT提示胰腺炎伴腹膜后积气影,当日急诊行腹腔镜探查+中转开腹胰腺被膜切开减压+腹腔引流术,术后休克持续加重并出现多脏器功能不全不能纠正,于术后4 d自动出院并于当日死亡。患者3,男,76岁;因腹痛20 h余入院,入院CT提示急性胰腺炎,未见腹膜后气体影。入院9 d复查CT提示胰腺显示不清,胰周积气,给予经皮穿刺置管引流,入院25 d出现腹膜后大出血,给予介入栓塞治疗。入院1个月行剖腹胰周坏死组织清除+横结肠造瘘术,术后1个月痊愈出院。文献报道,EP的病死率可以达到10%～36%,但与病死率相关的风险因素尚未明确,总体上,早发型EP预后差,迟发型EP预后相对较好。结论:EP是一种罕见且危及生命的胰腺坏死性感染,CT是EP诊断的首选,无论是早发型还是迟发型EP,积极的抗菌治疗控制感染,早期经皮穿刺引流等微创治疗及延期外科手术将有助于改善预后。     

肝门静脉积气3例并文献分析

目的 总结分析肝门静脉积气（hepatic portal venous gas,HPVG）的产生原因、诊断及治疗。方法回顾菏泽市立医院2018年3月至2019年10月诊治的3例HPVG病例,结合国内报道的HPVG病例,总结分析HPVG的临床特点、诊治经过和预后。结果 本组3例HPVG中1例由腹腔感染引起,1例由肠坏死肠管扩张引起,1例未找到明确感染灶。1例合并糖尿病,1例虽无糖尿病病史,但入院测得血糖值达33.3 mmol/L。最终治愈1例,死亡2例。加上国内文献报道49例共计52例HPVG中37例原发病为肠坏死、肠梗阻、消化道穿孔、胃扩张、急性阑尾炎等消化道疾病,占比71.15%,创伤、胰腺炎、胆管结石和糖尿病等原因引起者也有报道。所有患者中,手术治疗25例,保守治疗27例;共死亡16例,病死率30.77%。结论 HPVG发病原因以急性胃肠道疾病多见,创伤、胰腺炎、胆管结石和糖尿病等也与HPVG相关。腹部CT或超声均可诊断门静脉积气,评估积气吸收程度首选腹部CT检查。是否手术治疗需根据患者原发病和身体情况而定,建议行血培养和感染组织细菌培养,选择敏感抗生素抗炎治疗,恢复期患者如无禁忌可适当短期口服阿司匹林或皮下注射低分子肝素钙预防门静脉血栓形成。     

急性胰腺炎的CT评价

目的：探讨急性胰腺炎及其并发症的CT表现和急性胰腺炎严重程度的评价方法。方法：回顾CT诊断急性胰腺炎及其并发症、评价急性胰腺炎严重程度的文献。结果：CT增强扫描早期判断胰腺坏死的检测率为90％，而对发病4d后评价胰腺坏死的敏感性几乎为100％，急性胰腺炎CT严重度指数与胰腺局部并发症的发生和急性胰腺炎死亡率有极好的相关性。结论：CT增强扫描能显示胰腺坏死、评价炎性过程的范围和发现局部并发症，是综合评价急性胰腺炎的首选影像学方法。     

急性胰腺炎的研究进展

胰腺环死和脓毒症是急性胰腺炎死亡的主要原因。对急性胰腺炎并发症即胰腺坏死、感染性胰腺坏死、胰腺脓肿和急性假性囊肿等作出精确定义,将有助于这些并发症的鉴别诊断和治疗。     

妊娠晚期合并重症急性胰腺炎24例临床疗效观察

目的:探讨妊娠晚期重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)的临床特点和治疗方法.方法:回顾分析24例妊娠晚期合并SAP患者的临床资料.结果:2例经密切观察,内科保守治疗,顺利出院;4例经保守治疗病情恶化转为手术治疗;18例入院即行手术治疗,术式以终止妊娠、清除坏死组织和胰腺周围置管引流为主.2例母婴死亡,18例母婴临床治愈出院,4例术后婴儿死亡.结论:妊娠晚期发生SAP病情凶险,须及时正确诊断,及早终止妊娠,合理治疗.     

89例急性胆源性胰腺炎治疗体会

目的总结急性胆源性胰腺炎(ABP)的治疗经验。方法我院2005年2月至2009年10月期间收治89例ABP患者,梗阻型ABP 29例,其中2例胆总管下端结石梗阻致坏死型胰腺炎患者,24 h内行开腹或腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)、胆总管切开取石、T管引流、胰腺被膜切开减压、胰腺坏死组织清除;8例肝外胆管结石患者急诊(24~48 h)行内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)+内镜下括约肌切开术(EST)+内镜下鼻胆管引流(ENBD);17例胆囊结石伴胆总管结石及2例胆总管下端占位患者先行内科保守治疗病情得到控制,7 d后行CT、EST或ENBD,择期行LC、胆总管切开取石术、限期内镜胆管内支架放置术或开放根治术。非梗阻型ABP 60例,均为胆囊结石、胆囊炎所致,在入院后3~14 d急性胰腺炎控制后42例行胆囊切除术,18例行保守治疗。结果 29例梗阻型ABP在及时或限时行胆道引流解除梗阻后均使胰腺炎得到控制,病情稳定后行手术治疗,均治愈出院;60例非梗阻型ABP患者中,42例住院行一期胆囊切除术,治愈率达100%,18例保守治疗患者,1个月至1年胰腺炎复发9例,均再次入院,3例保守治疗好转后出院;6例行胆囊切除术,其中LC 4例,开腹胆囊切除术2例,其中5例治愈,1例出现急性呼吸窘迫综合征抢救无效死亡。结论 ABP应根据胆管有无梗阻分型治疗,梗阻型应尽早引流解除胆管梗阻,EST+ENBD能有效解除胆管梗阻控制胰腺炎症;非梗阻型宜积极保守治疗,病情缓解后手术治疗,能有效降低并发症发生率和病死率。     

妊娠合并急性胰腺炎

目:探讨妊娠合并急性胰腺炎的临床特点，治疗原则及预防措施，方法：回顾性分析11例妊娠合并急性胰腺炎的发病特点，辅助检查，治疗方法及结局。结果：8例轻型采用保守治疗，无一例因胰腺炎行剖宫产术，母婴均健康出院；3例重型中2例保守治疗后病情加重，行剖宫产术，1例孕30周，发病1d后胎死宫内，自然分娩，行ERCP乳头切开，胰腺及腹腔引流术，孕妇均治愈。结论：动态观察血尿淀粉酶及B超或CT检查对胰腺炎诊断有重要价值。妊娠合并轻型胰腺炎不是剖宫指征，保守治疗效果好；妊娠合并重型胰腺炎一般需尽早剖宫产终止妊娠，除保守治疗外，适当行胆石清除及引流术，轻型胰腺炎不是剖宫产指征。     

微创技术联合胰周贯穿式灌洗引流治疗感染性胰腺坏死体会

目的 探讨采用微创技术联合胰周贯穿式灌洗引流方式治疗重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）并发感染性胰腺坏死的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016 年2 月至2019 年8 月株洲中心医院6 例SAP并发感染性胰腺坏死患者的临床资料,这些患者均先实施经腹腔及腹膜后途径穿刺置管,联合经皮肾镜或胆道镜行胰周感染坏死组织清除,术后再经过胰周置管行贯穿式灌洗引流,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 6例患者术后感染均得到有效控制,无穿刺及手术并发症,平均接受经皮肾镜下胰腺坏死组织清除术1 次,胆道镜下胰腺坏死组织清除术2.3次,第一次清创术后至拔管时间平均为55 d（36～74 d）。均痊愈出院,随访半年以上无胰腺坏死感染复发,无死亡病例。结论 CT引导下经皮穿刺置管引流,肾镜、胆道镜等微创技术联合胰周贯穿式灌洗引流的方法治疗SAP并发感染性胰腺坏死疗效好且安全,可以在临床中推广应用。     

急性坏死性胰腺炎保守治疗成功1例临床分析及文献复习

目的 总结急性坏死性胰腺炎继发包裹性胰腺坏死的特点、诊断及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析我院1例急性坏死性胰腺炎继发包裹性胰腺坏死的治疗经过,总结包裹性胰腺坏死的发病机制、临床特点及外科治疗并复习近期国内外相关文献.结果 该例包裹性胰腺坏死经保守治疗后自行消退.结论 部分无菌性包裹性胰腺坏死经保守治疗后可自行消退,继发感染时应微创或手术治疗.     

胰体尾伴破骨样巨细胞未分化癌一例

患者女,26岁.因上腹痛4个月,CT检查发现胰腺占位病变3个月于2008年7月28日入院.患者于2008年3月因腹痛伴呕吐就诊,疼痛向左侧背部放射,蜷曲抱膝位可稍减轻,当地医院行B超检查后诊断为急性胰腺炎,经治疗好转出院.出院后仍间断腹痛,2008年4月行腹部Ct和MRI检查发现胰腺占位病变(图1),未行特殊治疗.     

Recurrent hepatic portal venous gas in a patient with hemodialysis- dependent chronic renal failure

We report a case of recurrent hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG). A 51-year-old woman who had been undergoing hemodialysis for 19 years was admitted with abdominal pain. Computed tomography (CT) scans revealed the presence of HPVG, and bowel necrosis was confirmed at operation. After 1 year, the abdominal pain recurred. CT scans on the second admission also revealed HPVG; however, an exploratory laparotomy was negative. Recurring presentation of HPVG in the same patient has not been described previously. Received: October 17, 2000 / Accepted: January 25, 2001     

Role of Computed tomography in predicting prognosis of Hepatic portal venous gas

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to report through 13 cases the particularities of abdominal computed tomography (CT) aspects of hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) and its correlation with patient prognosis.MethodsWe analyzed abundance of HPVG and its association with pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) in correlation with fatal outcome using chi-square tests.ResultsEtiologies were mesenteric infarction (n = 5), sigmoid diverticulitis (n =  1), septic shock (n = 1), postoperative peritonitis (n = 1), acute pancreatitis (n = 1), iatrogenic cause (n = 3) and idiopathic after a laparotomy (n = 1). The outcome was fatal in for 6 patients. Abundance of HPV was expressed in total number of hepatic segments involved. The involvement of 3 or more segments was a sensitive sign for lethal outcome with high sensitivity (100%) but it was not specific (50%). Negative predictive value of this sign was 100% (p ≤ 0.005). Positive predictive value of PI for death was 100% (p ≤ 0.001).DiscussionAbundance of HPVG is correlated with prognosis. The presence of PI announces poor outcome Negative predictive value of presence of HPVG in 3 or more segments is interesting. Predicting prognosis with CT can help surgeons to assess the most adequate treatment. Iatrogenic causes are increasingly described after interventional radiology procedures with favorable course.ConclusionThe first etiology radiologists should look for in front of HPVG involving more than 3 hepatic segments and associated with PI is intestinal necrosis which announces a poor prognosis. This study shows that outside of shock situations, HPVG involving 2 or less hepatic segments without PI predicts a good outcome.     

Acute pancreatitis complicated with splenic rupture: A case report

Atraumatic splenic rupture is an uncommon complication of acute pancreatitis. This report describes the case of a 30-year-old man with acute pancreatitis and splenic vein thrombosis complicated by splenic rupture. The patient was admitted to the emergency department with pain in the upper abdomen that had been present for six hours and was associated with vomiting and sweating. He was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis of alcoholic etiology. Upon computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen, the pancreatitis was scored as Balthazar C grade, and a suspicious area of necrosis affecting 30% of the pancreas with splenic vein thrombosis was revealed. Seventy-two hours after admission, the patient had significant improvement in symptoms. However, he showed clinical worsening on the sixth day of hospitalization, with increasing abdominal distension and reduced hemoglobin levels. A CT angiography showed a large amount of free fluid in the abdominal cavity, along with a large splenic hematoma and contrast extravasation along the spleen artery. The patient subsequently underwent laparotomy, which showed hemoperitoneum due to rupture of the splenic parenchyma. A splenectomy was then performed, followed by ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage.     

Conservative approach to Hepatic Portal Venous Gas: A case report

IntroductionHepatic Portal Venous Gas (HPVG), a rare condition in which gas accumulates in the portal venous circulation, is often associated with a significant underlying pathology, such as Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, pancreatitis, sepsis, intra-abdominal abscess, endoscopic procedures, mesenteric ischemia, abdominal trauma.Presentation of caseHere we report a case of HPVG in an 82-year-old patient who underwent a left colectomy for stenosing tumor of the descending colon. The patient was treated conservatively, and his symptoms resolved. Follow-up computed tomography (CT) scan showed complete resolution of HPVG.DiscussionThe mechanism underlying the passage of the gas from the intestine into the mesenteric, then portal, venous system is not fully understood. Historically, this condition has been related to acute intestinal ischemia, as a consequence of a bacterial translocation through a wall defect.ConclusionThis case underscores the role of conservative management, highlighting how the severity of the prognosis of HPVG should be related to the underlying pathology, and not influenced by the presence of HPVG itself.     

Early nonenhanced abdominal computed tomography can predict mortality in severe acute pancreatitis

We wondered whether nonenhanced computed tomography (CT) within 48 hours of admission could identify individuals at risk for higher mortality from acute pancreatitis. Data from the international phase III study of the platelet-activating factor-inhibitor Lexipafant was used to analyze noncontrast CT versus acute pancreatitis mortality. Nonenhanced CT examinations of the abdomen from the trial were classified by disease severity (Balthazar grades A-E) and then correlated with patient survival. Among the 477 individuals who underwent CT within 48 hours of admission and 220 individuals who did so over the subsequent 6 days, higher CT grades were associated with increased mortality. Each unit increase in Balthazar grade during the initial 48 hours was associated with an estimated increase in the risk of mortality of 33%, and this trend increased to 50% if pancreatic enlargement and peripancreatic stranding (grades B and C) were combined (P < 0.05). CT grade correlated minimally with Ranson, Glasgow, or APACHE II score during the initial 48 hours; however, this correlation improved over 3–8 days. Early nonenhanced abdominal CT in patients with acute pancreatitis is a valuable prognostic indicator of mortality in acute pancreatitis, even among patients without clinical features of severe acute pancreatitis.     

Hepatic inflammatory pseudotumor: A case series

INTRODUCTIONInflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) is a rare lesion consisted of inflammatory and myofibroblastic cells. These lesions may be found in different organs. There are less than 300 described cases.PRESENTATION OF CASECase 1. 64-year-old cirrhotic male with a palpable epigastric mass. CT showed a lesion in liver segments 2 and 3 and left hepatic artery aneurism. Percutaneous embolization and wide spectrum antibiotics were tried, however the lesion grew. Left lateral hepatectomy was performed, and HIPT diagnosed. The patient died due to multiple organ dysfunction. Case 2. 30-year-old male with abdominal pain and fever. CT showed a hepatic hilar lesion. Surgical resection was performed after an ineffectual antibiotic trial, and HIPT was confirmed. The patient is doing well. Case 3. 73-year-old female with abdominal pain and fever. CT showed a 7 cm lesion in the left liver lobe. Unrewarding cancerous screening was performed, and unsuccessful antibiotic course was tried. Resection was performed, and HIPT diagnosed. The patient is doing well. Case 4. 50-year-old cirrhotic male with abdominal pain. CT showed a segment 6 lesion and portal vein thrombosis. Considering cancer as the first hypothesis and the MELD score of 9, segmentectomy was performed. HIPT was the final diagnosis. The patient died due to abdominal sepsis.DISCUSSIONHIPT is a lesion with a vast list of differential diagnosis. Antibiotics are the first line of therapy, although surgery is often necessary. Overall prognosis is good, although comorbidities may worsen it.CONCLUSIONHIPT is a rare and misleading entity.     

Hepatic portal venous gas associated with nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia in a hemodialysis patient

Hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) has been rarely described in chronic hemodialysis patients. We report a case of HPVG in a 59-year-old female patient with hemodialysis-dependent chronic renal failure due to diabetes who presented with acute onset of abdominal pain. Abdominal CT demonstrated the presence of gas in the portal veins. However, on laparotomy, no evidence of bowel necrosis or perforation could be found. HPVG seemed to be caused by nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI), an increasingly recognized complication in hemodialysis patients. The patient responded favorably to intravenous hyperalimentation and antibiotics.     

Severe hyperglycemic shock associated with hepatic portal venous gas

We report a case of hyperglycemic shock associated with hepatic portal venous gas. A 79-year-old woman with post-stroke depression developed severe tachycardiac atrial fibrillation and hypotension due to hypovolemia caused by severe hyperglycemia, as well as showing disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Continuous intravenous infusion of insulin and volume loading with normal saline gradually achieved normalization of the serum glucose level and hemodynamic stability. However, the DIC did not resolve, and abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) in the left lobe of the liver. Surgery was thus considered mandatory. However, because severe hemodynamic lability occurred again immediately after the CT examination, and persisted, surgery could not be performed, and the patient died of septic shock due to bowel perforation. It was concluded that the underlying causes of DIC should be sought promptly, without delay.     

Colonic fistula associated with severe acute pancreatitis: Report of two cases

Colonic fistula is a rare and potentially critical sequela of severe acute pancreatitis, which requires surgical treatment. We report two cases that were successfully treated by a colectomy for colonic fistula associated with severe acute pancreatitis. Case 1 is a 71-year-old man infected with pseudocysts owing to severe acute pancreatitis that developed into a colonic fistula as an early complication with a resulting pancreatic abscess. This patient underwent a left hemicolectomy, a transverse colostomy, and drainage of the pancreatic abscess. He has done well without recurrent disease for 35 months following surgery. Case 2 is a 58-year-old woman who had a past history of drainage during a laparotomy for a pancreatic abscess induced by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 10 years earlier. She was admitted to our hospital with left lateral abdominal pain and low-grade fever. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging showed a retroperitoneal abscess and fistula to the descending colon. She underwent a left hemicolectomy and drainage of the retroperitoneal abscess. She has remained symptom-free for 20 months following surgery. The colonic fistula should therefore be recognized as a late complication during long-term follow-up as well as an early sequela associated with severe acute pancreatitis.