学龄儿童自我意识影响因素的研究

目的：探讨学龄儿童自我意识的影响因素。方法：采用Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表和自制家庭及在校情况问卷，对1326名9－12岁儿童进行现场调查。结果：儿童自我意识及行为、智力与学校情况、合群、幸福与满足等因子，女生得分离于男生；处我意识随年龄增加得分降低；在家庭环境中父母化程度、职业、性格、教养方式、家庭关系等对学龄儿童自我意识均有影响；学校情况中教师态度、学习成绩、与小伙伴关系及好朋友个数等对学龄儿童自我意识亦有明显影响。结论：家庭环境及学校环境对学龄儿童自我意识的形成和发展都起重要的作用，改善家庭及学校环境，可降低儿童因自我意识出现不良倾向引起行为、学习、人格等障碍的发生率。     

回族学龄期儿童自我意识水平及其影响因素分析

【目的】 了解回族学龄期儿童自我意识的发展水平及其影响因素。 【方法】 采用儿童自我意识量表(PHCSS)和自编一般情况调查问卷对495名回族中小学生进行调查分析与评价。 【结果】 回族学龄期儿童自我意识总体水平显著低于全国城市常模(P＜0.001);女生的行为、焦虑、合群3个因子的得分及总分显著高于男生(P＜0.05);随着年级的增高,回族儿童自我意识得分降低;家庭环境因素中父母文化程度、职业、家庭收入、家庭类型对儿童自我意识均有影响;学校因素中学习成绩、师生关系、与同学关系对儿童自我意识的各因子及总分均有明显影响。 【结论】 学龄期儿童正处于自我意识发展的关键时期,营造良好的家庭与学校环境,是提高儿童心理健康水平的有力保障。     

甘肃省学龄期儿童自我意识水平及其影响因素分析

【目的】 了解甘肃省学龄期儿童自我意识的发展水平及其影响因素,为针对性地开展学龄儿童心理发展指导与教育提供参考依据。 【方法】 分层随机整群抽取甘肃省6市县5 435名在校中小学生,采用儿童自我意识量表(Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale,PHCSS)进行调查分析与评价。 【结果】 甘肃省学龄期儿童自我意识总体水平显著低于全国城市常模(P<0.01);女生行为、智力与学校情况、合群、幸福与满足因子及总分显著高于男生(P<0.01);城市儿童自我意识各因子及总分均高于农村儿童(P<0.01);多因素分析表明,学龄儿童自我意识的主要影响因素有父母文化程度、母亲职业、学习成绩、师生关系、同学关系。 【结论】 儿童自我意识的发展与经济、社会发展水平有关,家庭与学校环境是其重要的影响因素。学龄期儿童的自我意识培养是儿童成长过程中的一项重要发展任务。     

智商结构不平衡注意缺陷多动障碍儿童自我意识与家庭环境研究

【目的】探讨智商结构不平衡注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)儿童自我意识与家庭环境的特征。【方法】以操作智商(performance intelligence quotient,PIQ)大于言语智商(verbal intelli-gence quotient,VIQ)15为分组标准,将60例ADHD儿童分为操作智商占优组和智商结构平衡两组,每组30例,以30例正常儿童作为对照。采用儿童自我意识量表和家庭环境量表分别对儿童及家长进行测量。【结果】儿童自我意识评分结果表明,操作智商占优组在行为、智力与学校、合群三个分量表及总分方面显著低于智商平衡组(P0.05)。各组家庭环境评分发现,操作智商占优组家庭亲密度低于智商平衡组(P0.05),家庭矛盾性高于ADHD智商平衡组(P0.05)。【结论】操作智商占优组儿童自我意识更低,家庭环境存在特征。     

影响学龄儿童自我意识的家庭环境因素研究

目的 了解学龄儿童自我意识的现状和家庭环境影响因素，为促进儿童自我意识的正常发展提供科学依据。方法 采取整群随机抽样的方法抽取武汉市4所小学三、四年级学生，应用Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表(PHCSS)和自行设计的儿童自我意识影响因素调查表，对l326名9～12岁儿童进行问卷调查，用FoxPro建立数据库，在SAS软件包中进行统计分析。结果 父母的化程度、性格、教育方式和家庭气氛对儿童自我意识有明显影响。结论 家庭环境对学龄儿童自我意识的形成和发展起重要作用。     

岳阳市学龄儿童行为问题的现状与干预对策研究

【目的】了解岳阳市学龄儿童行为问题现状及其影响因素,提出干预对策。【方法】采用现况调查了解学龄儿童行为问题分布状况,运用病例-对照研究分析其影响因素。【结果】岳阳市学龄儿童行为问题总体现患率为9.19%,其中男性为11.76%,女性为6.59%,男∶女=1.7∶1,农村∶城区=2.84∶1,学龄儿童行为问题的总体构成为"A行为""N行为""M行为",其中男性儿童为"A行为""M行为""N行为",女性儿童则为"N行为""M行为""A行为"。学龄儿童行为问题与单亲家庭呈正相关,而与父母对儿童教育所花精力及对儿童采取说理沟通教育方式呈负相关。【结论】学龄儿童行为问题与年龄和家庭环境因素相关联,构建儿童行为问题干预的"家庭、学校、社会"支持系统,是保障少年儿童行为健康的重要策略。     

学习困难儿童病例对照研究

【目的】了解家庭环境，出生情况和心理行为问题对学习困难（learning disability，LD）儿童的影响，为其综合防治提供依据。【方法】用中国比内测验智力诊断量表（第三次修订本）自编家庭情况问卷为工具，对200例LD儿童家庭情况、出生时情况、幼儿教育进行调查及对他们的智能心理进行测量。【结果】家庭环境对学习困难儿童有一定影响。LD儿童智力心理素质低于正常儿童。【结论】对学习困难儿童应综合调处，改善家庭环境从孕期抓起，防治心理卫生问题。     

早期儿童气质对学龄期儿童行为问题的预测效果初探

【目的】探讨早期儿童气质对学龄期儿童行为问题的预测作用,为儿童气质及儿童行为问题的临床咨询与指导提供参考。【方法】孕母满32周进入研究队列,采用Carey儿童气质问卷、家庭环境量表分别在婴儿期、学龄前期、学龄期评价儿童气质及其家庭环境,并使用CBCL儿童行为问题量表对学龄期儿童行为问题进行评价。【结果】1)逐步多元回归分析发现,婴儿期气质"节律性"、学前期气质"反应强度"、母亲年龄、8岁时家庭"父母情绪"、2岁时家庭"父母参与"与学龄期儿童行为问题有显著联系,共同解释56.6%的学龄期儿童行为问题。2)婴儿期阶段,气质"节律性"和"情绪性"、1岁家庭环境"总分"、母亲年龄预测学龄儿童行为问题,可以解释学龄期儿童行为问题的33%;学前期,气质"反应强度"、母亲年龄和3岁时家庭"父母参与"可以预测学龄儿童行为问题,解释学龄期儿童行为问题的34.3%;学龄期时,气质"适应性"、"坚持性"、母亲年龄和家庭"教育材料"与学龄行为问题有密切联系,可解释学龄期儿童行为问题的38.4%。儿童早期气质特点联合家庭环境("父母参与"、"父母情绪"和"教育材料")、母亲年龄以及儿童性别等因素对学龄期儿童行为问题具有较显著的预测作用。【结论】为减少儿童行为问题的发生,应及早对高龄母亲、家庭养育环境不良、具有消极气质特点的男童采取积极干预。     

影响学龄儿童自我意识发展的相关因素分析

【目的】探讨学龄儿童自我意识发展与父母教育心理之间特定的联系，以便有针对性地提出培训计划和干预措施。[方法]选用Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表，子女教育心理控制源量表（Parenting．Locus and Control scale，PLOC）,为629名学龄儿童及其家长进行了测查分析与评价。【结果】自我意识偏离儿童的父母在教育引导子女方面存在一定的心理偏颇，主要反映在不能认识或实现其对子女教育成效和对子女行为控制两方面（P〈0．01）。【结论】学龄儿童自我意识发展和心理健康是一个不容忽视的的问题。     

中山市2~3岁儿童的家庭养育环境与其气质相关性的调查分析

【目的】 探讨家庭养育环境因素与幼儿气质的相关性,为儿童保健工作及家庭养育提供参考。 【方法】 采用中国幼儿气质量表(CTTS)测查儿童气质,结合一般情况问卷和家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)调查入组幼儿的家庭养育环境,并分析家庭养育环境与儿童气质特质的相关性。 【结果】 家庭环境中的亲密度因子分与幼儿气质维度中的反应阈呈正相关,情感表达与注意分散呈正相关,成功性与节律性、持久性呈正相关,知识性与适应性呈负相关,道德宗教水平与活动水平呈正相关(P均<0.05)。 【结论】 幼儿气质特征的多个维度与家庭养育环境特征有一定关联性,提示家庭氛围和养育态度等因素对幼儿气质的形成有一定影响。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.