原子吸收法及原子荧光法测定血余炭中5种重金属及有害元素的含量

目的建立血余炭中5种重金属及有害元素（铅、镉、砷、汞、铜）的测定方法,同时测定了12份血余炭中5种重金属及有害元素（铅、镉、砷、汞、铜）的含量。方法样品经微波消解,采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定铅、镉,采用火焰原子吸收法测定铜,采用原子荧光法测定砷、汞。结果 5种重金属及有害元素的回收率为90.8%～101.9%,相对标准偏差为3.4%～6.4%。结论所测12份血余炭中5种重金属及有害元素含量多数超出药典规定的6种中药材的限量要求。     

原子吸收法及原子荧光法测定参附注射液中5种重金属及有害元素的残留量

建立参附注射液中5种重金属及有害元素(铅、镉、砷、汞、铜)的测定方法。样品经微波消解,采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定铅、镉、铜;采用原子荧光法测定砷、汞。5种重金属及有害元素的回收率为94.8%~111.5%。该方法简便、准确、可较好的用于参附注射液中重金属及有害元素的测定。     

原子吸收法测定中药材中6种重金属及有害元素的残留量

目的:建立中药中6种重金属及有害元素(铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、锑)的检测方法,测定6种中药材中的残留含量。方法:样品经微波消解,采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定铅、镉、锑;采用氢化物-原子吸收法测定砷;采用冷原子吸收法测定汞;采用火焰原子吸收法测定铜,并对测定方法进行了方法学考察。结果:6种重金属及有害元素的回收率为79.0%～125.8%,RSD 为0.8%～14.6%。结论:该方法简便,准确,可较好地用于中药重金属及有害元素残留量的测定。     

电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定不同产地的山茱萸中6种有害微量元素的含量

目的 建立电感耦合等离子发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定山茱萸(Fructus Corni)中的铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、铬等6种有害微量元素含量的方法,并比较不同产地山茱萸中的铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、铬等6种有害元素的含量,为制定中药材重金属限量标准提供数据.方法 采用恒压消解罐消解法处理供试品,用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定4个产地10个批号山茱萸中的铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、铬等6种有害元素的含量.结果 6种元素线性关系良好,r在0.998 9～0.999 7;回收率在91.50%～110.6%;RSD均小于5%.结论 本方法灵敏度高,准确度和重复性好,可作为山茱萸中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、铬等6种有害元素的定量测定方法.     

湿润烧伤膏原料药中5种有害元素的分析研究

目的测定湿润烧伤膏原料药中的5种有害元素并评价其质量。方法样品经微波消解后,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法进行全定量测定,进而对其原料药有害元素的量进行控制。结果测定了罂粟壳等7种原料药22批次样品,不同样品、不同批次铅、砷、汞、镉、铜含量各异,分析结果对产品质量控制有指导意义。结论中药材中有毒元素超标问题相当严重,必须在中药材生产过程中予以高度重视。     

微波消解和电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定阿胶中6种有害元素

目的检测阿胶中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、铬6种有害元素的含量。方法采用微波消解和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法同时测定阿胶中6种有害元素的含量。结果铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、铬6种元素的检测限分别为0.027,0.003,0.067,0.002,0.040,0.038ng/g,线性关系良好(r≥0.9990),加样回收率均为85%~115%,RSD小于15%。结论该方法准确、灵敏、简便,可用于阿胶中有害元素的检测。     

元胡止痛胶囊中重金属、有害元素的测定

目的为了解市售元胡止痛胶囊中重金属及有害元素的含量。方法采用原子吸收分光光度法和原子荧光光谱法,建立铅、镉、砷、汞、铜及铬等的含量测定方法。结果建立的方法回收率在91.2%~111.2%之间,精密度实验RSD均小于5%,各元素测定范围内线性关系良好。该测定方法稳定性和重复性良好。元胡止痛胶囊中铅、镉、铜含量有不同程度超标,砷、汞、铬含量符合要求。结论该方法简单易行,方便快捷。现行的元胡止痛胶囊质量标准还需建立铅、镉、砷、汞、铜及铬的含量限度。本方法所建立的重金属及有害元素测定方法为元胡止痛胶囊的质量控制及安全性评价提供参考。     

黄柏、牡丹皮和白鲜皮中重金属及砷盐的形态分析

目的了解黄柏、牡丹皮和白鲜皮中铅、镉、铬、铜、汞等重金属和砷盐存在的化学形态及其分布。方法采用Tessier连续提取法制备样品,铅、镉、铬、铜、砷、汞均采用原子吸收分光光度法测定。结果黄柏样品中含量最高的为铅,以离子交换态为主,最低为汞,以残渣态为主;牡丹皮中铜含量最高,以有机结合态为主,汞含量最低;白鲜皮中铅含量最高,以离子交换态为主,汞含量最低。3种药材中砷盐的含量均高于汞,而小于其他重金属。结论各有害元素以总量为指标评价药材的安全性有失偏颇。     

微波消解-ICP-MS法测定桑寄生中6种有害元素含量

目的 测定中药饮片桑寄生中有害元素铅、铬、汞、砷、铜、镉的含量.方法 采用微波消解技术进行前处理,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术同时测定桑寄生中6种有害元素的含量.结果 本实验中15批次桑寄生样品种6种元素的平均含量符合铜>砷>铅>汞>铬>镉.结论 微波消解-ICP-MS法能够同时测定桑寄生中6种有害元素的含量,具有高效快速、稳定准确的特点,对中药桑寄生的质量控制有一定的指导意义.     

ICP-AES测定羚羊感冒胶囊及羚羊角中6种有害微量元素的含量

目的建立电感耦合等离子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定羚羊感冒胶囊及羚羊角中的铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、铬等6种有害微量元素的含量,为制订中药材重金属限量标准提供参考数据。方法采用恒压消解罐消解法处理供试品,用ICP-AES测定铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、铬等6种有害元素的含量。结果 6种元素线性关系良好,回收率在88.2%～95.7%;RSD均小于5%。结论该法灵敏度高,准确度和重复性好,所测数据结果为制订中药重金属限量标准提供了参考,有助于保证药材质量,加速中药的国际化进程。     

Simultaneous Coexposure to Inorganic Mercury and Cadmium: A Study of the Renal and Hepatic Disposition of Mercury and Cadmium

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of simultaneous coexposure to inorganic mercury and cadmium on the renal and hepatic disposition of each metal. Dispositional changes were assessed in rats 1 h and 24 h after the coexposure to relatively low doses of the metals (which individually are nonnephrotoxic in rats). The rational for studying mercury and cadmium is that both of these metals are encountered frequently in the same contaminated areas. Coadministration of a 0.5-µmol/kg dose of mercuric chloride with a 10-µmol/kg dose of cadmium chloride resulted in a decrease in the net renal accumulation of inorganic mercury at 1 and 24 h after exposure. Assessment of the disposition of both metals in renal zones indicates that the decreased renal accumulation of inorganic mercury was due specifically to changes in the accumulation of mercury in the renal cortex. Coexposure to inorganic mercury and cadmium also caused both the hepatic accumulation of mercury and the urinary excretion of mercury to increase during the initial 24 h after coexposure. During the initial 1 h after coexposure, the content of mercury in the blood was enhanced significantly. However, by the end of the first 24 h after exposure, the content of mercury in the blood was lower than that in animals treated with only inorganic mercury, likely due to the increased urinary excretion of mercury. Interestingly, with the exception of decreased fecal excretion of cadmium, no other changes in the disposition of cadmium were detected in the animals treated with both mercury and cadmium. These novel findings indicate that at the doses of inorganic mercury and cadmium used in the present study, cadmium has profound effects on the renal and hepatic handling of mercury. Based on the present findings, it appears that cadmium [by some currently unknown mechanism(s)] interferes with the luminal and/or basolateral uptake and/or net accumulation of mercury along S 1 and S 2 segments of the proximal tubules, which results in an overall decrease in the renal burden of mercury and an increased rate in the urinary excretion of mercury.     

人参等10种中药材及饮片中重金属及有害元素测定

目的：采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）法测定人参、白茅根、白头翁、苍术、大黄、骨碎补、苦参、龙胆、红参、肉苁蓉10种中药材及饮片中重金属及有害元素的含量。方法：采用微波消解法对样品进行前处理,电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）法对500批中药材及饮片中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜5种重金属及有害元素进行含量测定,并对样品中镍、铬、钡3种金属元素含量进行考察,应用SPSS19.0软件对数据结果进行统计学分析。结果：同一品种8种元素测定值与来源（野外采集、基地种植与市售饮片）及产地无明显相关性。500批样本测定结果显示：铅、镉、砷、汞、铜元素总超标率分别为6.60%、25.20%、1.00%、0.00%、0.40%;元素残留量与药材品种存在一定的相关性,镉元素在白头翁、苍术、骨碎补、龙胆药材中容易蓄积,而铅元素易在白头翁药材中蓄积残留,导致残留量较高。大黄、白头翁、龙胆中钡元素、镍元素、铬元素含量均明显高于其他品种。汞均未超出0.2 mg·kg^-1;除5批样本外,砷均未超出2 mg·kg^-1;除2批样本外,铜均未超出20 mg·kg^-1,表明上述10种中药材及饮片中砷、汞、铜元素残留方面的安全隐患较低。结论：有必要对中药材及饮片中部分重金属元素的含量加以监管,以保证中药的品质和临床用药安全。该方法准确、简便、灵敏,可为中药材及饮片中重金属及有害元素的检测与控制提供参考。     

Lead,Cadmium and Nickel Contents of Some Medicinal Agents

Thirty nine brands of pharmaceutical dosage forms (28 tablets, 4 syrups, 6 suspensions and one chewing gum) that are available in United Arab Emirates pharmaceutical markets were investigated for the presence of three heavy metals; lead, cadmium and nickel. Amongst the samples, 13 products were manufactured locally in United Arab Emirates and 26 products were imported from around the world. The samples were prepared by acid digestion procedure and the resultant solutions were analyzed for heavy metals by using a validated graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric method. Calibration curves were achieved using different concentration of lead, nickel and cadmium ranged from 0.001 to 0.05 μg/ml. The mean recoveries of metals from the samples were 86.4 to 97%. The %relative standard deviation for the intraassay and interday precision for the metals were <5%. Amongst the 39 samples of pharmaceutical dosage form all exhibited a positive response for lead, cadmium and nickel except three products whose Ni levels were below quantification level. The products contained variable amounts of heavy metals as of 0.0017 to 11.88 μg lead; 0.0011 to 0.5559 μg cadmium and 0.0011 to 2.6428 μg nickel, respectively. Based on maximum recommended daily dose (g) of these products, maximum daily ingested mass of lead was 0.0034 to 11.88 μg/d, 0.0013 to 0.56 μg/d for cadmium and 0.0011 to 2.64 μg/d for nickel, respectively. The results were compared with those of oral permitted daily exposure levels of United State Pharmacopeial National Formulary 2013. All the products were safe to consume and contained lower level of lead, cadmium and nickel than Oral Permitted Daily Exposure levels, except three products which showed higher level of lead than oral permitted daily exposure levels. Hence the raw materials used in manufacturing of these medicinal agents might be responsible for the presence of higher level of lead.     

Simultaneous coexposure to inorganic mercury and cadmium: a study of the renal and hepatic disposition of mercury and cadmium

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of simultaneous coexposure to inorganic mercury and cadmium on the renal and hepatic disposition of each metal. Dispositional changes were assessed in rats 1 h and 24 h after the coexposure to relatively low doses of the metals (which individually are nonnephrotoxic in rats). The rational for studying mercury and cadmium is that both of these metals are encountered frequently in the same contaminated areas. Coadministration of a 0.5- micromol/kg dose of mercuric chloride with a 10- micromol/kg dose of cadmium chloride resulted in a decrease in the net renal accumulation of inorganic mercury at 1 and 24 h after exposure. Assessment of the disposition of both metals in renal zones indicates that the decreased renal accumulation of inorganic mercury was due specifically to changes in the accumulation of mercury in the renal cortex. Coexposure to inorganic mercury and cadmium also caused both the hepatic accumulation of mercury and the urinary excretion of mercury to increase during the initial 24 h after coexposure. During the initial 1 h after coexposure, the content of mercury in the blood was enhanced significantly. However, by the end of the first 24 h after exposure, the content of mercury in the blood was lower than that in animals treated with only inorganic mercury, likely due to the increased urinary excretion of mercury. Interestingly, with the exception of decreased fecal excretion of cadmium, no other changes in the disposition of cadmium were detected in the animals treated with both mercury and cadmium. These novel findings indicate that at the doses of inorganic mercury and cadmium used in the present study, cadmium has profound effects on the renal and hepatic handling of mercury. Based on the present findings, it appears that cadmium [by some currently unknown mechanism(s)] interferes with the luminal and/or basolateral uptake and/or net accumulation of mercury along S1 and S2 segments of the proximal tubules, which results in an overall decrease in the renal burden of mercury and an increased rate in the urinary excretion of mercury.     

石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定阿莫西林胶囊中微量铅、镉的含量

目的:建立测定阿莫西林胶囊中微量铅、镉的方法。方法:采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法。检测波长铅为283.3nm,镉为228.8nm;灯电流为2.0mA;狭缝宽度为0.4nm。结果:铅浓度在0～10.0ng·mL-1、镉浓度在0～0.5ng·mL-1范围内与吸光度呈良好线性关系;平均加样回收率分别为98.0%(RSD=1.0%,n=9)、97.8%(RSD=0.99%,n=9)。结论:石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定阿莫西林胶囊中微量铅、镉,方法准确、简单、灵敏,被测溶液稳定性好。     

石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定不同产地土牛膝中铅、镉的含量

目的:建立测定不同产地土牛膝中铅、镉含量的方法。方法:采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法。结果:标样中铅、镉的浓度与吸光度各呈良好的线性关系。其中铅的线性范围为0～80.00μg·L-1(r=0.9996),相对标准偏差(n=10)为0～5.00%,加标回收率为95%～101%;镉的线性范围为0～7.000μg·L-1(r=0.9982),相对标准偏差(n=10)为1.00%～5.00%,加标回收率为98%～103%。结论:本法简单易行、方便快捷、灵敏度和精密度高、选择性好,结果令人满意。     

蒙药阿给(冷蒿)炒炭前后无机元素含量及溶出率的变化

目的研究炒炭对蒙药阿给制剂中抗出血活性成分——无机元素的影响,并初步探讨阿给炭药止血作用强于生药的原因。方法采用HNO3-HClO4消解样品,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定其中钾、钙、镁、锌、铁、锰、铜、铝8种无机元素的含量,并计算各元素的溶出率。结果阿给炒炭后,各无机元素的含量均升高,其中钙、镁、锌3种元素含量分别上升至生药的1.23倍、1.25倍及4.32倍;而各元素的溶出率均明显降低,其中锰的溶出率差异最大,炭药仅为生药的11.47%。结论阿给中与止血作用有关的无机元素含量丰富,且炮制后含量增加,这与其药理作用一致。但炒炭后各元素的溶出率较低,建议直接以炭的形式用药。     

原子吸收光谱法测定小活络丸中重金属的含量

目的:测定34家企业生产的小活络丸中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜的含量。方法:采用微波消解样品,石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定铅、镉、砷的含量;氢化物原子吸收分光光度法测定汞的含量;空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定铜的含量。结果:34家企业生产的小活络丸中,铅、镉、砷、汞均有不同程度的超出规定限度。结论:该方法简单、准确,可用于小活络丸中重金属的含量测定。     

石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定维生素C原料中微量铅、镉含量

目的 建立石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定维生素C原料中微量铅、镉的分析方法.方法 检测波长铅为283.3 nm、镉为228.8 nm,灯电流为2.0 mA,狭缝宽度为0.4 nm.结果 铅质量浓度在0.0~10.0 ng/mL、镉质量浓度在0.0~0.5 ng/mL范围内与吸光度呈较好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为98.6%和97.8%,RSD分别为1.1%和1.5%(n=9).结论 石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定维生素C原料中微量铅、镉,方法准确、简单、灵敏,被测溶液稳定性好.     

HPLC法检查苯甲酸阿格列汀原料药的有关物质

目的:建立检查苯甲酸阿格列汀原料药中有关物质的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱梯度洗脱法。色谱柱为C18,流动相A为0.2%磷酸溶液(pH 3.0),流动相B为乙腈,以1.0 ml/min流速进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为225 nm,进样量为20μl。采用不加校正因子主成分自身对照法检查特定杂质F-1的量。结果:苯甲酸阿格列汀与F-1及其他未知杂质均分离良好,前二者检查质量浓度线性范围分别为0.187 2⁰.748 8、0.184 50.748 8、0.184 5⁰.738 0μg/ml(r=0.999 7、0.999 9);F-1的检测限和定量限分别为2.5、7.5 ng,平均回收率为100.9%(RSD=1.10%,n=3);3批样品中F-1量均≤0.06%。结论:建立的方法灵敏快速、结果准确可靠,可作为苯甲酸阿格列汀原料药的有关物质检查方法。