北京市区大气细菌与真菌粒子关系的研究

用ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ生物粒子采样器在北京西单对大气细菌和真菌粒子的浓度、浓度分布、粒度分布及二者之间的关系进行了一年（１９８７－１１－０３～１９８８－０８－０１）的观测和研究。结果表明，西单大气细菌粒子年平均浓度为大气真菌粒子年平均浓度的２．６倍，一年中大气细菌粒子浓度与大气真菌粒子浓度的相关系数为０．３２９，呈正相关关系。大气细菌粒子的浓度和粒度均为正偏态分布，大气真菌粒子的浓度和粒度均为对数正态分布，＞８．２μｍ的粗粒浓度，大气细菌为１６３３个／ｍ３，大气真菌为１７９个／ｍ３，大气细菌为大气真菌的９．１倍。大气细菌粒子的四季浓度均大于大气真菌粒子的四季浓度，不同季节的大气细菌和真菌粒子浓度的相关系数为０．９５６，呈明显的正相关关系。一天内，大气细菌粒子浓度呈双峰变化，大气真菌粒子浓度呈单峰变化，一天中的大气细菌和真菌粒子浓度的相关系数为０．０１５，相关关系不明显。     

沉降法测定大气真菌粒子含量公式的检验

在沈阳市对作者提出的由大气真菌粒子的沉降量计算大气真菌粒子含量的公式进行了检验。结果表明，在沈阳市由作者公式计算的大气真菌粒子含量为１８２４个／ｍ￣３，Ａ·Ｓ采样器测定的大气真菌粒子含量为１８０７个／ｍ￣３　，二者之间的比值为１．０，ｔ＝０．０９８，Ｐ＞０．５０，两种方法得出的大气真菌粒子的含量非常相近。经验证，本公式是一个准确、简便的计算大气真菌粒子含量的公式。     

沉隆法测定大气真菌粒子含量公式的检验

在沈阳市对作者提出了的由大气真菌粒子的沉降量计算大气真菌粒子含量的公式进行了检验。结果表明，在沈阳市由作者公式计算的大气真菌粒子含量为１８２４个／ｍ＾３，Ａ．Ｓ采样器测定的大气真菌粒子含量为１８０７个／ｍ＾３，二者之间的比值为１．０，ｔ＝０．０９８，Ｐ〉０．５０，两种方法得出的大气真菌粒子的含量非常相近。经验证，本公式是一个准确、简便的计算大气真菌粒子含量的公式。     

女性非吸烟者中被动吸烟与肺癌关系的探讨

为了探索非吸烟者中肺癌发病原因，采用病例对照的方法对北京市ＳＩＮＯ－ＭＯＮＩＣＡ项目监测人群中的肺癌病例进行了调查，分析结果显示被动吸烟与非吸烟女性患肺癌有一定阳性关联（ＯＲ＝２．５２，Ｐ＜０．０５），并随被动吸烟年支的增加而上升，当达２００年支以上时有显著统计学意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。环境香烟烟雾（ＥＴＳ）诱发肺腺癌的可能性较大（ＯＲ＝２．３２，Ｐ＜０．０５），而与肺鳞癌似无关系（ＯＲ＝１．０４，Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

选择性PTCA逆转心梗后左室重构疗效观察

经皮冠脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）能否逆转冠心病（ＣＡＤ）患者的左室重构（ＬＶＲＭ）,目前尚无一致认识。 文章对成功地实施选择性ＰＴＣＡ的２５例患者,应用二维超声心动图（２ＤＥ）动态观察其围ＰＴＣＡ期左室射血分数 （ＬＶＥＦ）、每搏量（ＳＶ）、左室舒张末容积（ＬＶＥＤＶ）及左室收缩末容积（ＬＶＥＳＶ）的演变。发现扩大的左室容积在围 术期中明显缩小,其中ＬＶＲＭ者（ｎ＝７）术后ＬＶＥＳＶ首先回缩（Ｐ＜０．０５）,随后ＬＶＥＳＶ及ＬＶＥＤＶ均缩小显著（均 Ｐ＜０．０１）;而无ＬＶＲＭ者（ｎ＝８）、ＬＶＥＤＶ及ＬＶＥＳＶ无变化（均Ｐ＝ＮＳ）。无论有无ＬＶＲＭ,围术期ＬＶＥＦ及ＳＶ 均无变化（皆Ｐ＝ＮＳ）。提示在选择性ＰＴＣＡ围术期中,ＬＶＲＭ可获明显减轻;反映左室功能改善的２ＤＥ指标中, ＬＶＥＳＶ及ＬＶＥＤＶ较ＬＶＥＦ及ＳＶ敏感。     

女怀非吸烟者中被动吸烟与肺癌关系的探讨

为了探索非吸烟中肺癌发病原因，采用病例对照的方法对北京市ＳＩＮＯ＿ＭＯＮＩＣＡ则人群中的肺癌病例进行了调查，分析结果显示动吸吸烟与非吸烟女性患肺癌有一定的阳性关联（ＯＲ＝２．５２，Ｐ〈０．０５），并随被动吸烟年支的增中而上升，当达２００年支以上时有显统计学意义（Ｐ〈０．０５）。环境香烟烟雾（ＥＴＳ）诱发肺腺癌的可能性较大（ＯＲ＝２．３２，Ｐ〈０．０５），而与肺鳞似无关系（ＯＲ＝１．０４，Ｐ〈０     

国产六级安德森空气微生物采样器的简化使用效果观察

在室内外自然空气环境条件下，我们取６级安德森采样器的第２级和第６级组装成２级采样器．并和标准的６级采佯器进行捕获效果的比较、结果表明，两种采样器对空气细菌（５８９～５０００ｃｆｕ／ｍ３）和真菌（２２４～９８９ｃｆｕ／ｍ３）颗粒的捕获效果无明显差别（Ｐ＞０．０５）且呈显著的相关。     

新生儿行为神经测定对脑细胞生长素治疗新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病的评价

为了通过新生儿行为神经测定（ＮＢＮＡ）评定脑细胞生长素治疗新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病（ＨＩＥ）的疗效， 将５８例ＨＩＥ患儿随机分为对照组、观察组，两组一般治疗相同，在此基础上对照组加用胞二磷胆碱治疗，观察组加用 脑细胞生长素治疗，两组分别在治疗前、治疗结束后进行ＮＢＮＡ测定。结果：对照组与观察组治疗前ＮＢＮＡ比较无显 著性差异（ｔ＝０．８５０，Ｐ＞０．０５），治疗后比较有显著性差异（ｔ＝２．３８５，Ｐ＜０．０５）。脑细胞生长素是治疗新生儿ＨＩＥ的 有效手段之一。     

NIDDM患者血浆纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI-1)与并发冠心病关系的探讨

为明确血浆纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂－１（ＰＡＩ－１）在ＮＩＤＤＭ发生冠心病中所起的作用，并分析其影响因素。将６０例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者分为冠心病（ＣＡＤ）组和非ＣＡＤ组，用底物发光法检测血浆ＰＡＩ－１及组织型纤溶酶原（ｔ－ＰＡ），同时检测血糖、血胰岛素、血脂等指标。结果表明：ＣＡＤ组血浆ＰＡＩ－１活性水平明显高于非ＣＡＤ组，分别为１０．０６±２．５与８．０８±２．６２，单位Ａｕ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１。两组ｔ－ＰＡ相似。在ＣＡＤ组，血浆ＰＡＩ－１活性与空腹胰岛素、胰岛素敏感指数均相关，相关系数分别为０．２４（Ｐ＜０．０５）与－０．３（Ｐ＜０．０１），且与甘油三酯呈正相关（ｒ＝０．２４，Ｐ＜０．０５），和ＡｐｏＢ正相关（ｒ＝０．５１，Ｐ＜０．０５）。血浆ＰＡＩ－１活性水平的升高与ＮＩＤ－ＤＭ发生ＣＡＤ危险性存在相关。胰岛素抵抗状态、高胰岛素血症、高ＴＧ水平都可刺激血浆ＰＡＩ－１活性的升高，而高血糖对其无直接的作用。ＡｐｏＢ参与ＰＡＩ－１活性改变这一过程，并在ＣＡＤ发生中可能介导其它脂质异常刺激ＰＡＩ－１升高的作用。     

β-胡萝卜素和核黄素对大鼠脂质过氧化的影响

目的：进一步探讨亚硝胺通过脂质过氧化而致癌的可能途径,以及研究β－胡萝卜素（β－Ｃ）和核黄素（ＶＢ２）通过抑制脂质过氧化反应而影响亚硝胺致癌的可能途径。方法：将５０只二级ＳＤ雄性大鼠随机分成５组。实验组在每日灌胃二甲基亚硝胺（ＮＤＭＮ）１．７５ｍｇ／ｋｇ的基础上,每日分别给予β－Ｃ２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ和／或ＶＢ２１８ｍｇ／ｋｇ补充,实验期为２８天。实验结束时,收集血液,摘取肝脏和肾脏,测红细胞和肝肾匀浆ＳＯＤ活性,全血ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性,血清和肝肾匀浆ＭＤＡ含量,血清ＲＯＯＨ以及全血Ｈｂ含量。结果：１．ＮＤＭＮ可使ＳＯＤ和ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）,ＭＤＡ和ＲＯＯＨ产生增多（Ｐ＜０．０５）。２．添加β－Ｃ后,ＳＯＤ和ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性有明显提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,ＭＤＡ和ＲＯＯＨ的含量明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。３．添加ＶＢ２后,肝ＳＯＤ和全血ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性均有明显提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,但ＭＤＡ和ＲＯＯＨ的含量没有差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。４．同时补充β－Ｃ和ＶＢ２后,各项指标的变化与单纯β－Ｃ组基本一致。结论：脂质过氧化也是亚硝胺致癌的途径之一;一定剂量的β－Ｃ可对抗ＮＤＭＮ引发的脂质过氧化;核黄素对提高抗氧化?     

Evaluation of bedmaking-related airborne and surface methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus contamination

The number of airborne methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) before, during and after bedmaking was investigated. Air was sampled with an Andersen air sampler in the rooms of 13 inpatients with MRSA infection or colonization. Sampling of surfaces, including floors and bedsheets, was performed by stamp methods. MRSA-containing particles were isolated on all the sampler stages-stage 1 (>7 microm diameter) to stage 6 (0.65-1.1 microm). The MRSA-containing particles were mostly 2-3 microm diameter before bedmaking and >5 microm during bedmaking. The number was significantly higher 15 min after bedmaking than during the resting period, but the differences in counts after 30 and 60 min were not significant. MRSA was detected on many surfaces. The results suggest that MRSA was recirculated in the air, especially after movement. To prevent airborne transmission, healthcare staff should exercise great care to disinfect inanimate environments. Further studies will be needed to confirm the level of MRSA contamination of air during bedmaking and establish measures for prevention of airborne transmission.     

Field comparison of inhalable and total dust samplers for assessing airborne dust in swine confinement barns

Inhalable and total dust sampling devices were compared for evaluating airborne dust in swine confinement buildings. Measurements from three swine facilities (n = 77 paired means) were obtained by area sampling using the IOM (Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, U.K.) inhalable dust sampler and a 37-mm closed-face total (TCF) dust sampler. The overall geometric mean IOM concentration (1.18 mg/m(3), geometric standard deviation [GSD] = 2.00) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than the overall geometric mean TCF concentration (1.08 mg/m(3), GSD = 1.98). Regression analysis with IOM and TCF values as independent and dependent variables, respectively, yielded a factor of 0.86 (+/-0.04 95% confidence interval), which can be used to estimate TCF values from the IOM measurements. Additional paired sampling data were obtained to compare the following pairs of dust samplers: (1) IOM sampler and conical inhalable sampler (CIS) (n = 20 paired means), (2) IOM and open-face total (TOF) dust samplers (n = 14), (3) CIS and TCF samplers (n = 19), and (4) TCF and TOF samplers (n = 8). Paired t-tests showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher IOM concentrations than the CIS sampler; no significant difference (P > 0.05) was found for the other three pairs compared. It may be necessary to establish work-specific conversion coefficients to obtain a reasonable estimate of worker exposure to total dust from measurements using other types of dust sampling devices.     

Airborne aflatoxin in corn processing facilities in Georgia

Problems affecting the health of agricultural workers in processing facilities where grains are contaminated with aflatoxin have been noted previously. Airborne particulates produced during processing are reported to produce various carcinomas when inhaled by factory workers. Two corn processing plants within Georgia were surveyed during the fall of 1984 and 1985 with utilization of an Andersen 6-stage air sampler, a high-volume air sampler and a slit sampler. No airborne aflatoxin was found; however, 10% of settled dust samples were contaminated with aflatoxin. The average particles were found to be globular in shape with an effective diameter between 2 to 3 microns. Only 30% of the bulk corn samples contained aflatoxin, which was present at low levels (0.15 to 8 ppb).     

Evaluation of airborne operating room bacteria with a Biap slit sampler.

A Biap slit sampler and a Casella Mk 2 slit sampler were studied in an orthopaedic operating theatre. Both showed similar bacterial counts in the range of 74-640 c.f.u. (colony forming units)/m3. During operations, as average count of 220 c.f.u./m3 (range 52-482) was obtained. A close relationship was demonstrated between the number of airborne bacteria and the frequency of traffic through doors.     

Assessment of personal direct-reading dust monitors for the measurement of airborne inhalable dust

The performances of five portable direct-reading dust monitors were investigated in a wind tunnel for a range of industrial dusts and three sizes of aluminium oxide test dust to mainly determine their suitability for measuring the inhalable fraction of airborne dust in workplaces. The instruments tested were Split 2 (SKC Ltd), Sidepak (TSI Inc.), Dataram (Thermo Electron Ltd), PDS-2 (Sibata Scientific Technology Ltd) and the Respicon TM (Hund Ltd). The instruments' responses were compared with reference dust samplers. These were the IOM sampler for the inhalable fraction and the Casella cyclone sampler for the respirable fraction. All instruments are predominantly responsive to and are designed to measure particles in the respirable size range, although two of the instruments, the Split 2 and Respicon TM, are claimed to be capable of measuring inhalable-sized particles. For the purpose of the tests, major modifications to an existing wind tunnel dust injection system were made to facilitate the generation of uniform concentrations of large inhalable-sized dust particles at low air velocities. Each monitor greatly underestimated the measurement of inhalable concentration for all the dusts tested, although the linearity was good over a wide range of concentrations for any particular size distribution of dust. However, their calibration factors, defined as the ratio of reference inhalable concentration to monitor concentration, were especially sensitive to changes in particle size as the response of the instruments decreased rapidly with increasing particle size. The monitors generally overestimated the measurement of respirable dust concentration by up to a factor of about 2, apart from the PDS-2, which underestimated it by a factor of up to 3. There was, however, a great deal more scatter in the reference respirable concentration measurements owing to the collection of small dust samples. Therefore, monitor linearity and effects of monitor response to changes in particle size could not be accurately investigated for the respirable fraction. The sampling head of the Split 2 monitor incorporates an IOM inlet and filter to gravimetrically collect the inhalable fraction of airborne dust. This can give a concurrent reference measure of inhalable airborne dust concentration. However, poor sealing within the sampling head resulted in some of the sampled dust not reaching the backup filter. This resulted in the Split 2 underestimating the reference inhalable dust concentration, which meant that it could not be accurately used as a calibration standard. Communications with the manufacturers have since revealed that the sampling head has recently been redesigned in order to improve the seal and eliminate leakage. The Respicon sampler gravimetrically underestimated the inhalable dust concentration, and did so increasingly as the particle size increased.     

Air sampling methodology for asphalt fume in asphalt production and asphalt roofing manufacturing facilities: total particulate sampler versus inhalable particulate sampler

In 2000, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH(R)) changed its 1971 threshold limit value (TLV) for 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) exposure to asphalt from 5 mg/m(3) total particulate (generally < or =40 micrometer [microm] diameter) to 0.5 mg/m(3) inhalable particulate (< or =100 microm aerodynamic diameter) as benzene-soluble aerosol. To date, no inhalable particulate sampling method has been standardized and validated for asphalt fume. Furthermore, much of the historical data were collected using total particulate samplers, and the comparability of total versus inhalable size fractions of asphalt fume is not known. Therefore, the present study compared results from two types of asphalt fume samplers: 1) a traditional total particulate sampler with a 37-mm filter in a closed-face cassette with a 4-mm orifice (NIOSH 5042) versus (2) an inhalable particulate sampler designed by the IOM with a 15-mm orifice. A total of 75 simultaneous pairs of samples were collected, including personal and area samples from 19 roofing and asphalt production facilities operated by 7 different manufacturers. Each sample was analyzed for total mass collected and for benzene-soluble mass. Data from the two sampling methods (total versus inhalable) were comparable for asphalt fumes up to an aerosol concentration of 10 mg/m(3). However, we conclude that the traditional total particulate method is preferable, for this reason: The vast majority of asphalt fume particles are <12.5 microm in diameter. The traditional sampler is designed to collect primarily particles < or =40 microm, while the IOM sampler is optimized for collecting particles < or =100 microm. Thus, the traditional sampler is less likely than the IOM sampler to collect the larger-size fraction of airborne particles, most of which are non-asphalt dust.     

Characterization and control of airborne particles emitted during production of epoxy/carbon nanotube nanocomposites

This work characterized airborne particles generated from the weighing of bulk, multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and the manual sanding of epoxy test samples reinforced with CNTs. It also evaluated the effectiveness of three local exhaust ventilation (LEV) conditions (no LEV, custom fume hood, and biosafety cabinet) for control of particles generated during sanding of CNT-epoxy nanocomposites. Particle number and respirable mass concentrations were measured using an optical particle counter (OPC) and a condensation particle counter (CPC), and particle morphology was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. The ratios of the geometric mean (GM) concentrations measured during the process to that measured in the background (P/B ratios) were used as indices of the impact of the process and the LEVs on observed concentrations. Processing CNT-epoxy nanocomposites materials released respirable size airborne particles (P/B ratio: weighing = 1.79; sanding = 5.90) but generally no nanoparticles (P/B ratio ～1). The particles generated during sanding were predominantly micron sized with protruding CNTs and very different from bulk CNTs that tended to remain in large (>1 μm) tangled clusters. Respirable mass concentrations in the operator's breathing zone were lower when sanding was performed in the biological safety cabinet (GM = 0.20 μg/m(3) compared with those with no LEV (GM = 2.68 μg/m(3) or those when sanding was performed inside the fume hood (GM = 21.4 μg/m(3); p-value < 0.0001). The poor performance of the custom fume hood used in this study may have been exacerbated by its lack of a front sash and rear baffles and its low face velocity (0.39 m/sec).     

健康短信平台对公众健康素养的干预效果--基于深圳市健康素养快速评价系统的研究

目的：利用健康短信平台干预公众健康素养,并评估其干预效果。方法采用试验对照研究方法,使用多阶段抽样方法,在深圳市53个街道中随机抽取16个街道,每个街道随机抽取2个社区,一个社区选为试验组,另一个选为对照组,每个社区随机调查18岁以上居民200人。结果干预组健康素养均值干预后为67.76分,稍高于干预前的66.42分(t=34.65,P <0.001),高、低和边际健康素养比例在干预前后有所变化,干预后低健康素养比例降至29.21%,边际健康素养比例下降至40.69%,高健康素养比例上升至30.09%(χ2=2.13,P >0.05);对照组人群基线调查健康素养水平为65.97分,终期为66.08分,前后差异无统计学意义(t =2.13,P >0.05)。结论健康短信平台可以有效干预公众健康素养,具有一定的推广价值。     

Detection of Airborne Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Inside and Downwind of a Swine Building,and in Animal Feed: Potential Occupational,Animal Health,and Environmental Implications

Aerosolized methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was sampled inside and downwind of a swine facility. Animal feed was sampled before and after entry into the swine facility. Aerosolized particles were detected using an optical particle counter for real-time measurement and with an Andersen sampler to detect viable MRSA. Molecular typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed on samples collected. Viable MRSA organisms isolated inside the swine facility were primarily associated with particles >5 µm, and those isolated downwind from the swine facility were associated with particles <5 µm. MRSA isolates included spa types t008, t034, and t5706 and were resistant to methicillin, tetracycline, clindamycin, and erythromycin. Animal feed both before and after entry into the swine facility tested positive for viable MRSA. These isolates were of similar spa types as the airborne MRSA organisms. Air samples collected after power washing with a biocide inside the swine facility resulted in no viable MRSA organisms detected. This pilot study showed that the ecology of MRSA is complex. Additional studies are warranted on the maximum distance that viable MRSA can be emitted outside the facility, and the possibility that animal feed may be a source of contamination.