双侧丘脑底核电刺激治疗原发性肌张力障碍

目的 研究双侧丘脑底核（STN）脑深部电刺激术（DBS）治疗原发性肌张力障碍的长期疗效：方法 比较15例行舣侧STN—DBS治疗的原发性肌张力障碍患者，手术前后的Burke—Fahn—Marsden肌张力障碍评分改善程度及长期改善效果。结果 15例原发性肌张力障碍患者中12例在开启刺激器后症状即刻得到部分缓解，以不自主运动、异常姿势及躯体的扭转改善为主，其中9例在刺激1—3d后、3例刺激1，周后改善75％以上，6个月后平均改善92％；1例在2个月后开始改善，6个月后改善90％以上；2例在1个月开始出现轻微改善，6个月后改善了76％：15例患者的长期随访结果显示其疗效稳定，经过1—3次程控后不需经常调整刺激参数：所有患者未出现手术相关并发症及永久性副作用。结论 双侧丘脑底核脑深部电刺激术对原发性肌张力障碍有显著的治疗效果，且疗效持久、稳定，无并发症及永久性副作用。比较GPi—DBS而言，STN—DBS起效快、最件刺激化点及参数易于确定、刺激参数水平低、长期疗效稳定，可能是原发性肌张力障碍DBS治疗的理想靶点。     

脑深部电刺激治疗运动障碍性疾病

目的探讨脑深部电刺激(DBS)对帕金森病(PD)和肌张力障碍(dystonia)等运动障碍性疾病的治疗作用及手术方法。方法应用3.0TMRI和微电极导向技术及手术计划系统进行靶点定位,对40例PD病人和3例继发性肌张力障碍病人进行双侧丘脑底核(STN)电极植入。结果PD病人的主要症状有显著改善,服药量也明显减少,术前和术后UPDRS评分有显著差异;3例继发性肌张力障碍病人症状均有不同程度的改善,如以UDRS和BFMS作为评价指标,其中1例药物引起的迟发性肌张力障碍病人症状改善达90%以上;术后无严重及永久并发症。结论首次证实STN-DBS对继发性肌张力障碍是一种有效的治疗方法,双侧STN-DBS是外科治疗PD的首选方法,DBS对运动障碍性疾病的治疗已显示出良好的前景。     

脑深部电刺激治疗肌张力障碍的疗效分析

目的 探讨脑深部电刺激（DBS）丘脑底核（STN）与苍白球内侧部（Gpi）治疗肌张力障碍的疗效。方法 采用STN-DBS与Gpi-DBS治疗肌张力障碍患者34例,术后1、3、6、12和24个月采用Burke-Fahn-Marsden（BFM）肌张力障碍量表评估疗效。结果 34例患者均顺利完成DBS,其中4例未获得缓解和1例因术后感染行二次手术取出刺激装置。29例患者二期手术开机后随访1~2年,症状均得到不同程度的改善,其中21例原发性患者疗效较好,术后BFM运动评分及残疾评分均较术前有明显改善（P<0.05）。继发性患者行DBS术后上述两项评分有所下降,但较术前比较改善不明显。结论 STN-DBS与Gpi-DBS对原发性肌张力障碍患者疗效明显,对继发性患者疗效差。两个靶点刺激均可使肌张力障碍得到不同程度改善,患者STN-DBS比GPi-DBS术后较早期获得改善。     

脑深部电刺激苍白球内侧部治疗肌张力障碍

目的 探讨脑深部电刺激(DBS)苍白球内侧部(GPi)治疗肌张力障碍的有效性和安全性,以及术后程控策略.方法 采用微电极记录GPi的电生理信号,埋置脑深部刺激器治疗肌张力障碍患者8例,同时记录患者对侧受累肌肉的电活动.所有患者的刺激靶点均为双侧GPi.结果 除1例继发性全身肌张力障碍患者外,其余患者因随访时间长短,均有不同程度改善,随访时间12-36个月,改善率35.5％～87.5％.其中随访超过18个月的患者症状改善率均＞59.6％.1例因全身扭动造成电极外露,锁骨下切口感染,最终将DBS装置取出.另有1例术后靶点区域少量出血,血肿吸收后原有症状仍有改善.结论 通过对现有DBS刺激GPi治疗肌张力障碍病例资料有效性和安全性的总结,DBS成为治疗肌张力障碍的一种有效方法.GPi是治疗肌张力障碍较为有效的靶点.     

丘脑底核电刺激术治疗原发性肌张力障碍

目的观察双侧丘脑底核(STN)脑深部电刺激(DBS)治疗原发性肌张力障碍的疗效。方法回顾性分析8例接受双侧STN-DBS的原发性肌张力障碍病人的临床资料。分别在术前和术后1、3、6个月进行Burke-Fahn-Marsden肌张力障碍评分(BFMDRS)和帕金森病综合评分量表(UPDRS),计算两项评分改善率,评价治疗效果。结果 BFMDRS和UPDRS评分的改善率:术后1个月其均值分别为47%和48%,术后3个月为69%和73%,术后6个月为75%和79%。结论 STN-DBS可有效改善原发性肌张力障碍病人的症状,术后疗效稳定。STN是DBS治疗原发性肌张力障碍的理想靶点。     

1例扭转痉挛患者丘脑底核电生理特征及刺激术前后的PET/CT表现

扭转痉挛(torsion dystonia,TD)是一种全身型肌张力障碍,其特征为不自主的肌肉收缩引起肢体或躯干的扭转、反复的运动或姿势异常,影响日常生活、学习及生长发育,严重时致残甚至威胁生命.TD的病因不明,目前的研究认为其发病可能与基底节、丘脑、大脑皮质神经细胞变性导致底节功能异常有关.近来发现脑深部电刺激术(deep brain stimulation,DBS)能有效改善原发性肌张力障碍患者的症状,过去的手术大多选择苍白球(Gpi)作为手术的靶点[1],自从孙伯民报道采用丘脑底核(STN)作为手术靶点有明显的优势之后[2],STN便逐渐取代了Gpi作为TD的手术靶点,但有关其改善症状的机制研究则不多.我们采用双侧STN的DBS成功治疗1例TD患者,并通过正电子发射计算机断层显像 (Positron Emission Tomography, PET)/计算机断层扫描(Computer Tomography, CT)观察了患者治疗前后脑代谢的变化,旨在探讨STN持续电刺激改善TD症状的机制.     

脑深部电刺激治疗肌张力障碍

目的 探讨脑深部电刺激术(deep brain stimulation, DBS)治疗全身性、偏身性和节段性肌张力障碍的有效性和安全性,肌张力障碍患者治疗和术后程控的策略.方法 采用微电极记录下丘脑底核(subthalamic nucleus, STN)、苍白球内侧部(globus pallidus intemus, GPi)和丘脑腹中间核(ventrointermediate nucleus, Vim)埋置脑深部刺激器治疗肌张力障碍患者15例,同时记录患者对侧受累肌肉的电活动.其中13例患者的刺激靶点为STN(11例为双侧,2例为单侧),1例刺激靶点为单侧GPi,1例为Vim.结果 除1例严重全身肌张力障碍患者外,其余患者因随访时间长短,均有不同程度改善,改善率从22.0%～95.8%不等.其中随访时间超过12个月的患者症状改善率均大于48.6%.1例因全身扭动造成电极外露,颈、胸腹部切口感染,最终将DBS装置取出.另有1例患者因双侧上端的两个触点断路,再次手术将电极位置上移.所有患者均未出现因穿刺造成的颅内出血的永久并发症.结论 通过对现有DBS治疗肌张力障碍病例资料有效性和安全性的总结,DBS成为治疗肌张力障碍的一种新方法.     

丘脑底核电刺激术治疗肌张力障碍3例并文献复习

目的 总结丘脑底核（STN）脑深部电刺激术（DBS）治疗肌张力障碍的经验。方法 2012年6月至2014年4月收治3例肌张力障碍患者,其中2例行单侧STN-DBS,1例行双侧STN-DBS。3例患者术后随访3~22个月。采用BFM肌张力障碍评分量表（BFMDBS）进行评分,症状改善率=（术前BFMDBS评分-术后BFMDBS评分）/术前BFMDBS评分×100%。结果 3例患者开机后症状都有不同程度的改善,1例随访22个月,症状改善率为97%;1例随访3个月,症状改善率为63%;1例随访3个月,症状改善率为37%。3例患者均未出现手术相关并发症。结论 STN是治疗肌张力障碍有效的靶点,STN-DBS可明显、长期改善肌张力障碍症状。     

脑深部电刺激术治疗肌张力障碍的临床应用进展

脑深部电刺激术(DBS)目前已被广泛应用于治疗肌张力障碍,临床上常选择苍白球内侧部或丘脑底核作为电极植入靶点。针对不同类型的肌张力障碍患者,靶点选择、参数设置等皆不尽相同。另外,由于刺激器开启后的临床效果呈渐进式,程控比较复杂。本文针对DBS治疗肌张力障碍的靶点选择、开机参数设置、长期程控管理方法、程控相关不良事件及治疗效果等进行综述。     

脑深部电刺激术治疗肌阵挛肌张力障碍综合征三例并文献复习

目的观察脑深部电刺激术(DBS)治疗肌阵挛肌张力障碍综合征(myoclonus dystonia syndrome,MDS)的长期疗效。方法对3例MDS患者行DBS治疗,并进行术后随访。采用UMRS(unified myoclonus rating scale)肌阵挛量表和Burke-Fahn-Marsden肌张力障碍量表(Burke-Fahn-Marsden dystonia rating scale,BFMDRS)评价治疗效果并复习文献。结果本组患者采用丘脑腹外侧中间核DBS,开启刺激后,患者肌阵挛和肌张力障碍的症状均得到明显改善。1例患者因在术后第30个月开始出现新发部位的严重肌张力障碍,后加行双侧苍白球内侧部电刺激术。平均随访64.7个月,肌阵挛平均改善99.1%,肌张力障碍量表运动评分平均改善85.3%,功能障碍评分平均改善78.8%。经长期随访患者疗效稳定。结论 DBS对MDS有良好的治疗效果。     

脑深部电刺激对帕金森病二次手术的临床应用价值

目的探讨帕金森病(Parkinson'sdisease,PD)毁损术后再行脑深部电刺激术(deepbrainstimulation,DBS)的可行性、靶点选择、术中电生理学特点和治疗结果。方法应用MRI和微电极记录技术进行靶点定位,对13例毁损术后的PD患者行DBS手术,其中7例曾行单侧苍白球毁损术(posteroventralpallidotomy,PVP),5例曾行单侧丘脑毁损术,1例曾行双侧丘脑及左侧苍白球毁损术。DBS的靶点包括单侧丘脑底核(subthalamicnucleus,STN)6例,单侧丘脑腹中间核(ventralintermediatnucleus,Vim)1例,双侧STN4例,一侧STN及对侧苍白球(globuspallidusinternus,Gpi)2例。结果DBS对毁损术后的PD患者症状有不同程度的改善,其中单侧毁损术后行双侧DBS效果最明显。术后3个月的UPDRS运动及ADL评分较术前明显减少(P<0.05或0.01),美多巴的用量明显减少(P<0.05),无新的手术合并症。结论曾行毁损术的PD患者如面临二次手术,可以选择DBS手术,以双侧STN的DBS效果最好,并可减少药物用量,不加重原有的术后并发症。     

Deep brain stimulation for camptocormia in dystonia and Parkinson’s disease

Camptocormia, or “bent spine syndrome”, may occur in various movement disorders such as primary dystonia or idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established treatment in refractory primary dystonia and advanced PD, few data are available on the effect of DBS on camptocormia comparing these two conditions. Seven patients (4 with dystonia, 3 with PD; mean age 60.3 years at surgery, range 39–73 years) with camptocormia were included in the study. Five patients underwent bilateral GPi DBS and two patients underwent bilateral STN DBS guided by CT-stereotactic surgery and microelectrode recording. Pre- and postoperative motor assessment included the BFM in the dystonia patients and the UPDRS in the PD patients. Severity of camptocormia was assessed by the BFM subscore for the trunk at the last available follow-up at a mean of 17.3 months (range 9–36 months). There were no surgical complications. In the four patients with dystonia there was a mean improvement of 53% in the BFM motor score (range 41–79%) and of 63% (range 50–67%) in the BFM subscore for the trunk at the last available follow-up (mean 14.3 months, range 9–18 months). In the three patients with camptocormia in PD who underwent bilateral STN DBS (2 patients) or pallidal DBS (1 patient), the PD symptoms improved markedly (mean improvement in the UPDRS motor subscore stimulation on/medication off 55%, range 49–61%), but there was no or only mild improvement of camptocormia in the two patients who underwent STN DBS, and only moderate improvement in the patient with GPi DBS at the last available follow-up (mean 21 months, range 12–36 months). GPi DBS is an effective treatment for camptocormia in dystonia. The response of camptocormia to chronic STN or GPi DBS in PD is more heterogenous. The latter may be due to a variety of causes and needs further clarification.     

多通道微电极记录在帕金森病脑深部电刺激定位中的作用

目的丘脑底核(STN)是帕金森病(PD)脑深部电刺激(DBS)治疗的主要靶点,使用多通道微电极记录可以准确地发现STN的感觉运动区,提高治疗精准度,提高DBS治疗效果;但多通道微电极记录的方法和风险目前介绍的比较少。现通过10例帕金森病STN-DBS手术中应用多通道微电极记录的方法,探讨多通道微电极记录的精准定位作用与风险。方法 2012年10月至2013年5月10例帕金森病患者在STNDBS手术中,应用多通道微电极记录(4~5个通道),同步使用评分法记录,结合宏电极刺激结果,选择最终置入刺激电极的通道,比较术前预设的放置靶点与最终放置靶点的不同,测量通道的长度。结果不同的通道显示了不同的神经元放电模式以及其放电的强度与长度。比较最后电极植入通道与术前的预设中心靶点显示:左侧STN:放置中心位置6例,非中心4例,其中前方2例,外侧1例,内侧1例;右侧STN:中心位置5例,非中心5例,其中外侧4例,内侧1例,STN感觉运动区的通道长度:左侧STN感觉运动区信号长度为(4.85±1)mm(3~6 mm),右侧STN感觉运动区信号长度为(4.83±0.7)mm(4~6 mm)。10例患者手术中未见出血并发症。结论 10例患者中选择预设靶点即中心靶点的比例只有50%~60%,有40%~50%的患者最终放置植入电极的位置与预设的靶点不同。多通道微电极记录可以覆盖整个STN,通过记录其电信号并分析比较,可以准确显示出STN的运动区域,选择最佳的通道植入电极,提高DBS治疗的效果;未见明显的出血并发症。因此多通道微电极记录是DBS手术中一种可以提高精准定位,同时也非常安全有效监测的方法。     

丘脑底核脑深部电刺激对帕金森病术后药物治疗的影响(附40例分析)

目的 观察帕金森病（PD）病人丘脑底核脑深部电刺激（STN—DBS）术后药物变化情况。探讨STN—DBS对帕金森病术后药物治疗的影响。方法 对接受STN—DBS手术治疗的40例帕金森病病人手术前后的药物服用剂量、药物引起的相关并发症等情况进行回顾性分析。结果 本组经6～49个月随访。多数病人在STN-DBS作用下因症状明显改善，于开机后的1-6个月间使用抗PD药物逐渐减量。最终的选择剂量可维持2年以上。开机后5例不再服用相关药物。25例药物较术前平均减少60％。7例药物用量与术前相同，3例行单侧STN—DBS者术后药物用量增加。药物相关并发症因术后药物用量的减少而得到明显缓解。结论 STN—DBS能够减少术后抗PD药物的用量。改善药物引起的相关并发症。     

Chronic deep brain stimulation in patients with tardive dystonia without a history of major psychosis

Tardive dystonia usually occurs with a delay after neuroleptic exposure in patients with major psychosis. A subgroup of patients, however, is given such medication for “mild depression” or “neurasthenia.” Tardive dystonia, in general, may respond favorably to pallidal deep brain stimulation (DBS). Nevertheless, it remains unclear thus far whether or not similar beneficial outcome is achieved with pallidal DBS in different subgroups of patients with tardive dystonia. Four women (mean age 59 years at surgery) underwent stereotactic pallidal DBS in the frame of an observational study. Tardive dystonia occurred secondary to medication with fluspirilene and haloperidol, and injection of long‐acting depot neuroleptics prescribed for mild depression or “nervousness.” Assessment included the Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden (BFM) scale preoperatively and at 12 months follow‐up. Extended follow‐up was available at a mean of 27.3 months postoperatively (range 16–36 months). There were no surgically related complications. All 4 patients experienced sustained statistically significant benefit from pallidal DBS. Mean improvement at 12 months was 77% for the BFM motor score (range, 45–91%; P = 0.043), and 84% at the last available follow‐up (range, 70–91%; P = 0.03). This was paralleled by improvement of the BFM disability score. Chronic pallidal DBS in patients with tardive dystonia without a history of major psychosis provides sustained improvement which is similar to that in other subgroups of patients with tardive dystonia. This effect is stable on extended follow‐up for up to 3 years. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society     

Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson''s disease: Postoperative CT–MRI fusion images confirm accuracy of electrode placement using intraoperative multi-unit recording

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is increasingly used to treat advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). The optimal method for targeting the STN before implanting the definitive DBS electrode is still a matter of debates. Beside methods of direct visualization of the nucleus based on stereotactic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the most often used technique for targeting STN consists in recording single-cell activity along exploratory tracks of 10-15mm in length, centered on the theoretical or MRI-defined target coordinates. Single-unit recordings with a microelectrode present various drawbacks. They are time-consuming if correctly performed and a single-cell precision is probably superfluous, taking into account the size of the implanted electrode. In this study, we present an original method of recording and quantification of a multi-unit signal recorded intraoperatively with a semi-microelectrode for targeting the STN. Twelve patients with advanced PD have been included and assessed clinically before and one year after bilateral STN-DBS electrode implantation guided by multi-unit electrophysiological recordings. After one year of chronic stimulation, all patients showed a marked clinical improvement. The motor score of the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale decreased by more than 57% and the required levodopa-equivalent daily dose by 59.5% in on-stimulation off-medication condition compared to off-stimulation off-medication condition. The accuracy of STN-DBS lead placement was confirmed on postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans, which were fused to preoperative T2-weighted MRI. The boundaries of the STN were easily determined by an increase in multi-unit signal amplitude, which was observed on average from 0.492mm below the rostral border of the STN down to 0.325mm above its caudal border. Signal amplitude significantly increased at the both rostral and caudal STN margins (P<0.05) and the level of neuronal activity easily distinguished inside from outside the nucleus. This study showed that STN boundaries could be adequately determined on the basis of intraoperative multi-unit recording with a semi-microelectrode. The accuracy of our method used for positioning DBS electrodes into the STN was confirmed both on CT-MRI fusion images and on the rate of therapeutic efficacy.     

Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic and Pedunculopontine Nucleus in a Patient with Parkinson's Disease

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a novel therapy developed to treat Parkinson''s disease. We report a patient who underwent bilateral DBS of the PPN and subthalamic nucleus (STN). He suffered from freezing of gait (FOG), bradykinesia, rigidity and mild tremors. The patient underwent bilateral DBS of the PPN and STN. We compared the benefits of PPN-DBS and STN-DBS using motor and gait subscores. The PPN-DBS provided modest improvements in the gait disorder and freezing episodes, while the STN-DBS failed to improve the dominant problems. This special case suggests that PPN-DBS may have a unique role in ameliorating the locomotor symptoms and has the potential to provide improvement in FOG.