神经外科住院病人肺部感染病原学及细菌耐药性分析

目的探讨神经外科住院病人肺部感染的细菌分布及耐药情况,以指导临床合理应用抗生素。方法回顾性分析2014年4月至2015年3月150例入住神经外科并发肺部感染病人的细菌培养及药敏结果。结果 150例肺部感染病人共收集痰标本400份,阳性284份(71%),共检出病原菌359株,其中革兰阳性球菌57株(15.9%),革兰阴性杆菌277株(77.2%),真菌25株(6.9%)。肺部感染的致病菌多为多重耐药菌,耐药率高,尤其是革兰阴性杆菌,对碳青霉烯类如亚胺培南的耐药菌较多。结论神经外科住院病人肺部感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,呈现多药耐药、多重耐药菌和多种细菌协同感染增多趋势,建议定期监测病原菌及耐药性分析,以指导合理应用抗生素,减少耐药菌的产生。     

肿瘤医院神经外科院内感染病原菌的调查分析

目的调查神经外科肿瘤切除术后院内感染病原菌的分布特点及耐药情况。方法选择本院神经外科行肿瘤切除术后,并发生细菌感染的患者,对其感染病原菌的种类及耐药情况进行回顾性调查分析。结果送检标本分离出病原菌86株,其中革兰阴性(G-)杆菌占54.5%,革兰阳性(G+)球菌占41.9%,真菌占3.6%;G-杆菌主要为铜绿假单胞菌,G+球菌主要为表皮葡萄球菌,真菌为酵母菌;表皮葡萄球菌对利福平、利奈唑胺、万古霉素未检出耐药菌株,铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、产气肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌及阴沟肠杆菌对阿卡米星未检出耐药菌株;易发生感染的部位主要为手术切口部位(52.3%)、颅内(25.6%)。结论神经外科术后院内细菌感染率较高,要采取多种防范措施降低感染率,监测病原菌的分布特点及耐药情况,有助于指导临床合理使用抗生素。     

神经外科ICU多重耐药菌感染分析

目的 了解神经外科ICU多重耐药菌感染的病原菌种类和耐药性,指导多重耐药菌感染的预防、控制和临床用药。方法 回顾性分析2015年1~12月我院神经外科ICU收治的62例多重耐药菌感染的临床资料。结果 共检出80株多重耐药菌,其中革兰氏阴性杆菌69株（86.35%）,革兰氏阳性球菌11株（13.75%）;排名前五位病原菌为鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌检出率39.13%,耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌检出率70.00%。结论 神经外科ICU多重耐药菌感染重在预防,应严格消毒隔离,加强病原菌培养及药物敏感检测,指导临床合理使用抗生素。     

神经外科患者脑脊液细菌流行病学和耐药性监测研究

目的调查神经外科患者脑脊液细菌流行病学特征,对其耐药性进行监测,为临床诊断及治疗提供参考。方法收集我院神经外科2001-01—2014-01送检的1 823份脑脊液标本的细菌鉴定及药敏试验结果,进行统计性和描述性研究。结果从1 823份脑脊液标本中分离致病菌株316株,分离率17.33%,革兰阳性菌204株(65%),革兰阴性菌105株(33%),最常见的病原菌有凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。革兰阳性菌敏感性较高的药物为万古霉素和利奈唑胺,革兰阴性菌敏感性较高的药物为亚胺培南和美罗培南。结论神经外科患者脑脊液感染以革兰阳性球菌为主,尤以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌多见。这些院内感染菌株对常用抗菌药物耐药性较社区感染严重,临床用药应根据药敏试验结果进行选择,避免不合理用药延误患者病情,加剧细菌的耐药性。     

2011年神经内科住院感染患者病原菌分布及耐药谱型分析

目的了解我院神经内科住院感染患者病原菌的分布及病原菌对抗生素的耐药情况。方法分析2011年的神经内科住院感染患者病原学资料,药敏实验采用纸片扩散法,应用WHONT 5.5软件进行统计分析。结果神经内科住院感染患者以呼吸道感染为主,占67.19%,其次为泌尿道和血液感染。病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,最常见的为大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,其次为铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌;革兰阳性球菌中以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌最多。对革兰阴性杆菌敏感率大于70%的药物有亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦及头孢吡肟。对革兰阳性球菌敏感性较好的抗生素有米诺环素、氯霉素,万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺。结论神经内科住院感染患者病情较重,多重耐药株的出现给临床治疗带来困难,应该合理使用抗生素,减少耐药株的出现。     

重症监护病房医院感染病原菌分布及相关因素调查分析

目的 了解重症监护病房(ICU)医院感染病原菌种类及分布特点,探讨易感因素及防治措施.方法 以目标性监测方法对2007-01～2008-12入住我院重症监护病房的患者进行医院感染监测,并进行统计分析.结果 重症监护病房医院感染病原菌以革兰氏阴性杆菌(G)为主,占69.2%,其次是革兰氏阳性球菌占17.3%,真菌占13.5%;革兰氏阴性杆菌中铜绿假单胞菌居首位,在革兰氏阳性球菌中以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,占74.1%,且均为耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌;重症监护室内医院感染部位以下呼吸道为主,占45.5%,其次为泌尿道感染占19.2%.结论 重症监护室内感染的病原菌主要存在呼吸道,以G杆菌为主,且已呈现多重耐药性,革兰氏阳性球菌多为耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌.医院感染危险因素与患者年龄、基础疾病、入住监护室的时间、呼吸机使用时间及侵入性操作等有一定的关系.临床应重视病原菌的检查,开展细菌耐药性的监测,合理使用抗菌药物.     

132份脑脊液细菌培养阳性菌株分布及耐药性分析

目的 调查2009年1月至2010年12月住院患者常规送检的脑脊液培养结果及耐药状况,为临床预防感染和应用抗菌药物提供参考.方法 采用法国生物梅里埃公司全自动微生物分析仪VITEK 2 Compact进行细菌鉴定及药物敏感试验.结果 132株阳性菌株分离自1121份住院患者脑脊液标本,阳性率11.76％,其中革兰阴性菌80株(60.61％),革兰阳性菌52株(39.39％);排名前3位的病原菌依次为鲍曼不动杆菌45株(34.09％),凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌45株(34.09％),阴沟肠杆菌18株(13.64％);革兰阴性杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星和替加环素敏感,革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、米诺环素高度敏感.结论 脑脊液标本检出的病原菌以革兰阴性菌多见,以院内感染为主,耐药状况严重,提示临床应正确使用抗菌药物.     

0~3月龄婴儿化脓性脑膜炎脑脊液病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解0~3月龄婴儿化脓性脑膜炎病原菌的分布及耐药情况,以指导临床合理用药。方法选择2015-01-01—2019-12-31在郑州大学附属儿童医院新生儿诊疗中心住院的0~3月龄婴儿的5310份脑脊液标本为研究对象,对脑脊液培养阳性的化脓性脑膜炎婴儿病原菌分布及耐药情况进行分析。结果5310份CSF标本共检出细菌175株,其中革兰阳性(G+)菌的构成比为68%,革兰阴性(G-)菌的构成比为32%。早期新生儿、晚期新生儿及29 d^3月龄小婴儿3个年龄组CSF培养检出G+菌、G-菌构成比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。CSF培养检出率排名前7位的病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌、表皮葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、人葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、B群无乳链球菌。CSF培养病原菌中耐药菌株较多,耐药率为44%。构成比位居前5位的多重耐药菌依次为耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(32.5%)、产超广谱-内酰胺酶菌株(22.1%)、耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌(19.5%)、碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌(14.3%)、氨基糖苷类高水平耐药菌株(7.8%)。CSF培养病原菌中G-菌的耐药率(58.9%)高于G+菌的耐药率(37%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论我院0~3月龄化脓性脑膜炎患儿CSF培养病原菌以G+菌为主,对抗菌药物耐药率较高。临床医师应根据菌株特点和药物敏感性试验结果,合理选用抗菌药物。     

2011~2013年我院NICU革兰阴性杆菌耐药性分析

目的 总结分析近3年我院神经外科重症监护病房（NICU）患者的标本革兰阴性杆菌耐药性变化趋势,以指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法 分析2011年1月至2013年 12月NICU内患者的标本中分离出革兰阴性杆菌,采用最低抑菌浓度法对所检出细菌进行药敏检测,并用WHONET 5.3软件进行数据分析。结果 共检出363株革兰阴性杆菌,占前3位的为不动杆菌属（34.7%）、铜绿假单胞菌（24.5%）及肺炎克雷伯菌（20.4%）;不动杆菌属对阿米卡星和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率最低,分别为4.0%和15.9%。铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药性约33.3%。肺炎克雷伯菌除了对碳青霉烯类耐药性降低外,对其他抗菌素耐药性有增多趋势。结论 在NICU革兰阴性杆菌中,亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦与哌拉西林/他唑巴坦对革兰阴性杆菌具有很好的敏感性。     

脑卒中恢复期患者肺部感染病原菌分布与耐药性研究

目的 探讨脑卒中恢复期患者肺部感染常见病原菌的分布及其耐药性。方法 选取2015年6月～2016年1月收入本科的240例脑卒中恢复期患者为研究对象,观察并分析患者肺部感染的病原菌分布与耐药性情况; 采用全自动微生物鉴定及药敏分析仪对脑卒中恢复期患者肺部感染患者痰液的病原菌进行鉴定及药敏分析。结果 240例脑卒中恢复期患者发生肺部感染14例,感染率为5.8%; 共分离出43株,革兰阴性菌24株,占55.81%,其中肺炎克雷伯菌12株,占27.9%,铜绿假单胞菌8株,占18.6%; 革兰阳性菌15株,占34.88%,其中肺炎链球菌6株,占13.95%,金黄色葡萄球菌5株,占11.62%; 真菌4株,占9.3%,白色假丝酵母菌2株,占4.65%,主要革兰阴性菌对美罗培南、阿米卡星的耐药率较低,为25%以内,主要革兰阳性菌对亚胺培南、环丙沙星的耐药率为0。真菌对伏立康唑耐药率为10%以内。结论 神经康复科医师应严格根据患者痰液病原菌及耐药性来合理运用抗菌药物,有效控制患者感染症状,减少感染的发生,延缓细菌耐药的产生。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.