CT形态学特征在多原发性肺癌及腺体前驱病变不同病理学分型中的价值

目的：分析多原发性肺癌（MPLC）及腺体前驱病变的临床影像学特征,探讨CT形态学特征在不同病理学分型中的差异。方法：回顾性分析83枚结节经手术病理证实的患者临床及影像学资料。结节的影像学特征由人工智能肺结节分析软件自动获得,并由影像科医生再次进行人工评估。评估的内容包括结节在肺内的分布、最大径、密度、边缘（毛刺、分叶）、内部有无空腔、胸膜牵拉及肿瘤的T分期和N分期。采用SPSS 22.0软件对数据进行统计分析。采用单因素方差分析比较不同病理学类型病灶最大径的差异,卡方检验比较不同病理类型CT形态学特征（结节类型、毛刺征、分叶征、胸膜牵拉、空腔）的差异。结果：37例患者中,女性占70.27%;仅有3例（8.11%）有吸烟史,所有患者均不合并肺气肿。29例（78.38%）患者具有2枚结节,8例（21.62%）患者同时检出2枚以上结节。所有病灶均为T1N0期。仅有4例（20.00%）患者癌胚抗原（CEA）水平升高。不典型腺瘤样增生（AAH）、原位腺癌（AIS）、微浸润腺癌（MIA）、浸润性腺癌（IAC）这四种不同病理学类型中,病灶最大径分别为（4.83±0.98） mm、（6.72±2.35...     

CT三维定量参数对纯磨玻璃结节中腺体前驱病变的预测价值

目的 探讨CT三维定量参数对纯磨玻璃结节(pGGN)中腺体前驱病变的预测价值。方法 回顾性分析上海长征医院2012年6月至2021年6月经手术病理证实的CT表现为pGGN的患者296例，共296个pGGN,其中腺体前驱病变130个[不典型腺瘤样增生(AAH)48个、原位腺癌(AIS)82个]、微浸润性腺癌(MIA)82个、浸润性腺癌(IAC)84个，分为腺体前驱病变组(AAH、AIS)与腺癌组(MIA、IAC)。利用Philips后处理软件对肺结节进行三维分割，计算得到三维直径参数、体积、平均CT值、结节质量等14个三维定量指标。采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验进行单因素分析，再进行多因素二元Logistic回归分析建立预测模型，绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)评价模型的预测性能。结果 单因素分析结果显示，体积、平均CT值及结节质量等14个三维定量参数在两组之间具有统计学差异(P<0.05),对各变量进行多因素二元Logistic回归分析并做ROC曲线，筛选出轴位平均径、矢状位平均径、体积及平均CT值具有统计学差异(P<0.05),得到回归预测模...     

DECT定量指标鉴别GGN型肺腺癌亚型的价值

【摘要】目的：探讨CT图像特征联合双能CT（DECT）定量指标在鉴别GGN型肺腺癌病理亚型中的意义。方法：回顾性分析2021年2月－2021年8月经手术病理证实的共150枚GGN型肺腺癌病灶的DECT图像。依据术后病理类型将GGN分为浸润性腺癌组（n=71）和原位/微浸润组（n=79）。分析每个GGN病灶的CT征象（结节最大径、边缘特征、结节内支气管形态、结节内血管形态）。在西门子后处理工作站上分别测量结节各项DECT定量指标值,包括实性肿瘤占比（CTR）、碘浓度、标准化碘摄取-校正空气分数（NIU-cAF)、有效原子序数（Zeff-c）和40~100keV增强单能量图像上的CT值和双能曲线斜率λ。比较各变量（CT征象和DECT定量指标）在两组间的差异。采用二元Logistic回归分别建立模型1（边缘特征+结节内血管形态）、模型2（NIU-cAF+CTR分级）和联合预测模型（边缘特征+结节内血管形态+NIU-cAF+CTR分级）,并采用ROC曲线和Z检验分析或比较有统计学意义的各项变量及模型的诊断效能。结果：浸润性腺癌组中毛刺或分叶、支气管迂曲僵硬、血管迂曲僵硬和CTR分级（≥0.50）这4个征象的出现率及GGN的最大径、Zeff-c及在40~100keV增强单能量图像上的CT值均高于原位/微浸润组（P＜0.05）,浸润性腺癌组GGN的NIU-cAF低于原位/微浸润组（P＜0.05）。其中,边缘毛刺或分叶、结节内血管形态、CTR分级及NIU-cAF为术前鉴别磨玻璃结节型肺腺癌病理亚型的独立预测因子（OR=3.895、3.513、1.709、0.963,P均＜0.05）,这4个变量构建的联合预测模型的AUC为0.889（95%CI：0.827~0.934）,诊断符合率、特异度和敏感度分别为82.0%、77.2%和93.0%。联合预测模型的AUC高于模型1和模型2（P均＜0.05）。结论：CT征象联合DECT定量指标对鉴别GGN型肺腺癌病理亚型有较高的诊断效能。     

人工智能量化参数对亚实性结节肺腺癌浸润程度的预测价值

目的：探讨人工智能(AI)肺结节定量参数预测亚实性结节(SSN)肺腺癌浸润程度的临床价值。方法：回顾性分析经手术病理证实的89例(共94个结节)SSN肺腺癌患者的临床及胸部CT资料。根据病理结果,将其分为非浸润性病变组：原位腺癌(AIS)6个、微浸润性腺癌(MIA)29个;浸润性病变组：浸润性腺癌(IAC)59个。比较2组临床资料及结节AI定量参数间的差异,采用单因素与多因素二元logistic回归分析筛选SSN肺腺癌浸润程度的独立因素并建立预测模型,以ROC曲线分析模型预测概率和独立预测因子对肺腺癌浸润程度的预测价值。结果：2组间年龄、长径、短径、恶性概率、体积、质量、最大CT值、平均CT值、CT值方差、球型度、最大面面积、表面积、3D长径、长短径平均值、紧凑度差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。logistic回归分析显示,质量(OR=1.002,P=0.005)和平均CT值(OR=1.006,P=0.001)是SSN肺腺癌浸润程度的独立预测因子,诊断阈值分别为202.2 mg、-463.5 HU。预测模型为logit(P)=0.002X₁+0.006...     

可吸收性肺磨玻璃结节与肺腺癌的CT鉴别诊断：常规参数特征和纹理分析的对比研究

目的 探讨CT常规参数特征与CT纹理分析参数对于肺部可吸收性肺磨玻璃结节与肺腺癌的鉴别诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析152例肺部磨玻璃结节的影像学资料。其中随访(3～6个月)或抗炎后吸收消失的65例为临床可吸收组,直接手术切除且病理为肺腺癌的87例为手术恶性组。通过分析软件得到肺结节CT常规参数及CT纹理分析参数;比较肺结节常规参数与CT纹理分析参数的组间差异;最后构建二元Logistic回归预测模型,比较两种模型之间的鉴别诊断效能。结果 长径、短径、平均径、体积、实性部分占位、最大CT值、最小CT值、平均CT值、分叶征、毛刺征、胸膜凹陷征,在两组间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);CT纹理分析共计获得56个参数,其组间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);二元Logistic回归分析显示：最大CT值、分叶征、毛刺征、胸膜凹陷征、熵、正像素平均值、逆差距、表面积与体积比值,可作为独立预测因子,有助于鉴别肺部可吸收磨玻璃结节与肺腺癌结节。常规参数预测模型、CT纹理分析预测模型无明显鉴别诊断效能差异(P=0.542)。结论 肺部磨玻璃结节的CT常规参数、CT纹理分析对肺部可吸收磨玻...     

基于临床及CT影像组学特征预测肺腺癌结节北大核心CSCD

目的:探讨基于临床及影像组学特征构建机器学习模型对预测肺腺癌结节的准确性。方法:回顾性收集186例病理类型明确的肺结节患者,按病理类型分为腺体前驱病变组与腺癌组,按照7∶3比例将其分为训练集和测试集。采用3D Slicer软件对病灶容积感兴趣区(ROI)进行逐层手动勾画,通过Python软件提取影像组学特征。提取临床特征,包括人口统计学特征、临床表现、肿瘤标志物及CT影像学语义特征。选用单因素分析、最小绝对收缩和选择算子(LASSO)和逐步logistic回归分析进行特征筛选。在训练集中分别构建基于影像组学特征(模型1)及临床与影像组学特征相结合(模型2)的随机森林(LR)肺腺癌结节预测模型。通过ROC曲线及计算曲线下面积(AUC)对模型进行验证。结果:训练集130例,测试集56例。提取影像组学特征和临床特征数量分别为688个和25个。经特征筛选,共保留11个影像组学特征。临床特征中年龄、结节成分、结节最大径在训练集中组间差异显著(P<0.05)。训练集中模型1和模型2的AUC分别为0.991和0.960;测试集中模型1和模型2的AUC分别为0.913和0.884,准确率分别为0.875和0.839,精确度分别为0.872和0.824,召回率分别为0.976和1.0,F1分数为0.921和0.903。结论:基于临床及CT影像组学特征构建的RF模型能够准确预测肺腺癌结节。     

肺孤立性磨玻璃密度结节的超高分辨力CT表现及与病理的相关性

目的：探讨肺孤立性磨玻璃密度结节的超高分辨力CT表现及与病理的相关性。方法：搜集经超高分辨力CT（UHRCT）检出并有病理结果的孤立性肺部磨玻璃密度结节（fGGN）72例,72例病灶最大径均≤2cm,回顾性分析其UHRCT表现,并与病理进行对照研究。结果：72例fGGN中纯磨玻璃密度结节（pGGN）20例,混合磨玻璃密度结节（mGGN）52例。20例pGGN中良性病变8例（40％,8／20）,其中炎症3例,局灶纤维化3例,间质或肺泡上皮增生2例;不典型腺瘤样增生（AAH）6例（30％,6／20）,细支气管肺泡癌（BAc）6例（30％,6／20）。52例mGGN中良性病变2例（3．85％,2／52）,其中慢性炎症1例,肺泡内出血1例;恶性病变50例（96．15％,50／52）,其中BACl0例,含BAc的腺癌35例,不舍BAC的腺癌5例。结论：超高分辨力CT影像上,pGGN的病理诊断以良性病变、AAH或BAC为主,而mGGN则大多为BAC及肺小腺癌。     

原发性小肠间质瘤MSCT强化表现与病理危险度对照分析

目的 分析不同病理危险度的原发性小肠间质瘤(SIST)的MSCT强化表现,与病理表现进行对照分析,提高原发性SIST的术前诊断率.方法 回顾性分析30例经手术病理证实的原发性SIST临床及影像资料,依据病理组织学将其分为低危、高危2组,统计分析不同病理分级各期CT值及净增值差异.结果 30例原发性SIST,其中十二指肠5例(16.7％),空肠16例(53.3％),回肠9例(30％),14例为低危组,平均长度(3.8±0.9) cm,16例为高危组,平均长度(7.0±1.4) cm;低危组平扫CT值、静脉期CT值、动脉期净增值、静脉期净增值、延时期净增值与高危组对比差异无统计学意义;低危组动脉期CT值、延时期CT值与高危组对比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 MSCT能有效评估原发性SIST危险度分级,低危组与高危组间质瘤在临床特征与CT强化表现上存在差异,可为临床术前提供分级参考.     

CT表现为肺内纯磨玻璃样患者浸润性腺癌的影响因素

 目的 探讨CT表现为肺内纯磨玻璃样患者浸润性腺癌的影响因素。方法 回顾性分析CT表现为肺内纯磨玻璃样结节(pure ground glass nodule, pGGN)且经手术病理确诊的81例病例,根据手术病理分为非浸润性腺癌组(38例)和浸润性腺癌组(43例),对病灶最大径及CT值行受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线分析,比较两组临床及CT特征的差异并logistic回归分析浸润性腺癌独立影响因素。结果 ROC曲线显示预测浸润性腺癌的最佳临界值为病灶最大径15.5 mm和CT值-575 Hu,病灶最大径(AUC=0.897)的诊断效能大于CT值(AUC=0.701),两者联合诊断效能更佳。两组在病灶最大径、CT值、分叶征、毛刺征、空泡征、血管集束征差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),而在性别、年龄、位置、胸膜凹陷征、支气管充气征、血管穿行及肺-瘤界面差异无统计学意义,logistic回归分析(后退法)显示病灶最大径≥15.5 mm、分叶征及CT值≥-575 Hu为浸润性肺腺癌独立影响因素。结论 pGGN浸润性腺癌多具有分叶征、毛刺征、空泡征集血管集束征等征象,最大径＞15.5 mm,CT值＞-575 Hu及分叶征为其独立危险因素,可为临床手术治疗提供依据。     

光谱CT多参数功能成像预测磨玻璃密度肺腺癌侵袭性的价值

目的探讨光谱CT定量参数预测表现为磨玻璃结节(GGN)肺腺癌侵袭性的价值。方法回顾性分析2022年3至10月在郑州大学第一附属医院经手术切除且病理证实为肺腺癌的129例患者的临床及影像资料, 其中男45例, 女84例, 年龄33～81岁。按照病理结果129例患者分为微浸润腺癌(MIA)组64例和浸润性腺癌(IAC)组65例。所有患者均在术前2周内接受光谱CT增强扫描, 在后处理工作站上重建碘密度图、有效原子序数(Zeff)图、电子云密度(ED)图, 测量并计算相关光谱参数, 包括标准化碘浓度(NIC)、动脉增强分数(AEF)、Zeff及ED;分析病灶的常规CT特征, 包括最大径、CT值、结节类型、结节边缘、分叶征、毛刺征、空泡征、胸膜凹陷征、异常血管征及空气支气管征。采用独立样本t检验、Mann-WhitneyU检验、χ2检验比较2组临床特征、常规CT特征及光谱CT参数。采用多因素logistic回归分析评估肺腺癌侵袭性的独立危险因素, 并构建模型。采用受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线评估各参数及模型预测肺腺癌侵袭性的效能。结果 MIA组与IAC组的最大径、CT值、结节类型、边缘、毛刺征、...     

细胞自噬与肿瘤发生发展

自噬是真核生物中一种高度保守的胞内降解途径.其主要通过溶酶体或液泡进行饥饿状态下的营养动员,清除受损蛋白质、细胞器和胞内病原体.自噬主要包括巨自噬、分子伴侣介导自噬(CMA)和微自噬.自噬已被证实与多种人类疾病相关,其在肿瘤发生发展中具有重要意义.近年研究中,对于自噬和肿瘤关系有了进一步的认识,该文就自噬分子机制、调控...     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

Staging and surgical management of pancreatic and biliary cancer and inflammation

Management of benign and malignant diseases of the pancreas, liver, and biliary tract has made remarkable progress in the last two decades. Advances in minimally invasive surgery, interventional radiology, and diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy have changed the treatment of common diseases such as cholelithiasis and more serious diseases such as pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Advances in biliary tract and pancreatic surgery have paralleled the advances in ultrasonographic imaging, CT, and MR imaging. This article outlines the surgeon's perspective on radiologic imaging and preoperative staging of benign and malignant biliary and pancreatic disease.     

The thyroid and parathyroid glands. CT and MR imaging and correlation with pathology and clinical findings

Thyroid imaging approach is based on the preliminary clinical evaluation. Lesions that are smaller than 2 cm should be assessed with US, which is capable of discriminating masses as small as 2 mm and distinguishing solid from cystic nodules. US-guided FNAB provides tissue for cytologic examination of thyroid nodules. CT and MR imaging are indicated for larger tumors (greater than 3 cm diameter) that extend outside the gland to adjoining structures, including the mediastinum, and retropharyngeal region. Metastatic lymph nodes in the neck and invasion of the aerodigestive tract are also in the realm of CT and MR imaging. Thyroid nodules are categorized on scintigraphy as hot or cold nodules. Hot nodules are rarely malignant, whereas cold nodules have an incidence of 10% to 20% of malignancy. Calcifications (amorphous, globular, nodular, and linear) occur in adenomas and carcinomas and have no differential diagnostic features except for psammomatous calcifications, which are a pathognomonic finding in papillary carcinomas and a small percentage of medullary carcinomas. Papillary carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor (80%) followed by follicular (20% to 25%); medullary (5%); undifferentiated; anaplastic carcinomas (< 5%); lymphoma (5%); and metastases. Lymph node metastases are common in papillary carcinoma, 50% at presentation, and less common in follicular carcinomas. The metastatic nodes in papillary carcinoma may enhance markedly (hypervascular); show increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images (increased thyroglobulin content or hemorrhage); and reveal punctate calcifications. Localized invasion of the larynx, trachea, and esophagus occurs predominantly in papillary and follicular carcinomas; the incidence is less than 5%. Ectopic thyroid tissue may be encountered in the tongue (foramen cecum); along the midline between posterior tongue and isthmus of thyroid gland; lateral neck; mediastinum; and oral cavity. Goiter and malignant tumors, notably papillary carcinoma, may develop in ectopic thyroid tissue. Carcinomas may also arise in thyroglossal duct cysts, which develop from duct remnants between the foramen cecum and thyroid isthmus. Infectious disease of the thyroid gland is not common and the CT and MR imaging findings are similar as described under neck infection. Other types of inflammatory disorders including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, granulomatous thyroiditis, and Riedel's struma display no specific imaging features. Imaging studies may, however, be indicated to confirm a suspected clinical diagnosis and assess compromise of the airway (Riedel's struma). HPT is a clinical diagnosis in which hypercalcemia is the most important finding. Parathyroid hyperplasia, adenoma, and carcinoma represent underlying lesions. To relieve the patient's symptoms surgical extirpation is indicated. The surgical success rate without imaging is 95%. The indications for imaging studies vary but it is generally agreed that reoperation after a previous failed surgical attempt and suspicion of an ectopic parathyroid adenoma should be investigated by imaging. These consist of US, nuclear medicine studies, CT and MR imaging. US and technetium sestamibi scanning have the highest accuracy rate for localizing an adenomatous gland at and near the thyroid gland. Ectopic adenomas, particularly if they are located in the mediastinum, are preferrably investigated with CT and MR imaging with gadolinium and fat suppression. Carcinomas and parathyroid cysts are optimally evaluated by CT and MR imaging. On MR imaging adenomas are low in signal intensity on T1-weighted images, high in signal intensity on T2-weighted images, and enhance post introduction of gadolinium.