髓母细胞瘤X线与质子适形放射治疗计划比较

目的对髓母细胞瘤患者用X线和质子适形放射治疗计划进行比较,寻求髓母细胞瘤更好的放射治疗方法。方法采用Eclipsephoton光子治疗计划系统和Eclipseproton7.3.2质子治疗计划系统对5例髓母细胞瘤患者设计放射治疗计划并进行比较。全脑全脊髓剂量36Gy,后颅窝局部加量至54Gy。用剂量体积直方图(DVH)比较正常组织受照剂量的差异。结果X线与质子适形放射治疗计划相比,右侧耳蜗90%的体积平均受照剂量分别为后颅窝加量野的39%和1.6%,右颞颌关节90%体积平均受量分别为26.1%和0.4%,50%心脏平均受照剂量分别为脊髓野处方剂量的63.3%和0.8%,90%甲状腺平均受量分别为72.2%和0.5%。结论质子适形放射治疗髓母细胞瘤可明显减少正常组织的受照剂量,优于X线适形放射治疗。     

髓母细胞瘤的放疗和化疗

目的：探讨髓母细胞瘤对放疗和化疗的敏感性及提高髓母细胞瘤治愈的可能性。方法：回顾性分析了1987年2月－1997年2月我院用放射治疗和化疗的方法治疗了61例病例,儿童50例,中位年龄4．5岁（1－12岁）,其中男性30例,女性20例,成人11例,中位年龄19岁（13－36岁）,男性4例,女性7例。完全切除肿瘤有8例,部分切除肿瘤有3例,所有病人都采用全颅全脊髓分野照射。全颅照射30－35Gy,后颅窝局部增量20－25Gy,成人每次照射剂量为1．8－2Gy,儿童每次照射剂量为1．6－1．8Gy,儿童病人都采用联合用药,成人病人主要应用VM26＋CDDP＋CCNU。结果：儿童髓母细胞瘤病人放疗结束时CT片检查均发现肿瘤有明显退缩约50％,但无一例安全退缩,经过化疗后CT片复查发现肿瘤退缩不明显,生存期为3个月－7年,中位生存期为3年。成人髓母细胞放疗后肿瘤嫁缩没有像儿童髓母细胞瘤那么明显,几乎没有改变,放疗后CT片有肿瘤存在的3例病人平均生存期为1年,CT片无肿瘤的8例病人均存活5年以上。结论：髓母细胞瘤对放射线仅有部分敏感性,有一部分髓母细胞瘤细胞对放射线具有抵抗性。提高肿瘤手术切除率是提高病人生存率的重要因素。     

手术治疗髓母细胞瘤34例

目的 研究髓母细胞瘤的合理治疗方法及影响预后的因素.方法 回顾分析1996年1月至2007年12月经手术治疗的34例脑髓母细胞瘤的临床资料.手术全切28例(82.4%),部分切除6例(17.6%).全组2例行枕下旁正中入路手术,其余病例均采用枕下正中入路开颅肿瘤切除术.结果 平均生存期32个月,总的3年生存率为43.6%,总的5年生存率为34.5%.手术全切和部分切除的3年生存率分别为46.8%和25%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);5年生存率分别为36.9%和0,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).22例死亡,其中13例死于原灶复发和(或)脊髓转移,1例放疗后出现脊髓损伤.结论 髓母细胞瘤应以手术治疗为主,手术应尽可能完整切除肿瘤,解除导水管梗阻,术后辅以全脑加全脊髓放疗及化疗,可延长生存期.原灶复发及脊髓转移是治疗失败的主要原因.     

72例标危型髓母细胞瘤放疗剂量对生存的影响

目的 回顾分析标危型髓母细胞瘤采用全脑全脊髓放疗剂量≤24 Gy和>24 Gy对预后的影响。方法 标危型髓母细胞瘤定义为年龄>3岁、未发生转移、肿瘤全切或近全切(残留≤1.5 cm³)。2003—2013年共入组72例初治儿童、青少年标危型髓母细胞瘤患者。患者术后接受全脑全脊髓+局部瘤床放疗和8个疗程辅助化疗,化疗方案为顺铂、司莫司汀或卡莫司汀联合长春新碱。按放疗剂量≤24 Gy和>24 Gy分为A、B组(20、52例),比较两组患者复发率和生存率。Kaplan-Meier法计算复发率和生存率并Logrank法检验组间差异。结果 A组接受全脑全脊髓放疗19.2~24.0 Gy,B组接受全脑全脊髓放疗24.1~30.6 Gy。放疗后66例(92%)患者完成全部辅助化疗。共11例患者复发。随访满3年患者48例,其中复发11例,死亡7例。全组3年EFS率为83%,3年OS率为86%。A组和B组患者3年EFS率分别为84%和83%(P=0.609), 3年OS率分别为85%和87%(P=0.963)。结论 标危型髓母细胞瘤经规范综合治疗效果较好,其中全脑全脊髓放疗剂量减少至19.2~24.0 Gy未影响疗效。     

64例髓母细胞瘤放疗的回顾性分析

目的分析髓母细胞瘤放疗疗效及预后影响因素,观察最常见的放疗副反应。方法回顾性分析接受放疗的髓母细胞瘤64例,年龄均≥4岁。术前中枢神经系统MRI检查无蛛网膜下腔播散迹象,属Chang’sM分期M0～M1期。所有病例均在外院接受了原发肿瘤的全切或次全切除手术。放疗先予全脑全脊髓照射30Gy,然后缩野至后颅窝局部加量20～25Gy,中位分次剂量为180cGy。结果所有病例均完成了放疗,全组3、5年总生存率分别为68.8%和55.7%,无病生存率分别为57.8%和51.4%,27例(42.2%)在3年内复发。通过分析年龄、性别、原发肿瘤大小、手术与放疗间隔时间对生存率影响发现,只有手术与放疗间隔时间有一定影响,手术与放疗间隔时间≤25、>25d的3年总生存率分别为81.5%、59.5%(P=0.110),3年无病生存率分别为74.1%、46.0%(P=0.030)。放疗中最常见的副反应主要为白细胞下降,92.2%的病例在治疗中出现了白细胞下降(<4.0×109/dl),其中2～3级的血液系统毒性占64.0%。结论髓母细胞瘤通过手术与放疗结合能取得较好疗效,但治疗失败率较高。手术与放疗间隔延长对总生存率和无病生存率均有影响,年龄、性别、原发肿瘤大小不是明显预后因素,放疗中最常见的副反应为血液毒性。     

髓母细胞瘤的放疗和化疗

目的探讨髓母细胞瘤对放疗和化疗的敏感性及提高髓母细胞瘤治愈的可能性。方法回顾性分析了1987年2月～1997年2月我院用放射治疗和化疗的方法治疗了61例病例,儿童50例,中位年龄4．5岁（1～12岁）,其中男性30例,女性20例。成人11例,中位年龄19岁（13～36岁）,男性4例,女性7例。完全切除肿瘤有8例,部分切除肿瘤有3例。所有病人都采用全颅全脊髓分野照射。全依照射30～35Gy,后颅窝局部增量20～25Gy。成人每次照射剂量为1．8～2Gy,儿童每次照射剂量为1．6～1．8Gy。儿童病人都采用联合用药,成人病人主要应用VM26＋CDDP＋CCNU。结果儿童髓母细胞瘤病人放疗结束时CT片检查均发现肿瘤有明显退缩约50％,但无一例完全退缩。经过化疗后CT片复查发现肿瘤退缩不明显,生存期为3个月～7年,中位生存期为3年。成人髓母细胞瘤放疗后肿病退缩没有像儿童髓母细胞瘤那么明显,几乎没有改变。放疗后CT片有肿瘤存在的3例病人平均生存期为1年。CT片无肿瘤的8例病人均存活5年以上。结论髓母细胞瘤对放射线仅有部分敏感性。有一部分髓母细胞瘤细胞对放射线具有抵抗性。提高肿瘤手术切除率是提高病人生存率的重要因素。     

螺旋断层放疗治疗髓母细胞瘤的疗效观察

目的 探讨螺旋断层放疗技术治疗髓母细胞瘤的剂量学优势、不良反应及疗效。方法 2011年2月至2011年10月,4例髓母细胞瘤患者接受螺旋断层放射治疗。术后瘤床临床靶区（CTV1）剂量：50.4Gy／28f,每次18Gy,5次／周;全脑全脊髓临床靶区（CTV2）剂量：30.6Gy／17f,每次1.8Gy,5次／周。结果 4例患者接受照射的均匀性和适形性较好,重要器官的照射剂量低,治疗时间均小于15min。4例患者均获随访,中位随访9个月（4～15个月）,至随访截止时间无1例复发。主要不良反应为骨髓抑制和恶心呕吐,4例患者均可耐受。结论 螺旋断层放疗治疗髓母细胞瘤的疗效和剂量分布较好,为治疗髓母细胞瘤开辟了一个新的治疗平台。     

髓母细胞瘤的放射治疗：附34例疗效分析

背景与目的：髓母细胞瘤是儿童后颅窝常见的恶性肿瘤，手术联合术后放疗是公认的治疗方法，化疗的作用尚不肯定。本文回顾性分析34例髓母细胞瘤术后放疗和化疗的疗效。方法：1992年1月至2002年12月，34例经术后病理证实的小脑髓母细胞瘤患者在我院接受了术后放疗，全脑照射剂量为2850～3500cGy，后颅窝瘤床缩野加量照射2000-2500cGy，全脊髓照射剂量2960—3210cGy。14例接受了术后全身化疗。采用Kaplan—Meier法计算生存率，生存率之间的差异采用log—rank法检验。结果：全组5年总生存率58．8％，无瘤生存率53．2％；其中术后化疗组和未化疗组的5年总生存率分别是71．4％和50．1％(x^2=1．24，p=0．2662)，无瘤生存率分别是57．1％和50．2％(x^2=0．32，P=0．5714)。结论：髓母细胞瘤手术联合术后全脑全脊髓放疗的疗效确定，术后全身化疗未显著提高总生存率和无瘤生存率。     

儿童髓母细胞瘤全脑全脊髓放疗36Gy与23．4Gy甲状腺功能低下发生率比较

患有髓母细胞瘤的儿童在接受全脑全脊髓放疗(ＣＳＩ)后易发生内分泌功能障碍。虽然生长激素分泌不足最常见 ,但直接照射甲状腺 (原发性 )或照射下丘脑 垂体轴 (中枢性 )都可能引起甲状腺功能减低。为分析比较低剂量全脑全脊髓照射 (2 3.4Ｇｙ)合并化疗与标准剂量 (36Ｇｙ)照射合并或不合并化疗是否可降低甲状腺功能低下的发生率 ,对 32例行全脑全脊髓放疗加或不加化疗且年龄≤ 2 0岁的髓母细胞瘤患者进行了回顾性分析。其中 2 0例全脑全脊髓照射的剂量为 36Ｇｙ ,另外 12例为 2 3.4Ｇｙ ,分割剂量均为 1.8Ｇｙ 次 ,对后颅窝区则用平行的两…     

34例儿童髓母细胞瘤三维适形放射治疗的疗效分析

背景与目的:髓母细胞瘤(medulloblastoma,MB)属于原始神经外胚层肿瘤,是儿童最常见的头部恶性肿瘤,诊断时的患者平均年龄为6岁.近年来随着放化疗策略的巨大进步,5年生存率已由20世纪70年代的20%上升至70%.多数学者认为局部复发、术前是否存在转移、术后残存肿瘤体积以及患者年龄等因素都对预后有显著影响.本研究探讨髓母细胞瘤行三维适形放射治疗的疗效、毒副作用及其失败的原因.方法:2001年8月-2007年8月,共34例(男性23人,女性11人)髓母细胞瘤术后患者(3～16岁,平均年龄9.5岁)在我院就治,其中高风险组16例,低风险组18例.所有患者均于放疗前行肿瘤全切或次全切除术,术前从未接受过放、化疗.患者均于术后3周内行三维适形放射治疗.先予以患者全脑全脊髓放疗至30 Gy后,于后颅窝处补量20～25 Gy,中位分次剂量180 cGy/f.所有息儿于放疗后接受长春新碱、环己亚硝脲、顺铂方案化疗,所有患者均未行鞘内化疗.患者于每次化疗前常规行全血细胞计数、血生化和肝肾功能等检查.结果:5年总生存率(5-year overall survival,OS)和5年无病生存率(5-year disease free survival,DFS)分别为71%、62%,中位随访时间36.5个月.高风险组和低风险组的5年生存率分别为88.996、50.0%,两者之间差异有显著性(P=0.01).34例患者中13例失败,其中有3例(8.8%)在筛板区域发生复发.完全缓解率为70.5%,部分缓解率为14%.而术前存在转移患者的5年生存率为12.5%(1/8);术后残存肿瘤体积≥1.5 cm3患者的5年生存率为0%(0/5).术前存在转移与术后残存肿瘤体积对患者的预后均有显著性影响(P<0.05).而性别对患者的预后无显著影响.放疗不良反应主要为血液系统毒性反应(7/34 20.6%)及胃肠道反应(11.8%,4/34).结论:采用三维适形放疗治疗术后儿童髓母细胞瘤患者,严重不良反应的发生率较低.低风险组患者预后较好,而高风险组、术后残存肿瘤体积>1.5 Cm3以及术前存在转移的患者经综合治疗其预后仍较差.应注意放疗中筛板区域脑组织的放疗剂量可能偏低.     

Results of radiation treatment of medulloblastoma in adults

From 1961 to 1982, 20 adults (greater than 16 years of age) were treated with radiation therapy following surgery for medulloblastoma. All patients received neuro-axis irradiation. Five patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. A 5- and 10-year survival rate of 78 and 55%, respectively, were achieved. Treatment failures were mainly a result of local recurrences, but also of metastases. One patient died of acute myeloid leukemia. One patient developed paraplegia. The survival rate was better in males (2 deaths out of 14) than in females (5 deaths out of 6). All the survivors are free of deficit or sequelae, except the patient with paraplegia.     

Improving the therapeutic ratio of craniospinal irradiation in medulloblastoma

Radiation therapy delivered to the entire cerebrospinal axis is indicated for a number of pediatric brain tumors, especially medulloblastoma. Improved radiotherapy techniques have changed the near fatal prognosis for children with medulloblastoma to a 50%, 5-year survival. Nevertheless, the treatment results in substantial acute toxicity, and many survivors have serious sequelae. Further improvement in survival with optimal surgery and radiotherapy is not expected unless chemotherapy is added. Refinements in radiotherapy technique, however, can improve the therapeutic ratio of the treatment by lowering its side effects. In the last year children who required craniospinal irradiation at M. D. Anderson Hospital were treated with 6 MV photons to the brain and primary tumor and with 15-17 MeV electrons to the spinal canal. The elective dose to the whole brain was 30 Gy in 17 fractions and 30 Gy in 20 fractions to the spine. The primary tumor received an additional 20-25 Gy. An electron-beam dose distribution was drawn on a computerized tomography (CT) reconstructed sagittal plane. The electron energy was selected so that the 90% isodose line was at least 3 mm anterior to the cord after correction for bone heterogeneity. The treatment was well tolerated in the first five patients. It is projected that the current technique will cause fewer late effects and improve the tolerance to chemotherapy.     

Résultats du traitement du médulloblastome à Casablanca de 2000 à 2012

PurposeTo describe the therapeutic results, with the aim to contribute to improving the care of patients with medulloblastoma.Patients and methodsA retrospective study of 69 cases of medulloblastoma collected in the university hospital Ibn Rochd of Casablanca between 2000 and 2012.ResultsFifty-three children with an average age of 9 years and 16 adults with an average age of 32.4 years were included in the study. Thirty-seven children and eight adults suffered from a high-risk tumour. The radiotherapy was received by all patients with a mean dose of 36 Gy to the whole brain and 54 Gy in the posterior fossa. All patients in the paediatric group and 10 patients in the adult group received concomitant chemotherapy, 44 children and four adults received adjuvant chemotherapy. Tumour recurrence was observed in 17 children after a mean follow-up period of 38 months. These recurrences were observed in five adults after a mean follow-up period of 42 months. The posterior fossa was the main site of relapses. Overall survival was 77.7% for the children and 61% for the adults. Overall survival was better (70% versus 25%) when the interval between radiotherapy and surgery was less than 40 days in the paediatric group. The recurrence rate was significantly higher for the high-risk group: 41% versus 13% for the standard risk. In the adult group, overall survival differences according to the risk group were significant (100% for the standard risk versus 37.5% for the high risk).ConclusionThe overall survival and recurrences rate obtained are encouraging. The risk group and time between surgery and radiotherapy were prognostic factors with significant impact on survival depending on the age group. We recommend reducing these times to improve therapeutic results.     

Results of radiation therapy for medulloblastoma

Results of radiation therapy for cerebellar medulloblastoma at Kyoto University Hospital were reviewed. Between 1962 and 1988, 30 patients with histologically-proven medulloblastoma completed radiotherapy. Before 1971, the treatment volume was either the posterior fossa only or posterior fossa plus spinal axis, but after 1972, it was extended to include the entire neuraxis. The mean dose was 48 Gy to the posterior fossa, 36 Gy to the whole brain, and 25 Gy to the spinal axis. The 5-year survival rate and 5-year relapse-free survival rate estimated by the Kaplan-Meier's method were 36% and 37%, respectively, for total cases, but were as high as 79% and 80%, respectively, for the recent 10 patients. This improvement in the treatment results appeared to be due to extensive tumor resection and improved radiotherapy technique, and not to the use of chemotherapy. The prognosis was significantly better in patients treated with craniospinal irradiation than in those otherwise treated. There was a trend towards better survival in patients who received 50 Gy or more to the posterior fossa or 24 Gy or more to the spinal axis, compared to the patients who received lower doses to each site. No significant morbidity of radiotherapy was seen. Four of the six surviving patients who were treated below age 12 have a mental retardation and/or a short stature, but one patient treated at age 5 has a normal growth and a good intelligence. From these analysis, it is recommended to irradiate craniospinal axis and posterior fossa up to 25-35 Gy and 50-55 Gy, respectively.     

放疗在髓母细胞瘤治疗中的作用

背景与目的:髓母细胞瘤(medulloblastoma,MB)起源于小脑外颗粒层的原始神经上皮细胞,是一类恶性程度高的肿瘤,针对于此肿瘤的研究极少。本文分析其临床特点、综合治疗的效果和影响预后的因素,并探讨其治疗策略。方法:收集了1991年1月～2008年4月于中山大学肿瘤防治中心诊治的MB 43例,比较有、无放疗对其总生存率及无进展生存率的影响。同时分析探讨影响MB患者预后的不良因素;采用Kaplan-Meier法计算全组生存率,组间比较用Log-rank检验。结果:43例MB患者中,36例接受放疗,其中26例行全中枢放疗。全部患者均行手术治疗,其中29例肿块完全切除,14例部分切除。19例行化疗。单因素分析显示,放疗剂量≥50Gy组的总生存率及无进展生存率均有明显提高,P值分别为0.018及0.027。此外,T晚期、手术残留为影响预后的因素。结论:接受放疗的MB患者总生存率及无进展生存率是有升高趋势的。足量的放疗剂量(≥50Gy)可改善预后,延长生命。需对MB行全中枢放疗,其剂量无公认标准。MB不良预后因素有:无放疗、T晚期(T3、T4期)及手术后肿瘤残留。     

Common strategy for adult and pediatric medulloblastoma: a multicenter series of 253 adults

PURPOSE: To assess prognostic factors for adults with medulloblastoma in a multicenter, retrospective study. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Data were collected by file review or mail inquiry for 253 adults treated between 1975 to 2004. Radiologists or surgeons assessed disease characteristics, such as volume and extension. Patients were classified as having either high- or standard-risk disease. Prognostic factors were analyzed. RESULTS: Median patient age was 29 years. Median follow-up was 7 years. Radiotherapy was delivered in 246 patients and radiochemotherapy in 142. Seventy-four patients relapsed. Respective 5- and 10-year overall survival rates were 72% and 55%. Univariate analysis showed that survival significantly correlated with metastasis, postsurgical performance status, brainstem involvement, involvement of the floor of the fourth ventricle (V4), and radiation dose to the spine and to the posterior cerebral fossa (PCF). By multivariate analysis, brainstem, V4 involvement, and dose to the PCF were negative prognostic factors. In the standard-risk subgroup there was no overall survival difference between patients treated with axial doses of >or=34 Gy and patients treated with craniospinal doses <34 Gy plus chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: We report the largest series of medulloblastoma in adults. Prognostic factors were similar to those observed in children. Results suggest that patients with standard-risk disease could be treated with radiochemotherapy, reducing doses to the craniospinal area, maintaining at least 50 Gy to the PCF. The role of chemotherapy for this group is still unclear. A randomized study should be performed to confirm these results, but because frequency is very low, such a study would be difficult.     

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for craniospinal irradiation: target volume considerations, dose constraints, and competing risks

PURPOSE: To report the results of an analysis of dose received to tissues and organs outside the target volume, in the setting of spinal axis irradiation for the treatment of medulloblastoma, using three treatment techniques. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Treatment plans (total dose, 23.4 Gy) for a standard two-dimensional (2D) technique, a three-dimensional (3D) technique using a 3D imaging-based target volume, and an intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) technique, were compared for 3 patients in terms of dose-volume statistics for target coverage, as well as organ at risk (OAR) and overall tissue sparing. RESULTS: Planning target volume coverage and dose homogeneity was superior for the IMRT plans for V(95%) (IMRT, 100%; 3D, 96%; 2D, 98%) and V(107%) (IMRT, 3%; 3D, 38%; 2D, 37%). In terms of OAR sparing, the IMRT plan was better for all organs and whole-body contour when comparing V(10Gy), V(15Gy), and V(20Gy). The 3D plan was superior for V(5Gy) and below. For the heart and liver in particular, the IMRT plans provided considerable sparing in terms of V(10Gy) and above. In terms of the integral dose, the IMRT plans were superior for liver (IMRT, 21.9 J; 3D, 28.6 J; 2D, 38.6 J) and heart (IMRT, 9 J; 3D, 14.1J; 2D, 19.4 J), the 3D plan for the body contour (IMRT, 349 J; 3D, 337 J; 2D, 555 J). CONCLUSIONS: Intensity-modulated radiotherapy is a valid treatment option for spinal axis irradiation. We have shown that IMRT results in sparing of organs at risk without a significant increase in integral dose.