上海市冬季不良建筑物综合征的流行病学调查

[目的]探讨上海市冬季生物因素和飘尘对工作于封闭式建筑物办公室工作人员发生不良建筑物综合征(SBS)的影响.[方法]1997、1998年冬季,选择竣工10年以内的27幢办公楼进行包括空气细菌总数、霉菌总数、飘尘总量和人均面积的测试,并据此将建筑物分成3组,办公楼内的841名办公室工作人员相应形成3组,分别进行症状调查中症状报告率、个人症状指数(PSI)及个人5项症状指数(5-PSI)平均值和眼科、耳鼻喉科和皮肤科检查中体征阳性率的趋势分析.[结果]眼和鼻咽喉部刺激体征的阳性率随着空气细菌总数、霉菌总数和飘尘总量的增加而逐渐上升,还随着人均面积的减少而逐渐上升.除了人均面积与飘尘总量相关外,4个因素对SBS来说都是独立起作用的因素.[结论]眼和鼻咽喉黏膜的刺激体征与上述因素有关.     

上海市冬季不良建筑物综合征的流行病学调查

[目的]探讨上海市冬季生物因素和飘尘对工作于封闭式建筑物办公室人员发生不良建筑物综合征（SBS）的影响。[方法]1997、1998年冬季，选择竣工10年以内的27幢办公楼进行包括空气细菌总数、霉菌总数、飘尘总量和人均面积的测试，并据此将建筑物分成3组，办公楼的841名办公室工作人员相应形成3组，分别进行症状调查中症状报告率、个人症状指数（PSI）及个人5项症状指数（5－PSI）平均值和眼科、耳鼻喉科和皮肤科检查中体征阳性率的趋势分析。[结果] 眼和鼻咽喉部刺激体征的阳性率随着空气细菌总数、霉菌总数和飘尘总量的增加而逐渐上升，还随着人均面积的减少而逐渐上升。除了人均面积与飘尘总量相关外，4个因素对SBS来说都是独立起作用的因素。[ 结论]眼和鼻咽喉黏膜的刺激体征与上述因素有关。     

冬季室内微小气候和照度对办公室人群神经行为功能的影响

目的探讨冬季室内微小气候和照度对封闭建筑物内办公室人员神经行为功能的影响。方法1997年和1998年冬季,在竣工10年以内的27幢办公楼中进行室温、相对湿度和照度的测定,并据此分层。将27幢办公楼及楼内的814名办公室人员相应分成3组,分别作神经行为功能测试,对结果进行趋势分析。结果随着室温和相对湿度的下降,多项神经行为功能测试指标有朝不良方向变化的趋势;随着照度的下降,多项神经行为功能测试指标有朝良好方向变化的趋势,但平均年龄也有明显下降趋势。在室温13～20℃和相对湿度33％～82％范围内,测定数值较低,办公室人群中神经行为功能的表现较差;在照度95～1800lx范围内,测定数值较低,表现则较好。与中枢神经系统症状出现率的变化趋势比较,发现以室温分组时,与神经行为功能表现的变化趋势相反;而以另两个因素分组时,变化趋势则一致。结论两个室内微小气候因素对人群的神经行为功能表现有较为肯定的影响。而照度与神经行为功能表现的关系,由于表现向好趋势与年龄下降趋势一致,故还有待进一步研究证实。     

神经行为功能测试在封闭建筑物人群健康研究中的应用

目的探讨在封闭性建筑内办公室工作人员的健康影响研究中,神经行为功能测试方法的使用价值。方法１９９７年和１９９８年冬季,在峻工１０年以内的２７幢办公楼其内的８４１名办公室工作人员中进行内容包括办公楼一般情况以及个人神经行为功能测试的现况调查。结果：神经行为功能测试（ＮＥＴ）中出现性别差异,但与中枢神经系统症状报告的流行病学研究结果差异不一致;办公室的某些总体状况,如有室内绿化和装修饰完成时间２年以上     

上海冬季大楼综合征的流行病学研究

目的：探讨上海冬季封闭性建筑物的办公室人员中是否存在大楼综合征（ＳＢＳ）,以及基本的总体表现。方法：１９９７和１９９８年冬季,在峻工１０年以内的２７幢办公楼及其内的８４１中办公室工作人员中进行内容包括办公室一般情况、环境检测、个人一般情况、个人症状问询,以及个人医学检查的现况调查。结果：１４项问询症状中有８个症状的报告率超过了１５％,其中４个超过了３０％;个人症状指数（ＰＳＩ）及个人５项症状指数（     

封闭式大楼室内空气质量夏冬两季差异的研究

目的：调查夏冬两季封闭式大楼室内空气质量的差异。方法：选择２９幢１９８６年后竣工的大楼作为调查对象,检测室内空气温度、相对湿度,细菌总数、霉菌总数、飘尘二氧化碳和甲醛７项指标。结果：除细菌总数两季节无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）外,其余６项指标在两季节均有极显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论：封闭式大楼的室内空气质量在夏季比冬季差。提示在夏天尤应采取通风措施以改善空气质量。     

办公大楼内环境与黏膜刺激体征关系的多因素分析

目的 本文旨在分析上海冬季封闭式建筑物室内环境因素与人群眼、鼻、咽喉黏膜刺激体征阳性率之间是否存在剂量－反应关系。方法 1997年1998年冬季,选择竣工10年以内的27幢办公大楼,测试春现场环境指标,并对其内在832名工作人员进行眼、鼻、咽喉黏膜的体检。以环境指标及性别与否有黏膜刺激体征建立Logistic回归模型。结果 环境因素中与眼结膜刺激体征阳性率有显著相关的有：空气总颗粒物、人均面积、相对湿度和亮度;与五官黏膜刺激体征阳性率有显著相关的有：温度和相对湿度。结论 空气总颗粒物对眼结膜刺激影响较大,温度和相对湿度偏低,但偏回归系数值较小。人群黏膜系统对总体情况的敏感性强于某单个因素。     

上海市7幢办公楼室内环境状况调查

当前，在中心城区，办公室职业已经成为一种重要的职业方式，在职业人群中所占的比例也呈上升趋势。由于办公室是一个相对密闭的场所，因此其室内环境状况直接影响着职业人群的健康。2008年我们对上海市区7幢办公楼的室内环境进行了检测，并结合人群不良主诉的调查数据进行分析，从一定程度上反映当前办公楼中室内空气的现状。     

九江市市级医院室内空气与物品细菌污染调查

目的：了解九江市市级医院室内空气与物品细菌污染情况。方法：连续3年对该市13所市级医院进行院内空气与物品细菌污染的调查。结果：室内空气，物品表面，医护人员手，使用中的消毒液细菌总数超标率均呈逐年下降趋势。而室内空气中细菌总数超标率仍高达48．89％－819％。结论：本市尚应重点加强妇产科，口腔科，注射室及内科治疗室的消毒工作。     

放射工作人员外周血象近十年前后结果分析

目的 观察长期小剂量照射对放射工作人员外周血象的影响。方法 放射工作人员近十年前后的健康监护档案资料的外周血象结果进行统计分析,并以非放射工作人员作为对照。结果 放射工作人员的人均年有效剂量由1995年的2.36mSv降至2001、2002年人均年有效剂量1.50mSv,降低了36.4%。放射工作人员的血细胞分析参数十年前后在总体上有增高的趋势,而白细胞、血小板异常发生率降低;放射组与对照组比较,血小板计数及血红蛋白含量无显著性差异,白细胞均值低于对照组,其异常率高于对照组,经统计分析差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论 随着放射防护管理的加强,放射工作人员人均年有效剂量逐渐下将,放射工作人员外周血细胞总数、血小板均值随年度增加而增高,异常发生率降低,但与对照组比较,白细胞总数降低,异常率增高。长期低剂量电离辐射对放射工作人员的外周血细胞有一定的影响。     

Indoor air quality of schools in Alexandria City

Poor air quality in schools can affect children's desire and ability to concentrate and learn and may lead to increased rate of absenteeism. This study was carried out with the aim of characterizing and measuring indoor air quality in school buildings, measuring ventilation status and studying the impact of design and environmental parameters on some measured pollutant levels. The study was carried out in some primary schools of Alexandria City. All ventilation rate levels exceeded the ASHRAE standard of 15 cfm/pupil except for a few cases. Badly located and small window area led to air stagnation and low ventilation rates. Levels of TSP greatly exceeded a suggested daily guideline of 150 microg/m3. The highest average levels of TSP were found inside classrooms surrounded by unpaved playground and located near semi rural, commercial and heavy traffic areas, while lowest levels were in classrooms located next to residential areas. The average total bacteria were highest in winter. There was also a slight increase in respiratory symptoms and signs in winter. There was a significant positive correlation between average total, pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria with average TSP levels, indoor CO2 levels and relative humidity while a significant negative correlation was observed with ventilation rate and class volume occupied. The average attack rate of respiratory conditions was 1.96 episode per child. Running nose was the highest frequent symptom. Students of first grade, had an incidence rate higher than that among fifth grade students.     

Prevalence of the sick building syndrome symptoms in office workers before and six months and three years after being exposed to a building with an improved ventilation system.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of symptoms associated with the sick building syndrome (SBS) has recently been shown to decrease by 40% to 50% among office workers six months after they were exposed to a building with an improved ventilation system. The objective of the present study was to find whether the decrease in the prevalence of symptoms was maintained three years later. METHODS: Workers from the same organisation occupied five buildings in 1991 and moved during that year to a single building with an improved ventilation system. All buildings had sealed windows with mechanical ventilation, air conditioning, and humidification. Workers completed a self administered questionnaire during normal working hours in February 1991 before moving, in February 1992 six months after moving, and in February 1995, three years after moving. The questionnaire encompassed symptoms of the eyes, nose and throat, respiratory system, skin, fatigue, and headache, as well as difficulty concentrating, personal, psychosocial, and workstation factors. During normal office hours of the same weeks, environmental variables were measured. RESULTS: The study population comprised 1390 workers in 1991, 1371 in 1993, and 1359 in 1995, which represents 80% of the population eligible each year. The prevalence of most symptoms decreased by 40% to 50% in 1992 compared with 1991. This was similar in 1995. These findings were significant and remained generally similar after controlling for personal, psychosocial, and work related factors. CONCLUSION: In this study, the decrease of 40% to 50% in the prevalence of most symptoms investigated six months after workers were exposed to a new building with an improved ventilation system was maintained three years later. The results of the present follow up study provide further support for a real effect of exposure to a new building with an improved ventilation system on the prevalence of symptoms associated with the SBS.     

Variability of personal chemical exposure in eight office buildings in Sweden

This study focuses on the variability in chemical exposures for individuals working in office buildings. The study involved eight office buildings with 79 participants, and exposures were measured using personal samplers for volatile organic compounds, aldehydes, amines, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particles. Ventilation was assessed in each individual office. "Variability among buildings" and "variability among individuals" were evaluated for any component (of the 123) measured in samples from at least 20 persons, using variance component analysis and principal component analysis. Interpersonal differences explained the major part of the variance for 78% of the compounds versus between-buildings differences for 14% of the compounds. For 8% of compounds, the variation was explained in equal amounts by the differences among individuals and among buildings. This study illustrates the necessity for individualised measurements (versus stationary measurements in building) to estimate personal exposures. These results also support the conclusion that in case-referent studies of "sick building syndrome" (SBS), referents to SBS cases can be randomised for building location.     

Prevalence of the sick building syndrome symptoms in office workers before and after being exposed to a building with an improved ventilation system.

OBJECTIVE: To find if the prevalence of symptoms associated with sick building syndrome decreased among office workers after moving to a building with improved ventilation (after controlling for potential confounders). METHODS: Workers in five buildings in 1991 all moved in 1992 into a single building with improved design, operation, and maintenance of the ventilation system. All buildings had sealed windows with mechanical ventilation, air conditioning, and humidification. Workers completed a self administered questionnaire during normal working hours in February 1991 and February 1992. The questionnaire encompassed symptoms of the eyes, nose and throat, respiratory system, skin, fatigue, headache, and difficulty concentrating, personal, psychosocial, and work related factors. During normal office hours of the same week environmental variables were measured. RESULTS: The study population comprised 1390 workers in 1991 and 1371 workers in 1992 who represented more than 80% of the eligible population. The prevalence of most symptoms decreased when workers moved to the new building: skin (54%), respiratory system (53%), nose and throat (46%), fatigue (44%), headache (37%), eyes (23%). These findings were all significant and remained generally similar after controlling for personal, psychosocial, and work related factors. Furthermore, more than 60% of workers symptomatic in 1991 were asymptomatic in 1992 for all types of symptoms. In contrast, less than 15% of workers were asymptomatic in 1991 but symptomatic in 1992 for all types of symptoms. CONCLUSION: In this study, the prevalence of most symptoms usually associated with the sick building syndrome decreased by 40% to 50% after workers were transferred to a building with an improved ventilation system. The results show that it is possible to diminish the prevalence of symptoms associated with the sick building syndrome among office workers occupying a building with mechanical ventilation, air conditioning, and sealed windows.     

Airborne fungal spores in a cross-sectional study of office buildings

Airborne fungal spores were measured in 44 office buildings in the summer and winter throughout the continental United States, as part of the Building Assessment, Survey and Evaluation (BASE) program. Six indoor air and two outdoor air samples were collected on a single day from each building. The cross-sectional and repeated measure design afforded evaluation of between-building and within-building variability of fungal spore levels in buildings. Total fungal spore concentrations in indoor air ranged from < 24 to 1000 spores/m3, except for one building with natural ventilation where indoor levels were approximately 9000 spores/m3. Indoor air concentrations of total spores did not vary significantly between winter and summer or morning and afternoon monitoring periods or among climate zones or locations within a test area. Indoor-outdoor ratios of total spore concentrations typically ranged between 0.01 and 0.1 and were approximately seven times greater in winter than summer because of relatively low outdoor levels in the winter. The indoor-outdoor ratio of total spore concentrations for a building was consistent (reliability coefficient = 0.91) among repeated measures. Distributions of rank correlation coefficients for spore types in pairs of individual indoor-outdoor and indoor-indoor samples were weakly correlated (Spearman correlation = 0.2 on average). When spore type data were aggregated among samples from the same building, the central tendency of the rank correlation coefficients increased to 0.45. Rank correlation coefficients were also proportional to the number of spore types present in the samples that were compared. The BASE study provides normative data on concentrations of fungal spores that can aid in identification of problematic levels of mold in buildings.     

Long term measurements of indoor radon equilibrium factor

To provide detailed information for bronchial dose estimates, aerosol particle size distributions, and radon gas concentration, measurements were made in six residential homes and three laboratory rooms in different office buildings in the city of Ottawa. In the literature, most particle size distribution measurements are taken with samplers operating for a few days at most. In this study, the particle size samplers collected the samples from 77 to 162 d. The equilibrium factor determined from the long-term measurements ranged from 0.6 to almost 1 with an average of 0.75. Even though radon concentrations were quite different between residential setting and office buildings, the average equilibrium factor was similar in the two different indoor environments. The results suggest that at least in some basements, if they were occupied, the radon dose would be about twice as high as normally estimated from the conventional F(eq) value of 0.4.     

Indoor endotoxin and glucan in association with airway inflammation and systemic symptoms.

Indoor bioaerosols (i.e., bacteria, fungi, endotoxin, and beta-1,3-glucan) were determined in daycare centers, office buildings, and domestic environments in the Taipei area. In addition, we used a questionnaire survey to determine associations between indoor dampness, bioaerosols, and airway inflammation and systemic symptoms. We demonstrated that the median levels of indoor bacteria and fungi were the highest in daycare centers, followed by those in homes and office buildings. Similar patterns were observed for endotoxin and beta-1,3-glucan. The prevalences of airway inflammation and systemic symptoms were higher for females in office buildings than for employees in daycare centers; all symptoms were more prevalent in females than males. With respect to the relationship between bioaerosol exposure and airway inflammation and systemic symptoms, we found a strong association between beta-1,3-glucan and lethargy/fatigue.