珠海地区淋球菌耐药性监测及耐药质粒分型

目的 监测珠海地区2015-2016年淋球菌临床分离株对常用抗菌药物的敏感性,了解质粒介导的TEM-1和tetM基因分子流行情况.方法 用琼脂稀释法测定淋球菌对7种抗菌药物(青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、头孢克肟、大观霉素和阿奇霉素)的最低抑菌浓度(MIC).采用纸片酸度法测定产青霉素酶淋球菌(PPNG),PCR方法分别扩增TIEM-1和tetM耐药质粒基因片段,电泳分析其耐药质粒型别.结果 93株淋球菌中检出PPNG共26株(27.96％)、耐四环素淋球菌(TRNG)24株(25.81％).93株淋球菌对青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、阿奇霉素的耐药率分别40.86％、75.27％、100.00％、7.53％,青霉素低敏率为51.61％;未发现对大观霉素、头孢曲松、头孢克肟耐药菌株,但对头孢克肟的低敏率达到30.11％.耐药质粒分型结果PPNG亚洲型15株(57.69％),非洲型11株(42.31％),未检出多伦多/里约型;TRNG荷兰型23株(95.83％),美国型1株(4.17％).结论 珠海地区淋球菌对四环素、环丙沙星、青霉素耐药率较高,但对头孢曲松和大观霉素敏感率高,可作为治疗淋病的首选药物;PPNG以亚洲型和非洲型为主,TRNG以荷兰型为主,偶见美国型.     

233株淋球菌耐药性的监测与分析

目的了解淋球菌对抗菌药物的耐药性及产青霉素酶淋球菌（PPNG）和高水平耐四环素淋球菌（TRNG）的流行情况。方法用琼脂稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度（MIC）及纸片酸度法测定p内酰胺酶。结果233株淋球菌中检出PPNG阳性32株（13．73％）,TRNG阳性147株（63．09％）。菌株对头孢曲松和大观霉素均敏感,而对环丙沙星、四环素耐药率为98．28％、100％。结论南宁地区淋球菌株的耐药性以环丙沙星、四环素最为严重,对大观霉素和头孢曲松有较高的敏感性,持续开展耐药监测十分必要。     

2009——2011年大连市淋球菌耐药趋势分析

目的监测大连市2009——2011年度分离的淋病奈瑟茵对抗生素的耐药性及产青霉素酶(PPNG)和质粒介导的耐四环素菌株(TRNG),分析耐药菌株的流行特点。方法用纸片酸度定量法测定β-内酰胺酶,用琼脂稀释法测定大观霉素、环丙沙星、头孢曲松、四环素对淋球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIc)。结果 320株淋球菌中检测出产青霉素酶淋球菌(PPNG)为44.69%;质粒介导的耐四环素淋球菌(TRNG)为35.62%,呈下降趋势;环丙沙星的耐药率为97.5%,呈上升趋势。未发现对大观霉素和头孢曲松耐药的菌株,头孢曲松中敏呈上升趋势。结论大观霉素可作为治疗淋病的首选药物,环丙沙星已不能作为治疗淋病的临床用药。     

深圳地区淋球菌耐药性及质粒关系的研究

目的 了解深圳地区淋球菌的营养型分布和4种抗生素的耐药性以及与质粒的关系.方法 对深圳地区113株淋球菌进行最低抑菌浓度测定和产青霉素酶淋球菌检测,同时对其中44例进行质粒分型.结果 113株淋球菌中检出产青霉素酶淋球菌菌株9株(7.96%),质粒介导高度耐四环素菌株16株(14.16%),青霉素耐药菌株73株(64.60%),环丙沙星耐药菌株88株(77.88%),大观霉素、头孢曲松未发现耐药菌株.113株淋球菌分16种营养型,以Pro-、Proto-、Pro-lle、Lle-、Pro-lle Ser 5种营养型为主,占86.73%,其余11种营养型占13.27%.结论 青霉素和环丙沙星的耐药菌株主要分布于Pro-型,质粒介导高度耐四环素菌株主要分布于Lle-型,产青霉素酶淋球菌菌株散在于各种营养型中.     

200株淋球菌耐药检测结果分析

目的了解本院分离的200株淋球菌对壮观霉素、头孢曲松、头孢克肟、环丙沙星、青霉素和四环素的耐药性,分析耐药菌株的流行特点,指导临床合理用药。方法采用琼脂稀释法测定菌株对6种抗菌素的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),判断敏感性按WHO西太平洋地区淋球菌耐药性监测统一标准。用纸片酸度法监测产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌(PPNG)菌株。结果 200株淋球菌中,对6种抗菌素的耐药率以环丙沙星为首,耐药率高达94.5%;其次是青霉素,耐药率达92.0%,其中产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌(PPNG)49株(24.5%);四环素耐药率为67.5%,其中质粒介导高度耐四环素淋球菌(TRNG)56株,占28.0%;未发现头孢曲松、头孢克肟耐药菌株,但其低敏率分别为7.0%,5.5%,未发现壮观霉素耐药菌株和低敏菌株;环丙沙星、青霉素和四环素MIC50及MIC90均已超过耐药标准;二重耐药青霉素和环丙沙星同时耐药共检出139株(69.5%)最高,青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星同时耐药109株(54.5%)。结论环丙沙星、青霉素和四环素耐药率较高,提示对淋病的治疗效果差;壮观霉素、头孢曲松和头孢克肟的敏感性较高,推荐壮观霉素、头孢曲松和头孢克肟作为本地区治疗淋病的首选药物,同时定期监测淋球菌的耐药性,以指导临床合理应用抗菌素。     

106株淋病奈瑟菌的耐药性分析

目的了解淋病奈瑟菌(NG)流行株对5种抗生素的敏感性,分析NG的耐药性特点,为淋病的治疗提供依据。方法纸片扩散法检测106株NG对5种抗生素的敏感性,用产色头孢硝噻吩法检测β-内酰胺酶。结果106株NG中检出97株对青霉素耐药(91.5%),由质粒介导的产青霉素酶NG(PPNG)为61株(57.5%),四环素耐药率为70.4%,其中质粒介导高度耐四环素NG(TRNG)为28株,占26.4%,环丙沙星耐药率为92.3%,末发现对大观霉素和头孢曲松的耐药菌株。结论青霉素、四环素以及氟喹诺酮类药物已不宜作为治疗淋病的常规药物,大观霉素、头孢曲松可作为治疗淋病的首选药物。     

衡阳地区淋球菌流行株对抗生素耐药性监测

目的了解衡阳地区淋球菌流行株对抗生素的耐药性及产青霉素酶淋球菌(PPNG)和高水平耐四环素淋球菌(TRNG)的流行状况.方法采用琼脂稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC)以及用改良碘法检测β-内酰胺酶.结果101株淋球菌共检出PPNG 32株(31.7%)、TRNG 20株(19.8%),对四环素、环丙沙星、青霉素及大观霉素的耐药率分别为94.1%、91.1%、89.1%和2.0%,未发现耐头孢曲松钠的菌株.淋球菌交叉耐药情况较为严重,79.2%菌株对青霉素和环丙沙星呈现交叉耐药,84.2%菌株对四环素和环丙沙星呈现交叉耐药.结论头孢曲松钠和大观霉素仍可作为衡阳地区淋病治疗的首选药物,但大观霉素已出现耐药株,应引起临床医师的高度警惕;持续监测淋球菌的耐药性十分重要.     

武鸣县182例淋球菌药敏检测结果分析

目的了解淋球菌对抗菌药物的耐药情况,为制定淋病防治措施提供参考依据。方法采集2012年2月至2015年5月在某医院性病门诊就诊患者样品获得182株淋球菌,用纸片扩散法测定淋球菌对抗生素的敏感性。结果在检测的182株淋球菌中,对青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、头孢曲松和大观霉素的耐药率分别为70.3%、62.4%、92.3%,0.5%和0.5%。结论淋球菌对环丙沙星、四环素及青霉素的耐药情况比较严重,也出现了个别耐头孢曲松和耐大观霉素的淋球菌菌株,淋球菌的药敏检测结果对淋病临床治疗有一定的指导意义。     

103株淋球菌耐药性研究

目的了解深圳市福田区慢性病防治院2008-2012年103株淋球菌对五种抗菌药的耐药性及产青霉素酶淋球菌PPNG和高水平耐四环素淋球菌TRNG的流行趋势。方法用琼脂稀释法测定头孢曲松、大观霉素、环丙沙星、四环素及阿奇霉素的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),用头孢硝噻吩纸片检测β-内酰胺酶。结果 103株淋球菌检出PPNG35株(34.0%),TRNG62株(60.2%),环丙沙星耐药率达96.1%,高度耐药株(MIC≥16 mg/L)51株(49.5%),阿奇霉素耐药率为16.5%,头孢曲松、大观霉素未发现耐药菌株、抗菌活性均很强。结论持续性监测淋球菌的耐药性变迁是临床减少淋球菌耐药菌珠出现的有效办法。     

广州市和大连市淋病奈瑟球菌的耐药性及耐药质粒分型比较

目的 了解广州和大连市两地临床分离的淋病奈瑟球菌(淋球菌)对抗生素的耐药性,以及产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌(PPNG)和四环素高水平耐药淋球菌(TRNG)耐药质粒TEM-1和tetM基因分型差异.方法 临床菌株来自2012年广东省皮肤性病防治中心和大连市皮肤病医院性病门诊患者的泌尿生殖道分泌物.采用琼脂稀释法测定淋球菌菌株对环丙沙星、头孢曲松和大观霉素的耐药性.多重PCR方法鉴定PPNG TEM-1和TRNG tetM基因分型.结果 2012年广州市皮肤性病防治中心和大连市皮肤病医院性病门诊分别分离获得淋球菌127株和102株.大连市淋球菌头孢曲松中介率达到88.2％(90/102),高于广州市的46.5％ (59/127,x2=43.44,P＜0.01),且出现5株大观霉素耐药株(4.9％),而广州市淋球菌对大观霉素100％敏感.广州市PPNG和TRNG流行率分别为46.5％(59/127)和50.4％ (64/127),均明显高于大连市的33.3％(34/102)和24.5％ (25/102),差异均有统计学意义(x2=5.24、15.95,P均＜0.05).广州和大连市TEM-1基因分型以亚洲型为主,分别为84.7％ (50/59)和79.4％(27/34);tetM基因分型以荷兰型占优势,分别为100.0％ (64/64)和92.0％(23/25).结论 广州和大连两地流行淋球菌耐药性存在差异,大连市出现了大观霉素耐药株,且头孢曲松的中介率显著高于广州市.广州市PPNG和TRNG流行率明显高于大连市.两地TEM-1基因质粒分型以亚洲型占优势,tetM基因以荷兰型为主.     

Characteristics of gonococci isolated from men with urethritis in Dubai.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae were collected from men attending out-patient clinics in Dubai. The susceptibility to a range of therapeutic antibiotics and their auxotype and serotype was determined. The plasmid content of all penicillinase-producing strains was also analysed. Thirty-six strains of N. gonorrhoeae were isolated from specimens collected from 79 patients over a 24-day period. Of the 36 isolates, 9(25%) were penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and 15 (42%) were chromosomally resistant N. gonorrhoeae (CMRNG). CMRNG exhibited higher levels of resistance to cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and erythromycin than PPNG. All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone and spectinomycin. Three (8%) isolates showed reduced susceptibility (MIC, > or = 0.25 mg/l) to ciprofloxacin. Six isolates of PPNG carried the 4.4 MD and three the 3.2 MD penicillinase encoding plasmid. The total gonococcal population was phenotypically diverse, with 12 serovars, 6 auxotypes and 21 A/S classes. Gonorrhoea was found to be a major cause of urethritis in Dubai and the strains exhibited high levels of resistance to penicillin.     

Antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Liberia.

The prevalence and molecular characteristics of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and tetracycline-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (TRNG) were determined in 10 clinics in Monrovia, Liberia, to assess the likely effectiveness of the current standard treatment with penicillin or tetracycline. One hundred gonococcal strains were isolated from 146 urethral swabs and 261 cervical swabs and screened for susceptibility to ceftriaxone, penicillin, spectinomycin and tetracycline by the disk diffusion method; 83% were resistant to penicillin and 63% to tetracycline. Twenty-one strains from 18 men and 3 women with uncomplicated gonorrhoea were subjected to more detailed characterization. These 21 strains belonged to 5 auxotype/serovar classes; 86% were PPNG/TRNG. Three PPNG harboured the 4.4 MDa penicillinase plasmid and 16 the 3.2 MDa plasmid. All TRNG harboured the 25.2 MDa plasmid and their MICs for tetracycline were > 32 mg/L. They gave a PCR product which, according to its restriction pattern, corresponded to the American type tetM gene. By the agar dilution method, all strains exhibited intermediate resistance to sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (19:1) (co-trimoxazole) with MICs of 8-32 mg/L. All strains were susceptible to spectinomycin and ciprofloxacin. The MICs for gentamicin were 4-8 mg/L. The use of effective and affordable antimicrobial chemotherapy with either 500 mg ciprofloxacin or a single dose of gentamicin is discussed, with consideration of molecular biological, pharmacological and public health aspects.     

Antimicrobial susceptibilities and serotyping of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in southern Africa: influence of geographical source of infection.

One hundred and ninety-two strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from migrant mine-workers were tested for their susceptibility to antibiotics, auxotyped and serotyped. Of the total, 93 (48%) were acquired locally and 64 (33%) from different geographical locations. Plasmid-mediated resistance to penicillin was found in 28 (14.6%) strains and was associated predominantly with the presence of 5.0 kb penicillinase encoding plasmid (18/28, 64%). Chromosomal resistance to penicillin (MIC > or = 1 mg/l) was detected in 14 (7.3%) strains. Resistance to tetracycline was chromosomally and not plasmid-mediated. Antibiotic resistance was encountered most commonly among strains acquired in Natal. The overall gonococcal population was sensitive to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, spectinomycin and azithromycin. Nine auxotype/serovar (A/S) classes were encountered among penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG) compared to 24 A/S classes among non-PPNG strains. The most common A/S class was NR/IA-6 which accounted for 38% of PPNG and 15% of non-PPNG.     

Monitoring antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from Bangladesh during 1997-2006: emergence and pattern of drug-resistant isolates

Gonorrhoea is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in developing countries, and the emergence of resistance to antimicrobial agents in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major obstacle in the control of gonorrhoea. Periodical monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae is essential for the early detection of emergence of drug resistance. In total, 1,767 gonococcal strains isolated from males and females (general population and those with high-risk behaviour) from different parts of Bangladesh were studied during 1997-2006. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, spectinomycin, and azithromycin for the isolates were determined by the agar dilution method. Isolates resistant to three or more antimicrobial agents are considered multidrug-resistant. The prevalence of plasmid-mediated penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and plasmid-mediated tetracycline-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (TRNG) was determined. Nine percent of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin in 1997 compared to 87% in 2006. Multidrug-resistant N. gonorrhoeae have emerged in 1997, and 44% of the strains (n = 66) isolated during 2006 were multidrug-resistant. Forty-two percent of the isolates in 2006 were both PPNG- and TRNG-positive compared to none in 1997. The rapidly-changing pattern of gonococcal antimicrobial susceptibility warrants the need for an antimicrobial susceptibility-monitoring programme, and periodical analysis and dissemination of susceptibility data are essential to guide clinicians and for successful STI/HIV intervention programmes.     

Plasmid content, auxotype and protein-I serovar of gonococci isolated in the Gambia

Twenty-nine strains of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and 30 non-penicillinase-producing strains, all isolated in the Gambia, were characterized in terms of their plasmid content, auxotype and protein-I serovar. Sixty-two per cent of the PPNG strains contained the 3.2 MDa penicillinase-coding plasmid, and 38% had the 4.4 MDa plasmid. All the PPNG strains contained the 2.6 MDa cryptic plasmid but lacked the 24.4 MDa conjugative plasmid. In contrast, 46.7% of the non-PPNG strains harboured only the cryptic plasmid while 16.7% contained both the cryptic and conjugative plasmids. Seventeen per cent of the non-PPNG strains contained the conjugative plasmid only and 20% lacked plasmids. The PPNG and non-PPNG strains also differed in terms of their protein-I serovar. Eighty-six per cent of the PPNG strains belonged to serogroup 1 A, whereas the majority (60%) of non-PPNG strains belonged to serogroup 1 B. There was no significant difference in the auxotypes of the PPNG and non-PPNG strains, with both groups consisting predominantly of prototrophic and proline-requiring strains, with a minority of strains requiring arginine. When the 59 strains were each characterized in terms of their combined plasmid profile, auxotype and serovar, 39 different combinations were noted, which indicates the heterogeneous nature of the gonococcal population found in the Gambia.     

医院淋病奈瑟菌耐药性与质粒图谱研究

目的了解某院淋病奈瑟菌对抗菌药的耐药性及质粒谱型.方法采用纸片扩散法检测80株淋病奈瑟菌对7种抗菌药的敏感性：碱裂解法分析其质粒图谱.结果在测定的7种抗菌药中,对环丙沙星耐药率最高,为86.25%;对壮观霉素敏感率最高,为100%.质粒介导的产青霉素酶淋病奈瑟菌和耐四环素淋病奈瑟菌的检出率分别为50%和27.50%.72株（90%）淋病奈瑟菌检出质粒带,质粒谱型以4.2kb＋7.4kb＋39.5 kb和4.2 kb＋7.4 kb多见,分别占20%和15%.结论淋病奈瑟菌的耐药性和质粒图谱分析有助于为该地区淋病奈瑟菌的分子流行病学和淋病的监控提供依据.     

Multidrug resistance and plasmid patterns of Escherichia coli O157 and other E. coli Isolated from diarrhoeal stools and surface waters from some selected sources in Zaria, Nigeria

We have assessed the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in diarrhoeal patients and surface waters from some selected sources in Zaria (Nigeria), evaluating the antibiotic susceptibility and plasmid profiles of 184 E. coli isolates, obtained from 228 water samples and 112 diarrhoeal stool specimens (collected from children aged <15 years), using standard methods. The detection rate of E. coli O157 in surface waters was 2.2% and its prevalence in children with diarrhoea was 5.4%. The most active antibiotics were gentamicin, chloramphenicol and fluoroquinolones. Seventy-nine (42.9%) of 184 E. coli isolates were resistant to four or more antibiotics. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was higher amongst aquatic isolates than the clinical isolates. Out of 35 MDR isolates (20 of which were O157 strains), 22 (62.9%) harboured plasmids all of which were no less than 2.1 kb in size. Amongst the 20 E. coli O157 strains, only seven (35.0%) contained multiple plasmids. An aquatic O157 isolate containing two plasmids was resistant to seven drugs, including ampicillin, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin and tetracycline. Loss of plasmid correlated with loss of resistance to antibiotics in cured (mutant) strains selected in tetracycline (50 μg/mL)-nutrient agar plates. Our findings revealed that plasmids were prevalent in both the aquatic and clinical isolates, and suggest that the observed MDR is plasmid-mediated. The occurrence of plasmid-mediated multidrug resistant E. coli O157 in surface waters used as sources for drinking, recreation and fresh produce irrigation heightens public health concern.     

淋球菌耐药现状与耐药质粒的研究

为了解湛江地区淋球菌耐药现状及耐药质粒的分布, 并初步探讨其相互关系。对1998～1999年广东省湛江地区分 离鉴定出的98株淋球菌流行株,应用纸片扩散法测定细菌对 10种抗生素的敏感性,并采用碱裂解法进行质粒抽提,分析耐 药质粒的分布情况。结果6.12％菌株对全部抗生素敏感, 48.96％的菌株对3种及3种以上的抗生素耐药;共检出4种 不同分子量的质粒,7.4kb和4.2kb质粒检出率较高,分别为 59.16％和67.32％,质粒谱型12种,以7.4kb+4.2kb和 39.5kb+7.4kb+4.2kb为主,占38.76％。结果提示湛江地区 淋球菌耐药情况严重,多重耐药现象普遍,耐药质粒为7.4kb “亚洲型”质粒,检出率为59.16％,其与耐药性的关系尚有待 进一步探讨。     

淋病流行特征与淋球菌药物敏感性的流行病学研究

目的 为控制淋病的增长，探讨淋病流行病特征与淋球菌对常用药物敏感性的流行病学关系。方法 完整收集淋病的流行病学资料，测定每年淋球菌对各种药物的敏感度及耐药率，药物包括青霉素，四环素，环丙沙星，壮观霉素和头孢三嗪。结果 性病流行在10年内稳定上升，但淋病则由1993年开始呈稳定的负增长，壮观霉素及头孢三嗪在4年间未发现耐药菌株；环丙沙星的耐药率显上升，由1998年的56.4%上升至2001年的71.4%，产青霉素的耐药菌株（PPNG）和四环素耐药菌株（TRNG）在4年内分别上升10%和16.3%，结论 随淋病的有效控制，淋球菌对常用药物的敏感性降低，PPNG和TRNG菌株的明显上升表明淋球菌的耐药趋势正逐渐增强，喹诺酮类药物的高耐药率表明该类药物已不再适宜被推荐用于治疗淋病的首选药物，头孢三嗪和壮观霉素尚没有耐药菌株，但必须强调规范使用，保证在性病防治工作中有足够可供选择有效药物。