动脉导管未闭合并二尖瓣反流的治疗策略

摘要 目的：探讨治疗动脉导管未闭合并二尖瓣关闭不全的临床经验。 方法 分析41例动脉导管未闭合并二尖瓣关闭不全的临床资料,男23例,女18例;年龄1～52(9.5±10.7)岁。术前超声心动图提示：动脉导管直径3~11(6.84±2.10)mm,合并二尖瓣反流10例为轻度反流,16例中度反流,15例重度反流。37例患者的二尖瓣未进行处理,其中16例通过左胸侧后切口结扎动脉导管,21例单纯行介入封堵;2例患者因同时伴有重度三尖瓣反流而在体外循环下同期施行了三尖瓣成形术;2例合并重度二尖瓣关闭不全一般情况较差的患者,首先一期行PDA封堵术,封堵术后2周体外下一例行二尖瓣置换,一例二尖瓣成行术。 结果围术期无死亡,PDA术后均无残余分流,3例术前有反复肺部感染的患儿术后呼吸机辅助时间2～5天后顺利脱机,其余患者均恢复顺利。患者出院后门诊随访,术后1周、1月、3月复查瓣膜反流情况。单纯处理PDA的患者（共37例）,术后心彩超提示：术后1周与术前比较二尖瓣反流均明显减少;术后3个月与术后1个月比,二尖瓣反流略有减少。术后3个月时二尖瓣无反流19例,轻度反流13例,中度反流5例,无重度反流病例;行体外循环手术者术后均恢复良好,两例一期手术者术后二尖瓣反流为轻度以下,分期行成形者术后二尖瓣反流为轻中度 结论对动脉导管未闭合功能性二尖瓣关闭不全患者,采取单纯PDA结扎或者封堵,可有效减轻心脏负担,改善二尖瓣反流状况。对于一般情况较重不能耐受一期手术的患者,可行分期手术,一期先行PDA封堵术,缓解了二尖瓣反流和肺动脉高压情况,可有效地降低了二期二尖瓣手术的手术风险。     

68例二尖瓣狭窄合并轻度主动脉瓣关闭不全患者经皮球囊形成术后5年随访结果分析

目的评价经皮二尖瓣球囊形成术(PBMV)对二尖瓣狭窄合并轻度主动脉瓣关闭不全患者的安全性和有效性。方法对68例二尖瓣狭窄合并轻度主动脉瓣关闭不全患者行PBMV,术后随访5年,平均随访时间(5.4±1.2)年,内容包括心胸比率、超声心动图及心功能评价。结果PBMV术前、术后一周二尖瓣口面积(MVA)分别为(1.16±0.30)cm2与(2.21±0.52)cm2,术后MVA明显增加P＜0.001;术后5年MVA(2.07±0.43)cm2,较术后一周MVA减少,仍比术前大,P＜0.001;PBMV前、后左心室舒张末期内径为(4.26±0.50)cm,(4.58±0.44)cm,术后5年为(4.85±0.47)cm2,术后及5年随访与术前分别比较无显著性差异,P均大于0.05;PBMV术前后及5年随访主动脉瓣返流峰值压差分别为(60.00±35.54)mmHg,(58.51±38.71)mmHg,(62.44±34.67)mmHg,术后一周及5年与术前比较无显著性差异。术前后心胸比率分别为(0.56±0.06)、(0.55±0.05)与(0.54±0.06),术后心脏无显著扩大。PBMV术后心功能改善一个级别以上占91.2%,能维持Ⅰ～Ⅱ级心功能5年者占83.8%,5年总生存率98.5%。4例二尖瓣钙化,瓣下结构粘连纤维化严重的患者和3例合并中重度三尖瓣关闭不全患者,PBMV术后心功能无改善而转外科行瓣膜置换术,或加做三尖瓣环缩术,1例青年患者在随访过程中出现二尖瓣再狭窄而再次PBMV,1例心功能Ⅳ级患者PBMV术后出现重度二尖瓣关闭不全,行瓣膜置换术后死于难以纠正的心力衰竭。结论PBMV对二尖瓣狭窄合并轻度主动脉瓣关闭不全患者是可行的,术后并不加重主动脉瓣返流,也不使左室扩大。瓣膜钙化、瓣下粘连、纤维化严重或伴有中重度三尖瓣关闭不全、心胸比率大于0.60患者,是PBMV反指征。     

经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术治疗二尖瓣分离术后再狭窄

经皮球囊二尖瓣成型术 (PBMV)对二尖瓣分离术后再狭窄的治疗 ,各家意见不一。我们对 12例二尖瓣分离术后再狭窄患者行 PBMV,并对其血流动力学、超声心动图及临床疗效进行了观察 ,以探讨其可行性。临床资料 :本组男 3例、女 9例 ;年龄 33～ 5 6 (平均 4 7±5 .2 )岁 ;病程 11～ 2 6年 ,平均 19.5± 5 .6年 ;距二尖瓣分离术时间 8～ 13(平均 9.5± 2 .3)年。 3例合并轻度二尖瓣返流 ,2例合并轻度主动脉瓣返流 ,1例合并冠心病。心功能 级 8例、 级 4例 ,心房颤动 5例 ,术前平均心胸比例为 0 .5 8±0 .0 6 (0 .4 6± 0 .6 8)。二尖瓣口面积…     

特殊的动脉导管未闭的封堵术

目的探讨特殊的动脉导管未闭(PDA)封堵术的方法和疗效.方法 1995年2月至2002年2月应用可回收弹簧圈及Amplazer封堵器成功治疗了321例各种PDA,其中51例为特殊的PDA,分别为PDA合并肺动脉狭窄(PS)3例、合并主动脉缩窄(COA)3例、合并房间隔缺损(ASD)2例、合并主动脉瓣狭窄(AS)3例、合并纠正性大动脉转位(L-TGA)1例、右位主动脉弓左位PDA合并迷走右锁骨下动脉1例、合并中度或中度以上二尖瓣关闭不全(MR)38例.治疗方法为同时应用球囊扩张和其他封堵技术治疗合并畸形.术后行心脏超声及临床检查随访.结果所有51例患者介入治疗术均获得成功.PDA直径为1.2～6.9 mm,平均直径为(3.0±1.2)mm,所有PDA中临床关闭(听诊无杂音)在出院时达100%,超声彩色多普勒检查在出院时无分流达100%.2例合并ASD者,在ASD堵塞后即刻也无残余分流.球囊扩张的AS、PS、COA随访疗效均良好.合并MR中,二尖瓣返流明显好转占92.1%(35/38).在平均3.8年随访中没有任何并发症.结论一些特殊的PDA或合并其它先天性心脏病组合可通过心导管介入技术来治愈.     

二尖瓣返流矫治术后超声心动图对左室功能的预测:结果和临床意义

分析二尖瓣返流(MR)矫治术后左室功能异常的发生率、预后以及术前超声心动图的预测价值。 方法 266例病人在1980年到1989年间进行单纯MR矫治手术,术前(6个月内)和术后(1年内)采用超声心动图测定左室功能。同时,将超声心动图变量与血管造影变量及一些临床变量的预测效果进行了比较。 结果 二尖瓣返流矫治后,EF明显下降,(58±13％～50±14％),其中器质性MR较局部缺血性MR下降更为显著(-9.5±     

经导管封堵治疗成人房间隔缺损合并功能性三尖瓣返流

目的 探讨经导管封堵成人房间隔缺损（atrial septal defect, ASD）后能否改善其合并的功能性三尖瓣返流（tricuspid regurgitation, TR）。方法 连续纳入自2019年1月1日～2020年12月31日在空军军医大学西京医院心血管内科经导管封堵的ASD合并功能性TR患者,根据术前超声心动图评估TR严重程度并进行分级,术后6个月进行超声心动图随访,评估功能性TR的改善程度。结果 与合并轻度TR组相比,合并中/重度TR组患者年龄较大（P<0.01）,ASD直径较大,RV直径较大（均P<0.05）,与合并中度TR组相比,合并重度TR组患者年龄较大（P<0.01）,RV直径较大（P<0.05）。封堵前,11例患者合并重度TR,18例患者合并中度TR, 71例患者合并轻度TR;封堵术后6个月,10例患者（91%）由重度TR降至轻度,12例患者（67%）由中度TR降至轻度。所有患者中无轻度TR患者的返流量增加至中度或重度。单变量分析显示,持续性TR与肺动脉直径、右房直径、右室直径、左房直径、左室直径及ASD大小相关。经过多变量分析,以上...     

缺血性二尖瓣返流的外科治疗(附38例临床报告)

目的　介绍外科治疗缺血性二尖瓣返流的手术方法和临床结果。方法　自 1996年 12月至 2 0 0 1年 4月 ,38例缺血性二尖瓣返流患者接受了手术治疗 ,其中男性 33例 ,女性 5例 ,年龄 32～70岁 ,平均 (5 8± 8)岁。术前纽约心脏学会 (NYHA)心功能分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级 4例 ,Ⅲ～Ⅳ级 34例。轻度二尖瓣返流 6例 ,中度 16例 ,重度 16例。合并室壁瘤 6例。除 6例轻度返流患者只行冠状动脉旁路移植术外 ,其余 32例患者均行冠状动脉旁路移植术加二尖瓣手术。结果　无手术及术后早期死亡 ,无术后早期严重并发症。所有患者均症状消失 ,痊愈出院。出院时心功能均为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。随访 37例 ,平均随访 (2 0 8± 14 3)个月 ,除 1例远期死亡 ,1例NYHA分级心功能Ⅲ级外 ,心功能均为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。结论　中度以上的缺血性二尖瓣返流应积极采用手术治疗的方法 ,二尖瓣成形术应为首选 ,术后效果良好。     

房室间隔缺损矫治术后二尖瓣功能的长期随访

目的　探讨房室间隔缺损 (AVSD)矫治术后二尖瓣功能的远期转归。方法　收集 1992年 10月至 2 0 0 3年3月在我院手术的AVSD患儿 135例 ,男 6 0例 ,女 75例。年龄 :11个月至 2 3岁 (平均 10 3岁± 5 7岁 ) ,手术年龄 :2个月至 14岁 (平均 5 9岁± 4 2岁 ) ,体重 :3 5～ 5 6 0kg(平均17 3kg± 9 7kg)。完全型房室间隔缺损 (CAVSD) 32例 (占2 3 7% ) ,不完全型房室间隔缺损 (PAVSD ) 82例 (占6 0 7% ) ,过度型房室间隔缺损 (TAVSD) 2 1例 (占 15 6 % )。局限二尖瓣返流 (MR) 9例 (占 6 7% ) ,轻度MR 4 5例 (占33 3% ) ,中度MR 5 5例 (占 4 0 7% ) ,重度MR 2 6例 (占19 3% )。应用彩色多普勒超声心动图对二尖瓣功能进行长期随访。随访时间 :6个月至 10年 (平均 4 3年± 2 7年 )。结果　全组术后无二尖瓣狭窄发生。术后MR减轻 4 7例(占 34 8% ) ,维持术前状态 79例 (占 5 8 5 % ) ,加重 9例 (占6 7% )。随访中 ,术前轻度MR者 ,13%于术后 6个月内进展为中度 ;术前中度MR者 ,14 %于术后 6个月内进展为重度 ;术前重度MR者 ,15 %于术后 1个月内进行性加重。大部分MR术后维持稳定状态。中、重度MR患儿需长期口服强心、利尿及血管扩张剂。 4例重度MR伴顽固性心力衰竭分别于术后 0 5、2、3及 3 5年行二     

双心室矫治法洛四联症合并完全性房室间隔缺损的效果

目的:回顾性总结采用双室性矫治法洛四联症合并完全性房室间隔缺损(TOF/CAVSD)的外科手术经验及其效果分析。方法:自2004年1月至2011年12月期间,上海儿童医学中心连续对16例TOF/CAVSD,其中伴有唐氏综合征2例,手术年龄中位数9个月(4个月~12岁),手术时体质量中位数8 kg(4.7~35 kg),术前有56%患者伴有中度以上左侧房室瓣反流,31%患者伴有中度以上右侧房室瓣反流;术前平均肺动脉指数为(168±23)mm2/m2。合并的CAVSD矫治中均采用了双片法,其中有8例(50%)采用右心室流出道(RVOT)切口径路修补室间隔缺损,另外50%患者采用右心房切口径路修补室间隔缺损,仅有1例室间隔缺损补片上留孔,右心室流出道梗阻(RVOTO)处理中,13例患者(81%)施用心包补片跨瓣扩大成形右心室流出道和肺动脉,其中1例带有单瓣。结果:术后医院生存率为93.75%。术后平均呼吸机辅助时间为(166±22.5)h,平均监护室留驻时间中位数为7d。4例患者出现术后严重并发症,其中发生低心排出量综合征(低心排)者3例,多脏器功能损害者1例。出院时12.5%(2例)患者术后二尖瓣反流(轻-中度),12.5%患者术后轻度三尖瓣反流(TR),无1例存在左心室流出道梗阻(LVOTO)。随访期6个月~5年,随访期无死亡,无1例出现LVOTO,无再手术干预;3例肺动脉远端流速增快者已登记介入治疗;随访发现生存60%患者二尖瓣反流为轻微-轻度;同时发现有1/3生存者三尖瓣反流为轻微-轻度;随访期存在中度肺动脉血反流患者为86%。1/3生存患者的右心室舒张末容积相应正常年龄正常值。结论:双心室矫治法TOF/CAVSD的短中期效果好,推荐采用双片法矫治CAVSD;与单纯TOF或CAVSD手术一样,必须定期随访复查,需关注房室瓣功能、肺动脉发育、肺动脉逆向血流和心室功能。     

“缘对缘”技术防治二尖瓣成形术后收缩期前向运动及中远期随访结果

目的 研究应用“缘对缘”技术防治二尖瓣成形术后收缩期前向运动(Systolic anterior motion, SAM)的疗效及中远期随访结果。 方法 回顾性总结分析2006年1月至2015年12月我院应用“缘对缘”技术防治二尖瓣成形术后SAM的41例患者的临床资料,其中男25例、女16例,年龄32～68(52.6±15.8)岁。二尖瓣成形手术技术包括后瓣叶矩形切除、人工腱索移植、采用成形环行瓣环成形等。对于术前诊断有SAM和术中发现有SAM高危因素的患者归入预防组(n=32),对于术中二尖瓣成形后TEE检查发现有SAM经非手术处理无法纠正的患者归入治疗组(n=9)。在原有二尖瓣成形方法的基础上,应用4-0或5-0聚丙烯线于二尖瓣A2和P2相对应部分采用“8”字缝合方法,瓣叶上的缝合部位位于瓣叶对合线下方。 结果 全组患者均成功完成二尖瓣成形术。所有病例均应用了二尖瓣成形环,采用“C”形环,成形环大小为26～32(29.2±2.8)mm。无手术死亡。术后2例轻度SAM,二尖瓣反流(mitral regurgitation, MR)和左室流出道(left ventricular outflow tract, LVOT)狭窄均为轻度。二尖瓣口平均跨瓣压差从0.3±0.4mmHg上升到2.2±1.5mmHg(P>0.05)。MR程度从术前的3.5±0.9减少至0.7±0.6(P<0.001)。术后早期有2例出现轻中度MR。术后随访48.4±23.5个月。随访中无新出现SAM,2例中度MR,无中度以上MR。无MR或SAM需要再手术。5年免于再手术率100%。 结论 应用“缘对缘”技术防治二尖瓣成形术后SAM安全、简便、有效,中远期随访疗效良好。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.